Title: Wushu Pinyin: W ǔ shǔ [1] English translation of martial arts such as Tai Ji Chuan and fencing. Pan Guojing Eighth Section of Shaolin Wushu.

The word Wushu comes from the evolution of natural fighting methods between ancient humans. Due to the war struggle of human living space, the technical evolution of unarmed combat (boxing) and equipment combat, that is, martial arts equipment, has been formed.

Basic explanation

【 Martial arts, martial arts such as Tai Ji Chuan and fencing. ] Boxing and the technique of using traditional weapons are good at martial arts since childhood. -Li Mingyu's "Leisure Plant Department" What is martial arts, martial arts: bravery; Violence, momentum. Skill: skill, method, action. Wushu consists of two parts. First, routines, all kinds of boxing routines. Although there are no tricks to use, they are the basic components of Wushu. Routines can exercise the flexibility, flexibility, coordination, balance, strength and endurance of the body. Two: attack and defense, you fight me and I fight you. As long as one side cannot defend, the other side loses. From the extension of attack and defense, we can think and simulate. Virtual opponents, how do you defend against your various attacks? Combining these defensive and counterattack actions, using certain mechanical principles and matching the flexibility and strength of the body, it can be called a martial arts.

detailed description

1. Military technology. During the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, Yan Yanzhi wrote in his poem "The Crown Prince Interprets the Rites": "Restrain the martial arts and promote the literary order. Ordinary people are inclined to the wind, and thousands of streams look up at the mirror. " 2. One of the main contents of national sports in China. The forms of exercise include routine and confrontation. For thousands of years, it has been a way for our people to exercise or resist the enemy. Some of them have been included in competitive sports. Such as Changquan, Tai Ji Chuan, Nanquan, fencing, fencing, spears, sticks and so on. Wushu is a traditional sport in China. China Wushu is divided into traditional Wushu and competitive Wushu. Competitive Wushu is a sport evolved from traditional Wushu, while traditional Wushu is unarmed and instrumental fighting developed from ancient wars and street fighting. Its contents include kicking, hitting, tripping, hugging, jujitsu and so on. "China traditional martial arts is also called martial arts, its China martial arts.

The essence is a kind of fighting, which is different from ordinary sports. Sports is a fitness game, and fighting is a survival game. "According to the concept of martial arts master Zheng Yutong, traditional martial arts can't be counted as a sport. Of course, the popular competitive Wushu is a kind of sports, because the national standard Wushu is competitive and performing, and it is close to sports in essence. Traditional Wushu has an extremely broad mass base and is a valuable cultural heritage accumulated and enriched by the Chinese nation in long-term social practice. Competitive Wushu is divided into Sanda and routine. Sanda, also known as Sanshou, is a martial arts challenge situation, and routine is a form of martial arts performance. At present, the concept of Wushu is manifested as: traditional sports in China, with Wushu as the main content, routines and fighting as the form of exercise, and both internal and external training. 3. Connotation: Wu, stop Ge; Operation, method. Methods of defending peace and preventing war in the cold weapon era. In China Wushu, benevolence and righteousness are the first, and martial virtue is the most important.

Edit the title of this paragraph as "Wushu"

Basic information

Book number: 978-7-121-11417-5.

Pricing: 29.8 yuan, published by Electronic Industry Press 20 10.9.

The contents of this book

According to the "Teaching Guide for Various Main Courses of Physical Education Major in Colleges and Universities" and "Teaching Guide for Wushu Optional Courses in National Colleges and Universities". According to the psychological and physiological characteristics and acceptance ability of contemporary college students, this paper comprehensively and systematically discusses the characteristics of modern Wushu, its basic techniques and movements, its explanation and identification methods, various routine movements and actual offensive and defensive movements.

Reader object

This book is suitable for social sports majors, physical education majors, national traditional sports majors and sports-related majors, as an optional martial arts course for all majors at the school level. It can also be used as self-study books for martial arts lovers and international students, training materials for martial arts teachers in primary and secondary schools, and teaching books for various martial arts schools at all levels.

The characteristics of this book

★ Using the main teaching method of combining graphic teaching materials with supporting DVD teaching videos, the author recorded the offensive and defensive actions, including wrestling techniques and self-defense techniques, which adapted to the preferences of current college students, enhanced the practicality and interest of this book, and improved its ease of learning and use. ★ This book is jointly written by front-line teachers from 8 universities in Henan Province where Songshan Shaolin Temple is located, which further ensures the quality of this book. I believe this book will play a positive role in the spread and development of China Wushu and the national fitness campaign.

In this section, edit the evolution of Wushu.

Wuzi

The origin of Wushu

The origin of Wushu can be traced back to primitive society. At that time, human beings had begun to use sticks and other primitive tools as weapons to fight wild animals, one for self-defense and the other for hunting for means of subsistence. Later, in order to compete for wealth, people made more lethal weapons. For example, there is a record in Shan Hai Jing that "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier" in the wild. In this way, through fighting, human beings not only made weapons, but also gradually accumulated skills with certain offensive and defensive significance.

Evolution of Wushu

The development of bronze industry in Shang Dynasty was dominated by chariot warfare, and some bronze weapons appeared, such as spears, daggers, halberds, axes, cymbals, knives and swords. At the same time, the use of such weapons has also appeared, such as chopping, stabbing, stabbing and chopping. In order to improve the combat effectiveness, the form of competition appeared at this time. For example, in Wang Zhi's Book of Rites, it is said that "anyone who holds the skill to talk about strength, is suitable for all directions, barefoot, and definitely shoots", which means to compete with martial arts. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ironware appeared and infantry cavalry rose. In order to play the role of walking, long-handled weapons have become shorter and short-handled weapons (especially the body) have become longer. In this way, the content of weapons has become richer, the attack and defense of Wushu has become more prominent, and the fitness function of Wushu has also been paid attention to. At this time, the forms of Wushu competitions have appeared widely, which further promoted the development of Wushu. According to the pipeline? According to the Seven Laws, there is a "Spring and Autumn Angle Examination" every year. According to Zhuangzi's "The World" and Xunzi's exposition of soldiers, the martial arts competition at that time was very skillful, and the boxing methods included attack, defense, counterattack and feint. In the Qin dynasty, there were gladiators and hand fights, and there were judges, courts and certain costumes during the competition. 1975 On the back of a wooden grate unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Fenghuangshan, jiangling county, Hubei Province, the grand occasion of a game at that time was painted in color: there were three naked men on the stage, wearing only shorts, belts and toe caps, and two people were competing. 1 Each person held out his hands as a referee. There are sword dance, knife dance, double halberd dance and cymbal dance in Han Dynasty. All these show that the martial arts dance in Han Dynasty has obvious skills and tricks, and most of them appear in the form of routines. The Han Dynasty was a period of great development of Wushu, which formed a variety of technical styles. For example, the "martial arts" in Records of Han Art and Literature include 13 and 199, both of which are martial arts monographs on "learning hands and feet, arranging equipment, accumulating organs, winning attack and defense". During the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and bureaucrats and nobles indulged in feasting or pursuing immortality, and their influence also penetrated into the lives of all walks of life. For example, they regarded the sword as a mysterious musical instrument, and even replaced it with wood blade, and replaced martial arts with absurd heresy, which led to the stagnation of martial arts. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, with the development and prosperity of feudal society and economy, martial arts re-emerged, and Tiangang Boxing became popular in the early Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the martial arts system began to be implemented, and those who were outstanding in martial arts were given corresponding titles through examinations, such as "fierce yin", "skillful hands", "skillful hands" and "people with broken feet". There are certain criteria for obtaining each title. For example, a "vicious man" wants to "have a bow with five arrows, and a spear and halberd can be used well ..." ("Wu Beizhi? Too white and silent? "Selected Scholars" article 16). This system of selecting talents through examinations has promoted Wushu activities in society. At this time, in the Tang Dynasty, Arabs began to settle in China in large numbers, resulting in the Hui nationality, and Hui martial arts began to take shape. With the development of riding, Ge and Ji were gradually eliminated on the battlefield. As a military technology, sword is mostly replaced by knife, but as a routine exercise, it is still developing. Folk Wushu organizations appeared in Song Dynasty, such as "Championship Club" (crossbow shooting), "British Club" (baton making) and "Jiao Jiao Club" (sumo wrestling). These societies, because of their simplicity, "created their own martial arts skills such as bladeless guns, bamboo standard rows, wooden bows and knives, Artemisia arrows" (Song History 19 1). In the city, according to "Twelve Capitals of Dongting", fighting martial arts in the streets and lanes is very lively. Performing martial arts includes gladiator, fist, kick, stick, cudgel, sword and gun dance, sword and crossbow shooting, etc. Fighting is called "condom fighting", including "gun against card" and "sword against card". At this time, collective events also developed rapidly. For example, The Record of Tokyo Dream has been published for seven years: "Two people dance in pairs. However, the antagonistic attack and defense technology gradually declined due to the influence of Song Neo-Confucianism advocating "main quietness". Wudang disciples of Hanfu are practicing martial arts.

The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty gathered people to hunt more than 200,000 people (Volume III of Yuan Zhang Dian Helping the Poor), and even hid weapons for the people. Martial arts are taught by secret family heirlooms, risking their lives. At this time, Hui Wushu began to develop rapidly. The Ming Dynasty was a period of great development of Wushu, and technical schools had different styles. Boxing and equipment have been developed, especially the past martial arts experience has been summarized theoretically. His representative works include Ji Xiao Shu Xin, Wu Pian, and Can Shu. These works record the genre, evolution, action names, characteristics, action methods and technical theories of boxing and instruments to varying degrees, and some are accompanied by songs and action diagrams. During the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, Hongwu Boxing became popular, which provided an important foundation for future generations to learn martial arts. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty banned martial arts, while the people taught martial arts in the form of secret societies such as "clubs" and "museums". Among them, Tai Ji Chuan, Bagua Palm, Xingyiquan, Tai Ji Chuan and Guagua Boxing were mostly formed in the Qing Dynasty. Hui Wushu is widely spread and has great influence. By the Qing Dynasty, people knew more and more about the Hui people, and there was a famous saying, "The Hui people in China are brave, and their surname is ha." Evaluation. During the Republic of China, various boxing clubs appeared in the society, which played a positive role in the spread and development of Wushu. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Wushu, as an excellent national heritage, was inherited, sorted out and improved, and Wushu associations at all levels were established one after another. The state has set up special institutions to carry out Wushu and listed Wushu as an official competition. 1953 held the 1 national sports performance competition conference, and then held many national Wushu competitions or performance conferences. In order to promote the popularization and improvement of Wushu, the state has organized the compilation of prescribed routines for competitions, the compilation of primary routines required for mass Wushu activities and the simplification of Tai Ji Chuan, the publication of Wushu books and wall charts, and the shooting of Wushu movies and videos. In order to explore the value of Wushu, we also organized physiological measurement and research to make it scientific step by step. In addition, various institutes and departments of physical education have set up martial arts courses and specialized courses, and martial arts has been listed as the teaching content of physical education class in universities, primary schools and middle schools. Martial arts classes are also offered in amateur sports schools for young people, and various forms of martial arts tutoring stations have been set up by local martial arts associations.

Edit this martial arts classification

Wushu is classified by region, mountains and rivers, surname or family, and technical characteristics. Modern times are generally divided into five categories according to content; Regular adherence to Wushu exercise can effectively enhance physical fitness. All kinds of boxing and leg techniques in Wushu require high explosiveness and flexibility, especially the range of motion of each joint is very large, which has a good exercise effect on muscles and ligaments. Wushu includes twisting, throwing, folding and other body movements, requiring "hand to eye", "hand to eye", "step to step", "hand to eye" and "step to eye". The whole set of movements is often composed of dozens of movements, which can be completed in a certain period of time, so that all organs and systems of the body can be fully developed. Practicing Tai Ji Chuan's gentle and gentle fists, emphasizing intentional guidance, even breathing and deep breathing can make the whole body blood flow, which is suitable for patients with chronic diseases to keep exercising as a medical means and has obvious curative effect. Competitive sports such as Sanshou, Pushing Hands, Short-term Armed Forces and Long-term Armed Forces, combined with intense sports, can not only enhance physical fitness, but also cultivate good characters such as courage, wit and agility.

Edit this martial arts concept

The concept of Wushu is well known to people. The basis of learning martial arts. In the long historical process, the expression of Wushu concept is different in different periods. Its connotation and extension change with the social history and the development of Hui Wushu teachers.

With the development of Wushu itself, it develops and changes. There are many names of martial arts in history, which were called "Wu" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The word "Wu" appeared in the Han Dynasty and remained in use until the end of the Ming Dynasty: in the early Qing Dynasty, the word "Wu" was borrowed from Selected Works of the Southern Dynasties (referring to military affairs at that time); During the Republic of China, it was called "Wushu": after the founding of New China, the word "Wushu" was still used. With the change of history, the gradual disappearance of cold weapons, the emergence of specialized martial arts equipment and a large number of boxing routines, the formulation of antagonistic events and martial arts competition rules, martial arts has evolved into one of the sports. Great changes have taken place in the content, form and training methods of Wushu, and the concept of reflecting the essential attributes of things is constantly changing. Today, the basic definition of Wushu can be summarized as: Wushu is a traditional sport in China, which focuses on both internal and external training in the form of routines and fighting. Wushu can be understood from this definition. First of all, Wushu belongs to China traditional Wushu. It takes kicking, hitting, throwing, taking, hitting and stabbing as the main contents, and shows the ability of attack and defense fighting through physical movements with bare hands or with the help of instruments. China's traditional attack and defense methods are the core of its technology, whether it is an antagonistic grab or a routine movement with the same potential. As far as human social life is concerned, the art of attack and defense cannot be unique to China. Compared with martial arts all over the world, martial arts is not only richer in martial arts methods (such as fast throwing and grasping). ). In the form of action, there are both routines and Sanshou, both combination and separation. This martial arts posture.

The development mode is also very different from other martial arts in the world. The training method is both internal and external, and the training style is both physical and mental, which embodies the sports characteristics of China traditional Wushu. Secondly, Wushu is a sport, which is obviously different from the practical offensive and defensive techniques that cause injuries and disabilities. Although routine sports contain rich means of attack and defense, its purpose is to improve people's physical fitness and ability of attack and defense through drills and compete for skills and skills. There are some differences between technical requirements and actual technology. Although the technique of Sanshou is closer to practical technology, it is limited to sports because of the rules of competition. In a word, it boils down to one point. Wushu has obvious sports attributes. Sports are mainly social philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine, ethics, military science, aesthetics, qigong and other traditional cultural ideas and modern martial arts concepts. Pay attention to both internal and external cultivation, such as holistic view, yin and yang change view, form and spirit theory, qi theory, dynamic and static theory, rigid and flexible theory and so on. , and gradually formed a unique national Wushu cultural system. Rich in connotation and profound in meaning. It not only has the same characteristics of human physical fitness, but also has the unique philosophy, science and artistry of oriental civilization, which embodies the wisdom of China people in the field of sports. It reflects the national cultural glory of the East from one side. Therefore, in a broad sense, Wushu is not only a sport, but also a national sport, which is a valuable cultural heritage accumulated by the people of China for a long time.

Edit the martial arts characteristics of this paragraph.

Combine martial arts with sports.

Wushu, as a military training method at first, was closely related to ancient military struggle, with obvious offensive and defensive characteristics. In practice, its objective martial arts characteristics

The purpose is to kill and restrict the other side, often forcing the other side to lose its resistance by the most effective means of attack and defense. These technologies are still used in the military and public security departments. Wushu, as a sport, is technically characterized by attack and defense, but it is only integrated with fighting and routine sports, while fighting embodies the characteristics of martial arts attack and defense, which is basically the same as actual combat, but from the sports point of view, it is restricted by the rules of the game to avoid hurting the other side. Sanshou, for example, restricts some traditional practical methods in martial arts, strictly stipulates the hitting position and protective gear, and the instruments used by short soldiers are changed accordingly, while the pushers compete under the provisions of special techniques. Therefore, it can be said that martial arts fighting action has strong offensive and defensive skills, but it is different from practical skills. Routine drill is a unique manifestation of China Wushu, and many movements are in the technical specifications. The range of action has changed compared with the original action of Wushu, but the action method still retains the characteristics of Wushu. Even though some moves may not have the meaning of attack and defense because of the need of cohesion and drill skills, as far as the whole set of techniques is concerned, the main moves are still kicking, hitting, throwing, taking, hitting and stabbing, which is the technical core of the routine. Its offensive and defensive characteristics are manifested in one stroke and one style, bringing together hundreds of schools, and its offensive and defensive means are extremely rich. The technical methods that are not suitable for short soldiers are still reflected in routine sports.

National style with both form and spirit

We should not only learn physical norms, but also seek spiritual communication. The holistic view of internal and external integration is a major feature of China Wushu. The so-called internal strength refers to the integration of mind, spirit and martial arts.

Mental activities such as the general movement of mind and qi: the so-called external, that is, physical activities such as hands, eyes and body steps. Inside and outside, form and god are interrelated and unified whole. For example, Wuqinxi is a wonderful effort to imitate five animals: tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird. Its essence is: "external movement and internal static, dynamic and static, both dynamic and static, both rigid and flexible, both internal and external repair." The characteristics of Wushu "integration of inside and outside, both form and spirit" are mainly reflected in Wushu techniques and throwing methods. It is the principle of all factions to "practice the spirit inside and the bones and muscles outside" For example, extreme boxing advocates the integration of body and mind, and requires "practicing qi with the heart and transporting the body with qi". Xingyiquan pays attention to "three combinations inside and three combinations outside", while Dahong Boxing and Shaolin Boxing also require both internal and external cultivation of essence, strength, qi, bone and spirit. In addition, Wushu routines often require the close combination and integration of inner spirit and external body movements, so as to achieve "heart to heart", "shape to heart" and "potential to gas". Exercise body and mind with the changes of "hands, eyes, body, steps and spirit" This feature reflects that China Wushu, as a cultural form, has been deeply influenced by China's ancient philosophy, medicine, aesthetics and other aspects in the long-term historical evolution, and has formed a unique national style of training methods and sports forms.

Wide adaptability

The forms and contents of Wushu practice are varied, including competitive and antagonistic Sanshou, pushing hands and short soldiers, various boxing methods and equipment suitable for practice, and various training methods suitable for it. Different kinds of boxing and equipment have different action structures, technical requirements, exercise methods and amounts, which meet the needs of people of different ages, genders and physiques. People can choose to practice according to their own conditions and hobbies, and at the same time, they don't have high requirements for the field pool and equipment, which is commonly known as "the land where cows lie". Practitioners can change the content and method of practice according to the size of the venue, even if they have no equipment for the time being, they can practice with their bare hands. Generally speaking, it is also limited by time and season. Compared with many sports, Wushu has wider adaptability, and its long-term decline among the general public is not unrelated to this feature. Using this feature can provide convenience for modern mass sports activities and further socialize Wushu.