Take a closer look! ! !
2 1 feng shui taboo
1, get started, see the kitchen and bathroom, and return the house.
All the houses must look at the living room when getting started. In modern architectural design, sometimes in order to consider the configuration of space, we often see the kitchen, dining room or bathroom as soon as we enter the door. This is the taboo of the villa, which is unreasonable. If you live in it, your family will decline.
2, when the door is right, indulge in excess.
The bedroom door should not be facing the main entrance, otherwise it will easily induce the residents to indulge in lust.
The living room is in the middle of the room.
Generally speaking, if the living room or sitting room is located in the middle of the whole house, it is a symbol of good luck and can make the family prosperous.
An irregular house can't be used as a kitchen.
Irregular houses, if used as kitchens, will affect the health of family members. Irregular houses can only be used as storage rooms.
5, the beam is coping, affecting mood and health.
Don't press the beam above the bed, desk and dining table. If it is inevitable, the ceiling should be designed to block it, otherwise it will affect the mood and health of residents and hinder their career.
6. Irregular houses are not suitable for bedrooms.
Irregular rooms should not be used as the master bedroom of couples, otherwise it will lead to long-term marriage and infertility.
7, bedside mirror, it is difficult to sleep.
Except that the bed can't face the big mirror, if there are big mirrors on both sides of the bed, it will make people sleep restlessly, leading to insomnia and nightmares.
8. Don't decorate the bedroom with dazzling things.
The color of the bedroom should be elegant and warm, not too bright, nor can it be decorated with dazzling things. Excessive luxury and sparkling ornaments are especially inappropriate.
9, the bathroom is facing the bed, beware of evil diseases.
In addition to the bed facing the bathroom, the master bedroom is unlucky on the side, which is easy to make people suffer from serious diseases.
10, evergreen potted plants that bring good luck to families.
Due to the improvement of the quality of life, in order to increase the indoor greening, evergreen potted plants are good indoor decorations, but we must choose evergreen plants with strong vitality, which are not easy to wither and lose their leaves.
1 1, the huge painting at the bedside is not suitable.
Hanging pictures on the bedside can increase the elegance of the bedroom, but it is advisable to be light and short, and the big picture with heavy and huge frame is the most taboo. Otherwise, once the hook falls off, it will be cut off, either dead or injured.
12, a clean bathroom can save money.
The toilet is a place where sewage is discharged. In addition to the orientation to conform to the middle game, the most taboo is wet, unclean and smelly. If you can keep it clean and dry, you can keep your wealth.
13, the gate goes straight to the end, and there is constant trouble.
Don't stay at home like a hotel. A long corridor connects a row of rooms, otherwise it will be easy to derail and elope, and it will be difficult to be safe.
14, bed with feet, to avoid piling up sundries under the bed.
Beds with feet should be kept open and ventilated, and sundries should not be piled up under the bed, especially for newlyweds.
15. Indoor doors should be opened in the same direction.
Indoor doors should be opened in the same direction, which can be judged from the door handle. The most taboo is to open one left and one right.
16, the bathroom is at the end of the corridor, big killer.
If there is a corridor at home, the bathroom can only be located at the edge of the corridor, not at the end, otherwise it will be a catastrophe.
17, avoid opening big windows at the bedside.
Opening the window at the head of the bed is a taboo of geomantic omen, so you must remember it.
18, the toilet is forbidden.
The toilet door faces the gate, which is a house for losing money and returning goods. You can use a screen to cover it.
19, column angle is unfavorable for marriage.
No matter whether men or women are in a private room, they should avoid shooting in the corner of the column, otherwise it will definitely affect their mood and physical health, and it is also unfavorable to love and marriage, so we should remedy it as soon as possible.
20. Warm light bulbs are good for feelings.
Bedroom lighting is very important to the relationship between husband and wife. We should try to use warm light bulbs instead of cool light bulbs or fluorescent lights.
2 1, suitable for pot resistance.
If you want to live safely and healthily at home, if possible, you should choose a house with no corner around to form a corner. If your house is broken, use potted plants, trees or thick curtains to stop it.
Bedroom geomantic omen and the fatal point of husband-wife relationship
(1) Flowers on the bed are easy to blossom: both husband and wife will have an affair, and over time they will part ways and the family will be broken.
(2) The bed is too close to the glass window: empty and helpless, unable to be down-to-earth, affecting career development. In a modern metropolis, there are beds in front of, behind and beside the building, and the beds are too close to the windows, which makes the bedroom unable to keep privacy well. In addition, with the increasing complexity of the city, annoying noise will affect your sleep through this not-so-thick glass window; There are many dreams under the window, which is also fulfilled in my practice. According to previous Feng Shui books, lying in a bed too close to the window can easily lead to an affair.
(3) Bedside mosaic, inviting ghosts: the owner often has headaches and insomnia. Romance should pay attention to principles and geomantic omen, but it should not affect health because of romance. Many young people decorate their houses in unconventional ways. I don't know if things are in order, but they are tied down.
(4) Bedroom furniture should not be uneven: unevenness means disharmony, and long-term residence is prone to quarrels.
(5) Dirty bed and underground will affect the owner's luck: in life, many people don't understand that neatness can bring good luck. In fact, feng shui is not as complicated as everyone thinks, and it is right beside you. It is not like some people deliberately mystify it and hold it to the sky, nor like some people who don't know Feng Shui at all, but say it is superstition and step on the ground. Feng Shui is around you, ubiquitous and easy to understand. Everyone knows that messy people can't do great things, so clean up your environment and give yourself a good mood. Good luck comes naturally.
(6) The bedroom prefers to use the whole window, and it is forbidden to use two or more independent windows: it is originally a window wall, but it is divided into several pieces, so it is troublesome to think about it. It is no wonder that geomantic omen is taboo. There are many differences in doing things, and it is impossible to do it all at once. Look more when buying a house.
(7) Flowers and plants are suitable for the living room but not for the bedroom: the bedroom likes plants with bigger leaves and wider leaves. Enhance the relationship between husband and wife, improve the owner's wealth. Do things with ease. Easy to get the boss's favor. Small-leaved flowers and plants will make the owner fall into a trivial situation. Things are always repeating.
Sixteen taboos of buying a house and geomantic omen
What is the topic that city people talk about most? It must be the house. House prices are rising every day, but we still have to buy a house. therefore
Before buying a house, you must read the book "Avoid buying Feng Shui Room 16", otherwise you will unfortunately buy a haunted house, but now you can't live in it.
Lots of hard-earned money.
First, don't buy anything that faces the street, hutong or road.
Second, don't buy a tall building not far from the high side (blocking the sun, yin wins the yang decline).
Third, don't buy near temples, columbariums, cemeteries, monasteries and ancient tombs (Yin Qi is too strong).
Fourth, don't buy a U-shaped building (U-shaped building is dead).
Five, the east and west rows of buildings are horizontally connected and the connection points are not in a straight line. Don't buy the wrong unit.
6. Don't buy a zigzag building (the people in the well are fat and expensive).
7. Don't buy a T-building.
8. Don't buy an I-shaped building (it's hard to tell the rich from the poor).
9. If the open space in front of the building is narrow, don't buy it.
10. Don't buy a narrow living room.
Eleven, the population is small, don't buy a house that is too big (the house is called a geek, also called "virtual", and it is unlucky to live for a long time).
Twelve, don't buy a pair of rooms ("Room Book" says: "Three rooms are lucky, four rooms are few, and five rooms are empty").
Thirteen, the lack of southwest corner, northwest corner do not buy (bad for the family).
14. Don't buy a toilet if you have a son (it will affect your son's physical and mental health and future).
Fifteen, transparent partition wall is not rich.
Sixteen, the owner is a rabbit, don't buy the East Lake (the East Lake gate faces west and collides with the rabbit).
How to buy a house to see Feng Shui
First, carefully organize the top ten guidelines for buying Feng Shui:
Buying a house is not a trivial matter for people, nor is it a person living alone. It concerns the whole family. I suggest you be more cautious before buying a house. Many people want to choose a building with good feng shui, but they don't know where to start. Now we boil it down to ten points for your reference when buying a house:
(a) the wind is not suitable:
First of all, pay attention to the wind direction. If you find that there is a strong wind near the house and you are in a hurry, you should not buy it! Because even if the home is really full of gas, it will be blown away by the strong wind.
Feng Shui pays the most attention to "hiding the wind and gathering the gas", which means that places with strong winds will definitely not be prosperous!
However, it should be noted that the wind is too strong, and the wind is too slow and the air circulation is not good.
The most ideal living environment is a breeze blowing slowly, which is in line with Feng Shui.
(2) Adequate sunshine
Xiangyang-Yang Zhai Feng Shui pays the most attention to the sunny air, so choosing a house to live in is not only refreshing, but also sunny! If the house is not sunny enough, it will often be too cloudy, which will lead to restlessness at home and is really unsuitable for living.
For example, there is a house with insufficient sunshine, and the entrance is a long and narrow corridor, while the living room and dining room seem to have no windows, so it is difficult for outdoor sunlight to penetrate; Such a house, whether air or sunshine is insufficient, can be said to be a gloomy stagnant water, lifeless.
(3) the terrain should be flat
If the house is on a slope, don't choose it as a residence, it may be ruined and ruined. The terrain should be flat-if the house is located on a slope, pay special attention to the surrounding environment when buying, because from the perspective of geomantic omen, a flat house is relatively stable, while a slope is quite dangerous!
The door of the house is facing the steep hillside, so it is not suitable to choose it as a residence, because not only the family wealth will be lost, but also the family will be separated and never come back.
Generally speaking, houses on slopes are prone to financial leakage, while houses under slopes are prone to financial leakage.
Houses are located at the bottom of steep slopes, which often lead to casualties due to excessive suffocation.
(d) street bowing
The so-called street "anti-bow" means that the street in front of the house bends, and the curved position leads directly to the gate. Feng Shui calls it "sickle cutting waist". This kind of house is not suitable for buying, so it is lucky to avoid it. If the street in front of the door turns against the bow, "Ten Books of Yangzhai" thinks that casualties, fires, stubborn diseases and other things often happen at home; And "Into the Palace Mirror" also has a cloud: "The street is like a bow, fierce!"
(5) Avoid the evil spirits in the sky
The so-called "God Kill" refers to the narrow gap between two high-rise buildings. The narrower and longer the gap, the more fierce it will be, but it doesn't matter if there is another building behind to fill the gap. The so-called "heavenly killing" refers to a narrow gap between two tall buildings. It is called heavenly killing because it seems to cut it in half from the air with a knife.
If the house is facing "earth-shattering", there is likely to be a bloody disaster. The narrower the gap, the more fierce it will be, and the closer the distance, the more dangerous it will be! Therefore, it is not appropriate to choose a house facing the sky, but if there is another building behind to fill the vacancy, you might as well.
(6) Stay away from chimneys
There is a saying in the ancient Feng Shui book "Summary of Yang Zhai" that "the chimney is difficult to give birth to the bed owner", which shows that the chimney is harmful to health. Chimneys are not suitable —— The ancient geomantic book "Summary of Yangzhai" says: "Chimneys are difficult to give birth to beds", which shows that chimneys are harmful to health! There are many chimneys outside the bedroom window. Don't choose these houses as safe places to live! Aside from feng shui, from the perspective of environmental sanitation, areas with dense chimneys are not suitable for living, because the coal and fireworks emitted from chimneys are enough to endanger health!
(7) The center is polluted.
This means that the central part of the house should not be used as a toilet, otherwise it will be like waste piling up in a person's heart, and then his luck will run out!
The toilet is right in the middle of the house and is not suitable for living.
If the toilet is not in the center of the house, but in the center of the back half of the house, just in line with the gate, it is not suitable for residence; Because this is likely to lead to financial losses.
(8) The street is straight.
Feng Shui is "prefer to turn around and avoid going straight" because the trend of going straight is fierce. If the residence bears the brunt, it will be very harmful. Don't be careless
Therefore, when you go to choose a building, you might as well take a look around the house first to see if there are any streets rushing straight.
The front door of this house faces the straight road. The longer the road, the more dangerous it is. The more countries, the more disasters. Therefore, some people call it a "tiger's mouth house", which means it is difficult to live in.
(9) Front Hall and Back Hall
This refers to the front of yamen (especially police station and military camp) and the back of Taoist temple. These places are not suitable for living because the yamen is murderous. Living across the street bears the brunt, and if you can't afford it, there will be casualties. Temples are places where yin and qi converge, so it is not advisable to live too close.
(10) to achieve perfection
It is suggested that before buying a house, the orientation, direction and pattern of buying a house should be determined according to the personal birthdates, and then the color layout should be combined to achieve the perfection of geomantic omen, that is, "look at geomantic omen before buying a house". As the geomantic research institution of Zhouyi, which represents the domestic geomantic standards, our institute has summarized rich experience in more than ten years' practice.
If you have bought a house and want to consult Feng Shui, don't trust individuals, don't trust the company name, and trust formal research institutions, because Feng Shui is very complicated, and not knowing who is right or wrong is just like taking medicine indiscriminately. Don't buy mascots, don't put them in the wrong place, and don't use the wrong medicine. Only natural mahogany bagua mirrors and natural stones are effective, and the rest are at best craft gifts.
I wish you a happy home, published at the Sino-German international press conference.
Second, buy a house Feng Shui "Look at Feng Shui before buying a house"
China is located in the northern hemisphere. People who buy houses and build houses always like to sit facing south. This not only makes the houses have good lighting conditions, is warm and comfortable, but also can be sterilized by sunlight radiation, which is beneficial to indoor cleaning and preventing calcium deficiency and osteoporosis, especially for people with old people or children at home. The southeast direction is the best way to buy houses. The core of China's traditional culture is "the unity of man and nature", which holds that man and nature are an interrelated, interactive and inseparable whole. Therefore, our ancestors attached great importance to the surrounding natural ecological environment, including the impact of housing construction on the human body, and formed a unique "Feng Shui" theory. Although there are many dross and superstitions in the theory of "Feng Shui", we can find that there are many rudiments of primitive science among them, which are worth learning from today.
In recent years, with the improvement of social and economic level, more and more people began to buy houses. When buying real estate, people should not only understand the price, geography, transportation and other factors of the house, but also fully consider the impact of the house on human health, such as the orientation, location and surrounding environment of the house. Therefore, when choosing real estate and decorating houses, how to correctly apply the theory of "geomantic omen" to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in order to maintain one's health has naturally become the focus of people's attention.
In recent years, people like hydrophilic houses very much. In fact, the ancients had the habit of living by water for a long time. Because of the simple concept of the ancients, a place with water and ventilation is suitable for people to live in, so water is a necessary condition for people to choose a house. This is the same as the principle that "water is the source of life" that we put forward now. The water surface can increase the humidity and negative oxygen ion concentration of the surrounding environment, purify the air, reduce the floating dust in the atmosphere, absorb the heat on the ground and adjust the ambient temperature.
On the other hand, houses that are too close to high-voltage power lines, large substations, powerful transmitting antennas and high-brightness floodlit buildings are easily affected and interfered by various radiation, electromagnetic fields and light pollution, which may easily cause people's emotional irritability, insomnia and other abnormalities. Houses located near main roads and elevated roads are often stimulated by a lot of noise and exhaust gas, which is not good for people's health, so such buildings are not suitable for living.
In addition, if there are old people, children, people with weak constitution and patients with chronic diseases at home, it is not appropriate to buy a house along the street or in the prominent part of the whole building, because such houses are open-air and bare, which is greatly affected by external climate change. For example, when it rains and the cold wind strikes, the indoor temperature is much lower than other houses in winter or at night, and it is particularly hot indoors in summer, which greatly increases the possibility of getting sick. The ancients chose sites to build houses. The ancients chose a site to build a house, relying on mountains and rivers to hide the wind and gather gas: the ancients used it for architecture. The key points are cold and heat resistance, firmness, luster and beautiful appearance. In practice, conform to nature and put practicality first. In the aspect of health care, follow the theory of cosmic health care and optimize the effect of the interaction between heaven and earth on the human body's gas field. The Yellow Emperor's House Classic says: "The land is good, the seedlings are flourishing, the house is auspicious, and the population is prosperous." British Prime Minister Churchill said: "Man-made houses shape people."
Choosing a house to buy a house today, pay attention to the lighting, ventilation and layout. People today are different from those in ancient times. Nowadays, people have to passively choose a unit in a building in a crowded city, and the unit room is a fixed pattern. Buildings and apartment buildings pay attention to quality, beauty and practicality, ignoring the true value of feng shui layout and gas field health preservation. On the whole, the imbalance of yin and yang is the main factor, followed by the lack of corners and edges, and the unreasonable layout of air inlets leads to the incompleteness of the five elements. A room with imbalance of yin and yang and deficiency of five elements, if people live in it for a long time and are disturbed by its Shaqi, they will inevitably suffer. Just as a person often has a partial eclipse, calcium deficiency in the body will lead to calcium deficiency symptoms such as backache, back pain and leg cramps over time.
The optimization of buying a house focuses on the balance of yin and yang and five elements, and the layout is reasonable, which is in line with its own destiny. Make lack, discharge and entering the water taboo, and then adjust the congenital deficiency of life. The development of society and the application practice of easy-to-learn geomantic omen prove that people gradually realize the importance of keeping in good health with geomantic omen when buying and choosing a house. The increment of second-hand housing and rental housing market accounts for a large proportion in real estate. Does it make people realize the principle of optimal purchase and feng shui health preservation? Cattle and sheep choose water plants to live in, birds choose wood to live in, and animals choose, not to mention people.
Those who choose a house and buy a house to recuperate and are eager for success in their careers may wish to observe the world from another angle, accept new challenges and seek shortcuts to success.
Third, the corresponding relationship between real estate vacancy and people.
It's best to choose square buildings, but many buildings can't meet the requirements of geomantic omen, and they always lack this angle or that angle. You can refer to the following to choose a set of symbols and your auspicious house.
East (earthquake) side-Changnan (3 1 ~ 45 years old);
Southeast-eldest daughter (3 1-45 years old);
South (far) side-middle female (16 ~ 30 years old);
Southwest (Kun) side-old mother (old woman);
Western (exchange) side-girls (/kloc-girls under 0/5);
Northwest (dry) side-father (male old man);
North (looking at the house)-middle male (16 ~ 30 years old)
Northeast (Gen) side-boys (/kloc-boys under 0/5).
Fourth, remind friends who buy residential buildings (16 don't buy)
1. Don't buy the one facing the street, alley or road. Rush is an arrow, the main injury.
2. Don't buy a tall building not far from the high place. (If Yang Qi is blocked, Yin will prevail over Yang.).
3. Don't buy near temples, columbariums, cemeteries, monasteries and ancient tombs. (Yin Qi is too strong)
4. Don't buy a U-shaped building. U-shaped buildings are like a dead word, which often leads to fatal cases.
5. The east and west buildings are horizontally connected, and the connection points are not in a straight line. Don't buy units with different floors.
6. Don't buy jagged buildings. A man in a well cannot be fat and expensive.
7. Don't buy a T-building. (you can't hide the wind and gather gas, and you are poor.)
8. Don't buy an I-shaped building. It is difficult for this kind of building to generate wealth, and it is mainly for the poor.
9. If the open space in front of the building is narrow, don't buy it. (Like a line, wealth can't be started)
10. Don't buy a narrow living room. (The living room is small and does not gather wealth)
1 1. Don't buy too big a house with a small population. It's unlucky to stay here for a long time, but I'm not a geek, but also a "virtual". )
12. Don't buy a pair for the house payment. "Room Book" says: "Three rooms are auspicious, four rooms are few, and five rooms are empty")
13. Don't buy those that lack southwest corner and northwest corner. (bad for the family)
14. If you have a son who is building a toilet in the east, don't buy it. (It will affect my son's physical and mental health and future)
15. Don't buy toilets and kitchens in the northwest corner. (main murderer)
16. If the owner is a rabbit, don't buy Du Dong. (Donghuamen collides with rabbits facing west)
Fifth, after the new house is moved, it is necessary to "warm the house" to gather popularity and wealth.
I don't know if you can understand why you should invite some relatives and friends to your new home after moving, so as to make it popular. First of all, from the perspective of modern society, today, due to the rapid changes in society, almost everyone is very busy and rarely contacts their relatives and friends. As time went on, their feelings became weaker and weaker. Therefore, even if we communicate with each other on festive days, we lose our former enthusiasm. Knowing that no matter how good a relationship is, it needs to be managed in peacetime. When moving to a new home, you should find relatives and friends to contact your feelings and let them know about your new home, so that you can communicate more often for a long time.
From the perspective of geomantic omen, it is actually a way to warm houses. Because no one has ever lived in a new house, people who have just moved in will feel cold and uncomfortable. This is the relationship between the lack of popularity of the new house, find relatives and friends to get together in the new house. On the one hand, you can contact feelings. On the other hand, it can bring people a fortune of gathering popularity and increasing good luck.
Now, I'd like to explain the influence of popularity by the way. I believe many people have experience. If an empty house is unoccupied, it will die soon, even if it is not damaged. It is not easy to destroy for a long time, but the house where people live can be used for a long time. This is the difference between fashion and unfashionability. Therefore, the size of a general house depends on the number of people, not the space or the house. If the house is too big and there are too few people living in it, it will be cold and lifeless, which will affect the wealth of the people living in it and lead to a decline in family fortune. However, it can also be remedied, that is, friends and relatives are often invited to visit at home to increase popularity. If the family is busy every day, the fortune of people living at home will gradually improve. However, the premise is that people who live in it should be able to get used to this kind of life, otherwise they should choose a house suitable for a sufficient number of people to achieve balance.
Six, the house feng shui hodgepodge detailed description:
Houses should not be built on slopes with unstable foundations;
The house is built on an uphill slope with poor soil and water conservation and soft foundation. Once a landslide or debris flow happens and the house collapses, what can we talk about Feng Shui?
Houses should not be built on the edge of cliffs;
The house is built on the hillside or cliff by the sea, which adds a bit of poetry and is the choice of many people to buy a house. However, due to our subconscious sense of "instability", we will be nervous and prone to mental illness after living for a long time. These places are usually built into temples or tourist hotels. Living for a long time is also a big killer.
Houses should not be built at the outlet of rivers;
The house is built at the outlet of the dry river, which is a big killer. Because this kind of section belongs to alluvial plain, the foundation is unstable. At the same time, the outlet of the river is a "loose gas" place, and the ground gas is easy to be distributed and cannot be condensed. There is no harm in living for a long time.
Houses should not be built in dangerous places;
There is a chemical plant, warehouse or gas station for storing dangerous goods near home, and the door faces the court, police station, temple, prison, hospital, funeral home and so on. Being susceptible to bad "qi" should be regarded as unlucky. Because the above-mentioned places are frequented by criminals, patients or unlucky people besides their own staff, and the door is facing these people, which is really bad.
Open the door and see the river:
There is a big river or drainage ditch in front of the door, even if the drainage ditch is covered with a cover, the bad factors cannot be ruled out. Because rivers or sewers are easy to cause unclean environment, coupled with heavy moisture, it is easy to affect health. According to the classical geomantic theory, such a house is also easy to cause the loss of wealth, and it is a big killer.
Open the door to see the trees, the towers, the telephone poles and the streets.
The most taboo at the door is facing a big tree, or a water tower, electric tower or telephone pole. Because the tree is a negative substance, it will block the entry of yang. There are strong magnetic fields such as telephone poles, which have great influence on human body. The classic geomantic theory also believes that it is also a great evil to open the door to the main road or look at the alley, which is easy to have bad luck.
Don't open the door of the fork in the road;
The gate should not face the fork in the road. Because under normal circumstances, the gate is facing the crosswalk. If you go out, you will form a "corner barrier" for these two forks. However, the "obstacle" is a sharp contradiction, and it is very unlucky to rush into the door.
Cut to the chase:
The gate should not face the corner of the opposite house. This situation may be due to sitting posture or space. Facing the corner of the house, this is the standard "corner barrier", which is particularly unlucky to form two forces with your own house. If this happens, it is necessary to use "Taishan stone" or "mirror" to block reflection and break bad luck.
Cut to the chase:
The mountain mentioned here is not a distant mountain, but a near mountain. If the house must be built on one side of the mountain, it must be built on the back of the mountain. If the gate is close to a mountain, it will inevitably lead to poor air circulation, psychological oppression and affect health. If there are graves on the hillside, it is even more unlucky to see people crying often.
The residence should not be built next to the overpass;
Houses built next to overpasses or elevated roads have great vibration, noise and pollution. Living for a long time and suffering from noise pollution are easy to cause neurasthenia. If it happens to be located at the back bend of an overpass or elevated road, it will be even more unlucky, and it will be cut like a sickle.
Avoid being cut down by natural barriers;
Cut the sky: facing the narrow space of two buildings, it is like a long and narrow, cut head-on. This is called "cutting the sky" in classical geomantic omen, which belongs to the big killer. The degree of violent dispersion is directly proportional to the height and length of space.