I. Soil
1. Soil quality: Peony is suitable for loose and fertile loam with deep soil layer. Soil drainage capacity must be good. Potted plants can be planted in ordinary soil.
2. Soil properties: neutral or neutral slightly alkaline soil.
Second, water.
As the saying goes, "Peony should be dry but not wet." Peony is a deep-rooted fleshy root, afraid of long-term water accumulation. Usually it is not advisable to water too much, just dry it properly.
Third, fertilization.
Proverbs Proverbs say: "Clear peony" and "muddy peony". The base fertilizer for cultivating peony must be sufficient. The base fertilizer can be compost, cake fertilizer or manure. Usually it is better to apply fertilizer three times a year, that is, use phosphate water first half a month before flowering; Apply compound fertilizer once half a month after flowering; Apply compost once before winter to ensure the next year's flowering.
Fourth, temperature.
Peony is cold-resistant and not high-temperature-resistant. In East China and Central China, you can spend the winter in the open air. When the temperature reaches 4℃, the bud begins to expand gradually. Suitable temperature: 16~20℃, no flowering below 16℃. When the weather is hot in summer, plants are in a semi-dormant state.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) lighting
As the saying goes, as the saying goes, "Camellia is cloudy, peony is sunny." Peony likes the sun, but doesn't like the sun. When planting in the field, you should choose a place with higher terrain facing the east and the sun. Potted plants should be placed on the sunny east balcony, such as Nanyang terrace or roof platform, and the west side should be shaded.
Six, common diseases
Brown spot, erythema and rust; Common pests are nematodes, grubs and cutworms.
(1) Leaf spot: also known as erythema, this disease is a fungal infection of polychaetes. Pathogens mainly infect leaves and also new branches. The initial stage of the disease is usually about 15 days after anthesis, and it gets worse with the increase of temperature in mid-July. In the early stage, there were brown spots on the back of leaves, and the edge color was slightly darker, forming irregular annular withered spots with thick outside and light inside, which merged with each other and made the leaves wither and wither. The petiole is damaged, resulting in a dark green fluff layer; Stem and stalk are infected to produce raised lesions; Pathogens overwinter in stems, leaves and soil of diseased plants.
Prevention and control methods: ① Around the beginning of165438+10 (beginning of winter), clean the leaves in the ground and burn them centrally to eliminate pathogenic bacteria; ② Before the onset of the disease (in May), the bordeaux mixture was sprayed once every 10 to 15 days until the end of July; (3) At the initial stage of the disease, 500-800 times of thiophanate methyl and carbendazim were sprayed every 7- 10 day for 3-4 consecutive times.
(2) Purple feather disease: It is a fungal disease. Spread through soil. The disease occurs in the root neck and roots, especially in the root neck. There are purple or white cotton-wool hyphae in the victim's body, which are yellow-brown at first and dark brown later, commonly known as "black pimples". In light cases, patches are formed, no new roots are produced, the branches are withered and thin, the leaves are yellow, and the scales and buds are small; In severe cases, the whole root neck and system rot and plants die. This disease usually occurs in the hot and rainy season from June to August. After September, with the decrease of temperature and rain, the disease spots stopped spreading.
Prevention and control methods: ① Choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; ② timely intertillage in rainy season to reduce soil moisture; ③ Rotation every 4-5 years; ④ Cultivate disease-resistant varieties; ⑤ When planting alone, before planting, apply 500 times of pentachloronitrobenzene liquid medicine to the affected area, or water the roots with 5% amobam 1000 times of liquid medicine; ⑥ Disinfect infected plants with lime or sulfur.
(3) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Also known as stem rot. The pathogen is Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. At the onset, water stains appeared on the stems near the ground, which gradually expanded and rotted, and white cotton appeared. You can also dip the leaves and buds.
Prevention and control methods: choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; Dig out the diseased plants in time and disinfect the soil; Rotation every 4-5 years.
Anthrax and rust are also common. There are round or irregular light brown pits on the surface of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides leaves, and the spreading edges are purple-brown. Rust produces yellow spores on the back of leaves, which leads to green leaves and columnar hairs on the diseased leaves in the later stage. The control method is the same as leaf spot.
The propagation and cultivation of fresh and refined peony flowers are usually propagated by branching and grafting, or by sowing and cutting. The suitable period of transplantation is from late September of 10 to early October of 10, neither too early nor too late. If you like fertilizer, you should fertilize it at least three times a year, namely "flower fertilizer", "bud fertilizer" and "winter fertilizer". Pruning should be carried out after 2-3 years of cultivation. For varieties with vigorous growth and strong branching ability, it is only necessary to cut off the weak branches, keep all the strong branches, and remove the new buds at the base in time to maintain a beautiful plant shape. Bud removal is also an extremely important job. In order to make plants produce bright flowers and keep plants strong, the number of flowers should be controlled according to the age of trees. In the early stage of budding, a certain number of fully developed flower buds should be selected, and excessive flower buds and weak buds should be removed as soon as possible. Generally, 5-6 year-old plants keep 3-5 flower buds. For newly planted plants, all flower buds should be removed in the following spring to prevent them from blooming, so as to concentrate nutrition and promote plant development.
Peony is a deciduous shrub with deep roots, which likes sunshine, cold resistance, cool environment and avoids high temperature and sultry weather. It is suitable for growing on loose, fertile and well-drained sandy soil. Therefore, it is appropriate to use the mixed soil of sand and cake fertilizer as the pot soil for cultivating peony flowers, or to mix it with fully decomposed manure, garden soil and coarse sand at the ratio of1:1. If the cultivated soil contains too much water, its fleshy roots will rot easily. Therefore, when it rains continuously, it should be drained in time, and water must not accumulate at the roots. Peony is not resistant to high temperature, so it needs to take timely cooling measures in hot summer. It's better to build a gazebo to give it shade. Cover with straw curtains or reeds before noon and remove them at night. This measure, if implemented in time, can prevent defoliation. If it is left to heat the fallen leaves, it will seriously affect the future flowering. Peony has long roots and large plants, which is suitable for ground planting. If you want to plant a pot, you should choose a large, permeable soil basin with a depth of more than 30 cm. It is best to use a crock 60-70 cm deep. The propagation of peony flowers can be accomplished by sowing, branching and grafting. I. Plant types
Peony plants vary in height, cluster, vertical inclination and aggregation due to different varieties. Generally speaking, according to its shape or divided into five types;
1, vertical
The branches are upright and tall, densely distributed, with small spreading angle, and the included angle between the branches and the vertical line is mostly within 30o. Internodes are long, the annual growth of new branches is 10 ~ 15 cm, and the average plant height of five-year-olds is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the highest can be above1m. Such as "Shougehong", "Purple Er Qiao" and "Yao Huang".
2. Evacuation type
Branches are mostly scattered and bent to extend around, and the plant width is greater than the plant height, forming a low-spreading plant shape. When the branches spread out, the included angle with the vertical line is more than 45o, and the new branches are long and soft. Such as Zhao Fen, Keep Red, Mountain Flowers in Full Bloom, Qinglong in Mo Chi, etc.
3. Open type
The branches grow strong and straight, extending obliquely around, and there is an angle between them. The plant type is perfect and correct, and the height is moderate. The annual growth of new branches is 6 ~ 8 cm, and the average plant height of five-year-old branches is 30 ~ 40 cm. Such as "Zhuangyuanhong", "Silver and Red Pairs" and "Gold and Jade to Send".
4. Dwarf type
Branches grow slowly, internodes are short, leaves are dense, and branches are compact and short. The annual growth of new branches is 2 ~ 4 cm, and the average plant height of five years is about 15 cm. Such as "Beauty Red", "Luohan Red" and "Haiyunzi".
5. Go it alone
Most of them are artificial artistic shapes with obvious trunks and different heights, generally 20 ~ 80 cm. Some branches grow on the trunk to form a crown (some have no crown), which is simple and looks like a bonsai and grows slowly. It usually takes more than 8 years to form. Such as "18".
In each of the above plant types, due to different varieties, the degree of erection, height and oblique extension angle are also different; At the same time, the branches are thick, thin, hard and straight. For example, in the dwarf type, "arhat red" belongs to the stout dwarf type, while "flowing from the stem to win the green" belongs to the thin dwarf type; Another example is that the upright "Shouanhong" belongs to the coarse upright type, and the "Yao Huang" belongs to the fine and hard upright type.
Second, the root
Peony has a well-developed root system and many deep-rooted fleshy main roots and lateral roots. Primary roots start from white, gradually turn yellow to brown, the meat is white, individual red, and the meat center is lignified, commonly known as "wood heart". The fleshy part stores a lot of nutrients and water for plants to grow. Generally speaking, plants with deep roots have lush foliage and tall plants, while plants with shallow roots have short branches and short plant types. Peony has different types and numbers of roots due to different varieties, but it can be generally divided into three categories:
1, straight root type
This kind of roots are deep (four-year-old peony roots can be buried more than 80 cm), but the roots are sparse, with only dozens of thick "surface roots" with uniform thickness. The root is smooth and has a hundred skins, and there are few small roots on the root. Roots (called "peony bark" after processing) have high yield and good quality. Such as Feng Dan, Zhao Fen, Er Qiao and Mo Kui. Most of these peonies are medicinal and ornamental varieties.
2. Slope root type
This kind of root varies in thickness and length, and there are many lateral roots, which grow in a cross, commonly known as "chicken claw root". Most of the soil layers are shallow and the slope angle is large. Such as "Qingshan Guan Xue", "White" and "Huanghuakui", the quality and yield of this kind of peony are lower than that of straight root type, so it is not suitable for medicinal cultivation.
3. Intermediate type
This kind of root has moderate density and no obvious main root. Most of them are "noodle roots" with uniform thickness and smooth skin, with an average burial depth of 70 ~ 80 cm, such as "planting black" and "Yao Huang", which have both ornamental and medicinal values.
Third, budding
There are 6 ~ 8 scales around peony buds, so peony buds are also called "scale buds". Peony overwinters with scale buds.
Peony bud can be divided into flower bud, leaf bud, latent bud and adventitious bud according to its function and differentiation degree.
1, bud
The flower buds of peony are mixed buds, which can branch, grow leaves and bloom. The "terminal flower bud" growing at the top of branches is called "terminal flower bud". Once the branches of flowers are opened, the stems will dry up and retract for a period of time. The flower buds inserted between the axils of the lower leaves of the stem are called "axillary flower buds" or "lateral flower buds". Flower buds are generally plump, and you can see the "flower embryo" (that is, the bud inside the scale bud) by peeling off the scales.
2. Young leaves
Leaf buds only have branches and long leaves, most of which are inserted between the axils at the lower part of flower buds, and some of them are born at the top of branches, which are thinner than flower buds and develop into branches after germination.
3. Dormant buds
The latent bud is born in the lowest part of the new branch, and its shape is small and flat, such as millet, commonly known as "dog turtle". It does not germinate at ordinary times, but can germinate only after the flower bud, leaf bud or branch is injured, and its life span is long, reaching 10 ~ 15 years.
4. Adventitious buds
Buds attached to roots are called "adventitious buds". After unearthed, it germinated into sprouting branches, commonly known as "soil buds". Adventitious buds have strong germination ability and are the main source of scions. Old branches (rootstocks) are updated and new shares are added. Adventitious buds do not bloom that year, but grow vigorously. They can develop and differentiate into top flower buds that year and bloom the next year.
Peony buds are different in shape and color due to different varieties, with different shapes and characteristics. Generally speaking, there are cone, pearl, oblate, oblong cone, olecranon, etc. The size of buds, the number and thickness of scales are different. There are also different degrees of turquoise, yellow-green, khaki, khaki, silver gray, brown and purplish red; In addition, there are colors and mixed colors, which are the main basis for distinguishing varieties in autumn. Therefore, it is difficult to identify peony varieties only by the shape and color of flower buds, and it is necessary to master the characteristics of scale flower buds of each variety through long-term patient and meticulous observation.
Fourth, the branch
Due to the different internode lengths of effective branches in that year, the number of buds inserted and germination ability of new branches are also different, and the branching habits are also obviously different, but there are the following types of branches:
1, single branch type
In that year, the new branches had long internodes and few buds, which only germinated at the base of node 1 ~ 2 or node 1 ~ 3, and only one of these new buds germinated into the new branches of that year. This type is generally tall and sparse, such as "Yao Huang".
2. Dense branching type
The new buds of that year have short internodes and many new buds, usually 3-5. New branches are strong, and each new branch can be pulled out in that year, forming short branches, many branches are thick and clustered. This variety of plants is usually short and densely branched. Such as Ying Luo Zhu Bao, Dan Furnace Flame and Fat Red.
Verb (short for verb) leave.
Peony leaves alternate and consist of leaves and petioles. The shape, size, color and texture of leaves vary with varieties and can be divided into the following categories:
1, large round leaf type
The whole leaf is large and round, more than 40 centimeters long and more than 25 centimeters wide. The leaflets are wide, round and pure, and they are oval or oval. Marginal loss of lateral leaflets; How flat the leaves are. Such as "Wang Hong", "Great Lake Red", "Mokui" and "First Case Red".
2, long leaf type
The size of the whole leaf is the same as before, but the leaflets are long and narrow, rectangular and thin, with few notches, sharp edges and sparse flat or drooping leaves, such as "silver powder and gold scales" and "ice-covered red stones".
3, lobular round leaf type
The whole leaf is small, about 20 ~ 30 cm long, with short and thick leaflets and short and round edges. Such as "Jin Ge Zi", "lantian jade" and "Beauty Red".
4. Small shape and long leaf type
The size of the whole leaf is the same as above, but the leaflets are narrow, with notches at the edges and rolled up. Such as "fat red" and "smoke dragon purple".
5. Medium blade type
The whole leaf is medium-sized, about 30 ~ 40 cm long, with oval lobules, concave edges, sharp rolling and inclined leaves. Such as "false kudzuvine towel purple", "Zhuangyuanhong" and "big brown purple".
In addition, there are special leaf shapes. For example, in the "Three Strange Sets", only three irregular circular leaves are born on each petiole, which is two-thirds less than that of ordinary varieties, and it is a compound leaf with two cycles; Another example is "Fleshy Hibiscus" and "Big Brown Purple". There are three groups of leaves on each petiole, which are divided into the top five and six * * * eleven leaflets, two more than ordinary varieties.
The color of peony leaves is mainly green and yellow-green, and some varieties have different degrees of purple halo; Some leaves are dotted with purple or yellow spots; The back of leaves is mostly grayish green and light gray, and some varieties (such as "Bai He") have a lot of fluff.
Six, petiole
The petiole of peony is also divided into thickness, hardness and length, the length can reach 40 cm, and the short one is only 10 cm; Petiole concave is mostly dark purple, purplish red, taupe, yellowish green and other different colors. The length of petiole, especially the angle between petiole and branch, varies greatly with different varieties, which also has a great influence on the ornamental value of flowers. The angle between petiole and branches is large, the leaves are flat or drooping, and the leaves are sparse, such as "ink sunflower", which has flowers on the leaves, forming beautiful flowers and leaves, which complement each other. On the contrary, the petiole is short and the included angle between the petiole and the branch is small. Because of the close branches and leaves, flowers are often hidden in leaves, resulting in the phenomenon of "hiding flowers in leaves", and the ornamental value is greatly reduced.
Seven, flowers
Peony flowers are colorful and varied. Some varieties have intact floral organs and normal development of sepals, stamens and pistils, such as "lotus" and "phoenix white". But some varieties have petals or degenerate, forming colorful flowers.
According to the number of petals, flowers are traditionally divided into single petals (layers), double petals (layers) and thousand petals (layers). In these three categories, according to the morphological characteristics of flowers, they can be divided into six flower types: sunflower type, lotus type, rose type, hemispherical type, crown type and hydrangea type (traditionally called crown type and hydrangea type). This classification method intuitively reflects the various forms of flowers.
In recent years, experts and scholars on peony, together with researchers in producing areas, combined with traditional classification methods, have found out the evolution law of flower pattern and flower composition after years of field observation and anatomical observation, and put forward a new flower classification.
1, single disc
Petals in 2-3 rounds, 10- 15, wide and flat, with 200-300 stamens and 4-6 pistils. The pistils and stamens develop normally and have strong fruiting ability. This pattern is represented by Opium Purple, Pomegranate Red, Pearl Plate and Fontaine White.
2. Lotus type
Petals in 4-5 rounds, 20-25 petals. Petals are wide, similar in shape and size, clearly arranged, pistil development is basically normal, and the fruiting ability is strong, but some varieties occasionally have stamens or pistil stigma petals. This pattern is represented by lotus, Jinyunhong, Saussurea involucrata and Jade Half White.
3. Chrysanthemum type
Petals have more than 6 rounds, which are similar in shape, neatly arranged and well-defined, and gradually become smaller from outside to inside. Stamens are normal or degenerate, with occasional petalization. Pistil is 5~ 1 1, which grows or degenerates normally and becomes smaller. Some varieties have petal-shaped stigma and poor knot strength. This kind of flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Rose Red", "Laughter in the Bush", "Silver Red Clever Pair" and "Jinhong".
4. Rose-shaped
Petals are round, gradually getting smaller from outside to inside, stamens partially petaled into normal petals, pistils degenerated into smaller or petaled petals, and the fruiting strength was poor. This flower pattern is represented by "Purple Er Qiao", "Wuhua Yao Hui" and "Xia Hong Zheng Hui".
5. laurel support type
The outer petals are 2-5 rounds, wide and tidy, some stamen petals become slender petals, anthers or anther traces often remain in petals, normal stamens are mixed between petals, arranged irregularly and sparsely, and the pistil is normal or slightly petaloid, which has bearing capacity. This flower pattern is represented by "Shu Women's Dress", "Jiao Hong", "Xian 'e" and "Trilateral Saiyu".
6, gold ring type
Outer petals in 2-3 whorls, broad and flat. Some stamen petals in the center of the flower become narrow and erect petals. A circle of normal stamens between the central petal and the outer petal is golden yellow, and the pistil is normal or slightly petal-shaped, with poor fruiting strength. There are few such designs, such as White Swan and Hong Junyan.
7. Crown type
The outer petals are 2-5 rounds, wide and flat, arranged regularly, and most or all of the stamens are divided into finely divided or wrinkled petals, which are densely raised and shaped like a crown. The inner petals are irregularly arranged, and there are often normal stamens or staminodes between petals, and anthers are often left at the ends of petals; Pistil degenerated or petaloid, occasionally bearing fruit. This flower pattern is represented by lantian jade, Hu Hong, Yao Huang and Shou Anhong.
8, hydrangea type
Stamens are fully petalled, the inner and outer petals are similar in shape and size, and the crowded protrusions are spherical or oval; The pistil is basically or completely degenerated or valved, and there is no fruiting ability. This flower pattern is like "bean green", "green fragrant ball" and "snow reflecting the morning glow"
9. Thousand-story terrace style
The lower petals have more than 4 rounds, the petals are arranged neatly and similar in shape, and there are no stamens and staminodes between petals. Stamens are normally small, or occasionally petaloid, and pistils degenerate and become smaller or petaloid; The upper petals are small, spreading or erect, the stamens are getting smaller and smaller, and the pistil degenerates and becomes smaller or petal-shaped. This flower pattern is represented by Ling Hua Zhan Lu, Zhihong and Shouxinghong.
10, tower
The stamens of the lower flowers are completely petalized, which is similar to the shape of normal petals, and the pistil petals are transformed into normal petals or colored petals; The petals of the upper flowers are slightly larger and more numerous, and the stamens are basically petaloid or degenerate; The pistil petals become normal petals or colored petals, and some varieties degenerate and disappear. This flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Chilong Huancai", "Shengdan Furnace", "Jade House Diancui" and "Purple Paris".
In the process of peony flower pattern development, some varieties often have 2-3 or more flowers on the same plant and branch. Such as "Zhao Fen", "Innocent fragrance", "White crane lying in the snow" and "blooming mountain flowers", the same plant can produce flowers such as "crown", "laurel" and "single petal". Therefore, when determining the flower pattern of a certain variety, the standard should be the flower pattern with the highest degree of evolution.
Eight, fruit seeds
A flower has five horns, each horn bears 7- 13 seeds, and the seeds are round. The exocarp is green and hairy at first, crab yellow when mature, yellow-green seeds, cracked fruit horns when over-ripe, and dark brown seeds, which can be called 2400-3000 dry seeds per kilogram. Double flowers generally bear 1-5 horns, but the seeds are only partially or completely fruitless; A thousand petals will not bear fruit and seeds. Attach importance to and use the "King of Peony". Peony can establish special gardens in parks and scenic spots; Building flower beds and plants in classical gardens and residential courtyards; Natural solitary planting, clumping planting or replanting in garden green space. The existing enzymes hydrolyze to form paeonol (c 15 H2O 8) and a part of L- arabinose. Symptoms such as itchy throat, dry throat and irritating cough caused by root skin pharyngitis have good effects. Peony flower peony: rich, complete and affectionate.
Autumn peony: life, expectation, light love. The main peony producing areas in China 1. In Luoyang, Henan Province, ancient poetry has the reputation of "Luoyang Peony is the best in the world", "Peony Capital" and "China Capital".
2。 Heze, Shandong Province, known as the "hometown of peony", was named "China Peony City" in 2006.
3。 peony
4。 Tongling Anhui province
5。 There is a Millennium peony in Baishan, Hebei Province.
6。 There is a peony garden in Hanzhong, Shaanxi.
7。 There is a thousand-year-old peony in Yinping, Chaohu, Anhui.
Breeding center or important breeding place
Luoyang, Hangzhou, Mudanjiang, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Chen Zhou, Hangzhou, Wuxian, Chengdu, Jiangyin, Beijing, Chengdu, Nanjing, Guanyang, Beijing, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningguo, Chengdu, Linxia and Lanzhou.
Because peony is a deep-rooted flower and tree, it requires strict soil depth and fertility, and it is generally not easy to bloom in a small pot.