Surprisingly, however, the biggest winner in the Three Kingdoms period was not Wei, Shu and Wu, but Sima Yi, a buried tiger who had endured for decades. He killed three generations of Cao Wei who could hold him at will, and also killed Zhu Gekongming who held his head steady. Finally, when no one could punish him, Sima Yi jumped out and seized the Cao Wei regime.
Under the foreshadowing of Sima Yi, his grandson Sima Yan finally destroyed the Three Kingdoms and established the Western Jin Dynasty. It is reasonable to say that the glory of this country has just begun, but why did the Western Jin Dynasty perish in just fifty years?
In my opinion, there are several reasons why the Western Jin Dynasty was so short-lived:
To sum up, the reason why the Western Jin Dynasty was so short-lived was closely related to Sima Yi's slaughter of Liao, the implementation of the distorted nine-product system, the constant civil strife among princes, Sima Yan's improper style of work, and the wrong choice of successors. It is conceivable how difficult it was for Sima Yi, the ancestor, to fight for the throne, but he didn't want to give up all his efforts soon. If Sima Yi knew about this, he would probably jump up and down with anger. After the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, the bureaucratic landlords in the Western Jin Dynasty brutally oppressed the ethnic minorities who moved inward, and the ruling group quickly decayed. Hui Jin, the second emperor, was mentally retarded and unable to govern the country. The royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty fought for the throne for more than ten years. It is said in history that the Eight Kings Rebellion exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty. It is also because the northern and western ethnic minorities have moved inward. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the population moving in reached several million. Living together with the Han nationality for a long time, coupled with the influence of national boundaries, all ethnic groups who moved in took advantage of the civil strife in the Western Jin Dynasty and rose up against the Jin Dynasty. In 3 16, the western Jin dynasty was destroyed by the Xiongnu who moved in. In the second year after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, Si Marui, the royal family, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. At this point, the eastern Jin dynasty was born, and the west went to the east!
Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, founded the Western Jin Dynasty. In the early Western Jin Dynasty, he also relied on rich households to consolidate political power. Sima Yan didn't choose a good heir to the throne. His successor, the later monarch, was completely unqualified in governing the country and controlling the princes, which led to the infighting within the royal family in the Eight Kings Rebellion and also laid the groundwork for the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, resulting in only a few decades in the Western Jin Dynasty. Since ancient times, it has been difficult for the founding emperor to fight the country, but it is easier for later emperors to keep their jobs. Another reason is that the impression left by the Western Jin Dynasty since ancient times, especially for later generations, is that Sima's country in the Western Jin Dynasty was stolen by seeking power and usurping the throne. At that time, Sima Yi and Sima Shisi Ma Zhao bullied Cao Wei orphans and widows, which is actually what China said since ancient times. There is an old saying in China that you have to pay it back sooner or later. Sima Shi's Jin Dynasty was a thief in the name of seeking power and usurping the throne, which was not justified. Coupled with the lack of qualifications of the heir to the throne, the Western Jin Dynasty was doomed to be a short-lived dynasty.
If you count the countries in the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty (155), the Jin Dynasty is not short. As far as the Western Jin Dynasty is concerned, it was indeed a short-lived dynasty, which vanished in 52 years and was unknown. The vast history is like dust. In fact, there was a Liu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty, and there was no relationship between a Sima and a Sima. Sima's four generations died. Although it took more than 50 years, the hegemony of the Eight Kings lasted for 16 years, so it took more than 30 years to really take a break. Therefore, the reasons for its short life are nothing more than the following:
One: Sima Yi's bloody slaughter of Liao was too heavy, which laid a curse for future generations.
Sima Yi may never have dreamed that for decades, he lived a hard life, endured humiliation and even claimed that Sima Jiangshan, who had been pretending to be a grandson for decades, went up in smoke, but everyone had a cause and effect. Maybe his war hurt Yin De too much. In 237 AD, Gongsun Yuan, the governor of Liaodong, rebelled for the king alone, and Sima Yi led the troops to pacify the chaos. Disappointed for more than a year, Gongsun Yuan was destroyed. Supposedly, after the counter-insurgency, it was enough to set an example and behead the main participants, but Sima Yi didn't do that. He directly beheaded thousands of people under Gongsun Yuan and built their bodies into "Jingguan"; At the same time, he also wantonly slaughtered the people. Liaodong, Daifang, Le Lang, Xuantu and other places were devastated, and the smoke from kitchen stoves was as rare as a ghost town, and the population of Liaodong area was greatly reduced.
Two: 80,000 riots hurt bones and shook the whole country.
In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Cao Huancheng, Emperor of Wei Yuan, to become a Zen master and established a new regime. Until AD 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Soochow, the last political power of the Three Kingdoms, ended the fragmented war situation since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and reunified China. The Western Jin Dynasty was the fourth unified dynasty in ancient times after the Qin and Han Dynasties. Sima Yan succeeded in usurping the throne for Cao Wei, but many ruling policies after the founding of the People's Republic of China laid the groundwork for the short-lived demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. The regimes of Cao Wei and Sima Jia were usurped, and there was no complete strategy for the continuation of the country's military policy. Sima Yan believed that the demise of Cao Wei regime was because the kings of Cao Wei regime had the name of land but no real country, so they died in isolation. Therefore, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Sima Yan sealed 27 prisoners with the same surname, and stipulated the number of households and leaders of the prisoners. However, the politics of princes and kings is a kind of decentralized politics opposite to centralized system. With the continuation of the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" of the central power of the vassal Wang Zhengduo finally broke out, and the regime of the Western Jin Dynasty quickly collapsed in the infighting of the Sima family. Eight Kings Rebellion 16, seven of the eight kings who participated in the war were killed, and the other kings were either defeated or killed. The killers of soldiers and civilians are immeasurable, and the social economy has been seriously damaged. The exhaustion of national strength in the Western Jin Dynasty led to the outbreak of hidden class contradictions and ethnic contradictions.
Three: The nine-level Zheng Zhi system made the talents in the Western Jin Dynasty wither, and there were no successors.
Jiupin Zhong political system was an official selection system promoted by Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Considering family background, talent and virtue comprehensively, all the aristocratic families at that time enjoyed the benefits brought by this system, and at the same time, they selected many outstanding talents for Cao Wei. But by the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the way of selection had completely changed, and there was only one standard, that is, only looking at family background, not talent and virtue. People born in poverty can only be classified as inferior, even if you have great skills; Born in a rich family, that's different. Even a fool can be listed as the top grade. In this way, two classes were formed in the Western Jin Dynasty, the upper class and the lower class. Those noble children have been nobles for generations. Even if they are born idiots, they can still hold high positions. And those poor scholars, even if they become famous for a while, are always unable to enter the upper class because of their poor origins. As a result, the talents in the Western Jin Dynasty slowly withered and there was no successor.
Fourth: Sima Yan, the Emperor of Jin Dynasty, wrongly chose his successor.
To say that Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, was also powerful enough. He had 65,438+07 sons, some of whom died young, but Sima Yan chose Sima Zhong as his successor, namely Sima Zhong, the Jinhui Emperor. Sima Zhong is an idiot. He has a famous saying: "Why not eat minced meat?" It is said that there was a large-scale natural disaster in China at that time, and many parts of the country suffered from famine. People have no food to eat, and people starve to death everywhere. When the ministers reported the disaster to him, Sima Zhong asked doubtfully, "Why not eat minced meat?" . Therefore, Sima Zhong is actually a person with unreliable IQ. He is weak and incompetent, addicted to wine and sex, and only knows how to have fun The most terrible thing is Sima Zhong's wife, Jia Nanfeng, who is famous as a poisonous woman. After Sima Zhong came to power, he trusted his queen Jia Nanfeng very much, so Jia was able to monopolize the power. Jia Nanfeng has always been regarded as a typical villain in the harem chaos. He was fierce, jealous, overbearing, and often cruel and extreme, which led to the imperial clan and consorts fighting for power and profit, which was the chief culprit of the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Looking at the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, it was actually the result of comprehensive selection in all aspects. Sima Yi's bloody slaughter of Liao Dynasty, distorted nine-product system, enfeoffment of the king, constant civil strife, improper style of the emperor, improper selection of successors, etc., finally destroyed Sima Yi's hard-won country. The world gained by Sima's usurpation is just like the world gained by Cao Wei's usurpation, and it was the result of fate that it was not held in the end.
Sima Yi relied on political conspiracy to forcibly usurp the emerging Cao Wei regime. Sima Shi and Si Mazhao successively eradicated the remnants of Wei State and destroyed Shu State in the southwest. Then Sima Yan wiped out the regime of Sun Wu, which had been established for more than half a century, and ended the great division and reunification of the three countries in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, shortly after Sima Yan's death, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Hu people, only 37 years before and after.
I think there are several reasons why the Western Jin Dynasty was so short-lived. The first reason is that Sima's country is not upright, the people's hearts are not attached, and the political foundation is not firm. Wei, Shu and Wu Jianguo soon had a good public opinion base. Therefore, Sima Shi seized power by tough means, and the people of the three countries could only dare to be angry and dare not speak. At the same time, Sima can only compromise and tolerate the old and new nobles in order to win the support of the gentry.
The second reason is that after Sima Shi succeeded to the throne, he represented clan interests, and it was impossible to completely reform the situation that the gentry monopolized politics, economy and culture since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then this solidified social stratum cannot be broken, and the social contradictions that should have been solved have not been solved. Moreover, the deeper the backlog of contradictions, the people at the bottom are still in dire straits, and any trouble will cause social unrest.
The third reason is that Sima Yan restored the ancient system, engaged in the enfeoffment system with the same surname, and enfeoffed too many kings, which increased the support burden of the people. What's more, these princes were all armed to the teeth, which caused the rebellion of the Eight Kings and gave the northern conference semifinals an opportunity. The proportion of areas sealed by the king was seriously out of balance with the ordinary administrative areas directly under the jurisdiction of the central government, and the central government's control over local areas was seriously weakened. Therefore, in Jin Huaidi and Jincheng,
The fourth reason is that Emperor Wu of Jin made a big mistake in the decision-making choice of the heir to the throne. He passed the throne to Sima Zhong, an idiot who almost became a fool, and married the treacherous and insidious Jia Nanfeng to him as the queen. Fools are incompetent, treacherous and cruel, and soon the couple turned the Jin Dynasty upside down. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Hu people took the opportunity to invade the Central Plains, and the remnants of the aristocratic forces in the Western Jin Dynasty crossed the south of the Yangtze River and moved eastward, and the north became all corners of the country.
Friends who are slightly interested in history know that the Three Kingdoms belong to the Jin Dynasty. In 265 AD, Sima Yan, the powerful minister of the Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms, abolished Wei Emperor, seized power and established the Jin Dynasty, known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. Wu was destroyed in the Western Jin Dynasty in 280: the whole country was unified, but it only lasted for 36 years. Some regimes were established in disputes, and Kim was forced to be partial. Historically known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the country once again fell into a state of division. Why does a seemingly powerful unified country only exist? Second, there are serious defects in the official appointment system. Due to the autocratic rule of the nobility, some talented civilians have no chance to succeed. Third, they do everything possible to squeeze the bottom people and ethnic minorities and arouse public anger. Under the internal and external troubles, the Western Jin Dynasty was teetering, and national division was inevitable.
I'm Sasha I'll answer that.
The reasons for short life are as follows:
First, Sima Yan's policy of sealing the king.
This is the root of the rapid demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.
Sima Yan himself usurped the position of Cao Wei and made him emperor.
Because Cao Wei's strength is very strong, and there are many cronies at home, Sima Yan is still very scared.
He was not only afraid of Cao Wei's rebellion, but also afraid of the usurpers like him.
Sima Zhong, the second son of the heir, is a fool with low IQ and may not be able to subdue this environment.
Therefore, Sima Yan wisely made the Sima family, especially his sons, become the monarch.
These princes were not false princes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but local emperors who held military power and local administrative power.
In this way, the mistakes of the Three Kingdoms period were repeated, and the warlord regime was quickly formed, and the Eight Kings Rebellion in 16 was carried out throughout the country.
The melee led to the disintegration and weakness of the country.
Second, the people's resistance.
Soon, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Shu Han and Wu Dong, and a fierce national civil war broke out.
During the Three Kingdoms period, there were years of wars, and the people suffered for a long time.
Unexpectedly, after the Western Jin agreed to the whole country, the war began again soon.
The people have been at war all the year round, and they can't survive at all. They opposed the imperial court in succession, rose up, and the whole country fell into a large-scale civil uprising, and the situation was unstable.
Third, the foreign troops did not digest.
During the Cao Cao period, the armed forces of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang and other ethnic minorities were placed in a large number of inland provinces in China.
These armed forces have maintained a certain scale, and there are still hundreds of thousands of Huns who are brave and good at fighting.
Other ethnic groups are also powerful armed forces.
Of course, in the prosperous period of Cao Wei, these ethnic armed forces had nothing to worry about.
However, after the chaos in the world, these armed forces took the opportunity to start internal riots, which formed the famous Five Chaos period.
Cao Wei led the wolf into the room and eventually hurt himself.
Fourth, state affairs are extremely corrupt.
After Sima Zhong, the idiot emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, came to power, the central power was controlled by the empress and consorts for a long time.
Later, Wang Zhengduo countries were not in power, and the regime was extremely rubbish and the administration was chaotic, which almost brought down the country.
The predecessor of the Western Jin Dynasty was Wei. The founder of Wei was Cao Cao, who was also the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, but Cao Cao's descendants failed to live up to expectations and were destroyed by Sima Yi's descendants.
In fact, since Sima Yi killed Cao Shuang, the Cao family's power has declined sharply, so that Sima Shi and Sima Zhaoquan fell into the ruling and opposition. Later, Si Mazhao's son abolished Wei Di and called him Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty.
However, this country did not last long, and civil strife occurred in just fifty years.
There are several factors, such as the dissolute and corrupt rulers of the regime, which lead to boiling public grievances and political instability.
Then we talked about that after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan began to enfeoffment the kings, hoping that Sima could enjoy prosperity from generation to generation, and it was hard for the court to hope that the governors would help him fight.
However, Sima Yan overestimated the loyalty of the kings and underestimated their ambitions, so when Sima Yan was alive, he did not dare to rebel against the central court, and then fought with each other, and began the civil strife that lasted for 16 years.
The starting point of the disaster is the large-scale enfeoffment of the king, and then the princes have ambitions, and no one obeys anyone. This is not good, which leads to mutual struggle and the country is not peaceful.
Let's talk about it. There is something wrong with Sima Yan's successor. He chose Prince Sima Zhong (259-307), namely Jin Huidi.
The mistakes made by Emperor Wu of Jin in selecting successors aggravated the chaos in the Western Jin Dynasty.
After Sima Zhong became emperor, because of incompetence, power fell to the hands of the empress Jia Nanfeng.
This Jia Nanfeng was ugly, and so was Jia Nanfeng, which harmed the country and made the Jin Dynasty extremely chaotic.
Therefore, Emperor Wu of Jin had problems in choosing the heir to the throne.
In fact, there are many factors leading to the rapid decline or even demise of the Jin Dynasty. Let's talk about this here first, and then talk about it later.
In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Cao Huan to meditate and became emperor himself. In 280 AD, Dongwu perished, and the world returned to gold. In 3 16 AD, the Xiongnu captured Chang 'an and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
From a new standpoint, the Western Jin Dynasty enjoyed the country for 50 years, and it only lasted for 37 years if it began with the destruction of Wu.
Why is it so short-lived? Is it that Sima's family is too fashionable and Germany is not worthy?
But I think "fate" is too slim. What "destiny theory" and "fatalism" are not popular in our present era, and it seems more reliable from an objective point of view!
First, the population base theory. Friends who have played the Three Kingdoms series games know that in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, from the Yellow Scarf Uprising (184), the separatist regime of the heroes, the separation of the three kingdoms, the return of the three clans to Jin and the rebellion of the Eight Kings (306), it is conceivable that the population of the Western Jin Dynasty has been reduced to a minimum.
Cao Cao once wrote that "white bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no cock crow in a thousand miles", which is about the situation after the population and economy of the Central Plains were seriously damaged.
The Central Plains has always been a densely populated and elite-gathered economic zone in ancient China. Judging from the productivity at that time, it was impossible for 100 years to return to the pre-war level.
Do you believe that there are infinite people in the world? I don't believe it anyway.
However, if the "clan" and "family" that have appeared in history are included in the "people" and "people" in the Book of Jin, then this sentence can make sense.
If we want to talk about farmers and the people at the bottom, it is only to survive in the cracks of war.
At the peak of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the population was 55 million.
According to Jin Shu Geography, there were 2,459,840 households in the first year of Taikang, with a population of 1, 6 1 and 633,863.
But ah, China is so big, with such a population base, even China's long northern border defense can't be kept, not to mention the "Eight Kings Rebellion" that hasn't happened yet.
(Eight Kings Rebellion)
The second is the "clan monarchy" that Emperor Wu of Jin overcorrected. There have been two serious overcorrections in history, one is the system of establishing a king by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, and the other is the system of controlling martial arts by writing in Song Taizu.
After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he raised a butcher's knife to kill his younger brother to prevent family accidents, which greatly weakened the clan power in Cao Shi, which was one of the reasons for Sima Jia's success in usurping the throne.
When Cao Cao was in power, the clan was extremely powerful. Coss, Cao Hong, Cao Zhang, Xia, Xia Houdun, Cao Zhen, and Cao Chun, who was in charge of the imperial clan, were all outstanding generals. Together, these people have great power, but all of them are dead, and the royal family of Cao Wei has lost the right to guard.
Sima Yan, the emperor of Jin Dynasty, learned this lesson, and made the children of imperial clan king, with five thousand households in counties, cities and small countries. The forces of the upper, middle and lower armed forces ranged from five thousand to three thousand to five hundred, and the king was as high as twenty-seven.
(Sima Yan)
Isn't this the enfeoffment system in the Spring and Autumn Period? I didn't expect Emperor Wu of Jin to still use it. The enfeoffment created a division and war in the Zhou Dynasty for 800 years. There seems to be nothing incomprehensible about the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Third, the monopoly and inaction of noble families on high positions. "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System" was a way of talent selection in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it was a deal between Cao Pi and the gentry. The gentry supported him as emperor, and he also guaranteed the interests of the gentry.
History has proved that this is a classic case of exchanging gold bricks for pig urine bags.
After the "Jiupin Zheng Zhi System" is fully implemented, the high position of the country is monopolized and dominated by aristocratic families, and it is difficult for people of insight at the bottom to have a bright future. However, all the aristocratic families have their own clans, and they all put the interests of the clans first. As for the national interest. . .
In 3 1 1 year, the Huns besieged Luoyang for the third time, and the southern States looked at each other, and the teachers of the diligent kings everywhere looked at each other. Celebrities such as Wang Yan and Wang Dun drank and had fun every day, but it was difficult to argue. They didn't save Luoyang at all, which led to Luoyang being burned.
(Foreign enemies invaded Luoyang)
Wang Yan and Wang Dun were born in the Wang family of Langya. Wang was the highest gate valve at that time, which was relied on by the imperial court, and was known as "the king and the horse ruled the world together".
While Wang Yan, Wang Dun and others obviously have the ability to save the nation from extinction, but they failed to do so, resulting in endless suffering for the country. China was a hell on earth during the "Five Chaos in China"!
Huan Wen's rebuttal turned pale after hearing the answer of "Argument on Metaphysics". Noble families and gentry all think so. Is this country still saved?
This is the ugliness of the extreme development of the "nine-level Zheng Zhi system". Otherwise, how could Tao Yuanming come back disappointed and retire to the countryside?
Didn't Wang Meng go north to join the Qin Dynasty just to serve his country? Based on the above three points, we can know why the Western Jin Dynasty was so short-lived.
Wai Xiao Yan Shi studio
Text-through the ages