The written record of "Shi Gandang" was first seen in the "Jizhang" of the Western Han Dynasty history tour: "Learn from the tiger, Shi Gandang, and the dragon will not invade."
Yan Shigu's note: "Wei has paraffin, stone, stone evil, and Zheng has stone, all of which are stones;" Zhou has a stone speed, a stone in the same place, and then lives in the house.
Dare to be invincible.
"Yanshi believes that stone is surname and dare to be invincible.
Tao quoted JiZhang and Yan's note in the article Shi Gandang, Volume 17 of the Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun, and totally agreed with Yan's statement.
Yan Shigu's explanation of Shi Gandang is not satisfactory.
As we know, The Urgent Chapter was a children's enlightenment literacy book at that time. According to Yan's note, Shi Gan is the man named Shi Invincible. Unless the man named Shi was famous at that time, it was difficult for children to accept what he said and for teachers to explain it clearly.
Deng Erya, a modern scholar, pointed out: We searched ancient books, but we didn't find the famous invincible hero Shi Moumou before the Han Dynasty.
Shi Gandang.
There is no such thing as an "urgent chapter". Later generations thought it was a metaphor of Shi Gandang.
"(Folklore 4 1-42) Li Zong.
Comrade Liu Quner also thinks: "There is a saying in the Urgent Chapter of the Western Han History Tour: Learn from the tiger as a teacher, Shi Gandang, if you don't invade, you will miss the dragon.
Yan Shigu thought that the teacher was a surname and dared to be invincible.
The speaker said that the Shi Gandang Monument is an invincible writing.
In town, it's a bit unsatisfactory, but it's still not finished.
There are many such sayings in the old saying, so why choose it here (China folk god).
Another way of saying it is: Shi Gandang was considered a warrior in the Han Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.
Chen Duanru, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in "The Story of Broken Groups": "In the Five Dynasties of Liu Zhiyuan, there was a warrior named Shi Gandang who admired the names of the ancients." ? Is Yang a human being? "The surname Yuan Zhuji" also said that "in the Five Dynasties, Liu Zhiyuan was the official of Jinzu, the king of Lu opposed Ke, the emperor went out and met Weizhou.
Zhiyuan sent Lux Shi Gandang to serve with an iron mallet.
After consulting with Yu, Zhiyuan pursued the victory and Shi Gandang died. Zhiyuan killed the emperor and burned the national seal.
Throughout his life, Shi Gandang turned adversity into prosperity and saved the day.
Therefore, the descendants of Chongqiao Road must stone their ambitions and write their surnames to defend the residents. "
We believe that the Shi Gandang stone tablet has nothing to do with Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties, for two reasons:
(a) through the old and new "History of the Five Dynasties", it is found that those who are famous for Shi Gandang but unknown to Shi Gandang did not take the brave Shi Gandang as Shi Gandang's written record.
According to the Record of the Old Five Dynasties History of Gaozu, "I should obey it, and the town of Gaozu in Jin Dynasty is Changshan.
Tang Fengzhao went to Que, met Emperor Min on the way, and drove into Weizhou and stopped at the post office.
Ming Chengzu murdered Jin Gaozu, and Ming Chengzu sent an imperial scholar Shi Gan to stand behind Jin Gaozu.
But change, dare to hold high-impedance into the room, with giant wooden doors, dare to die.
The emperor led many people to kill around Mindi, saving Jin Gaozu from danger.
According to the tenth summary of the History of the New Five Dynasties, it is recorded that: "The King of Lu rebelled against Ke, and the emperor went out. From the capital to the capital, Mao met the emperor in Weizhou, and the story was stopped. Zhiyuan sent a warrior to serve Mao with an iron mallet to prevent accidents.
Gaozu and Emperor Chen are undecided, and they want to fight left and right. Zhiyuan is holding his ancestors in the room, dare to fight around and dare to die. Zhiyuan led the troops to kill Abatti Giresse Concorde and left him behind.
"Although the old and new records of the History of the Five Dynasties are slightly different in terms of words, it is consistent that the samurai is Shi Gan rather than Shi Gandang.
(2) Shi Gandang once saw in the "Urgent Chapter" of A Journey to the History of the Western Han Dynasty that the inscription "Shi Gandang" was unearthed in Putian County in the Tang Dynasty for five years. Accordingly, Shi Gandang was earlier than the history of the Five Dynasties samurai.
Zhai Hao, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, also clearly pointed out in his popular compilation that Shi Gandang had nothing to do with Shi Gan in the Five Dynasties: "According to the History of the Five Dynasties, Liu Zhiyuan was the official of the Jin Dynasty, and his great-grandfather met the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Zhiyuan, the great warrior Shi Gan served his great-grandfather with a hammer sleeve to change his mind, saying that it was carved in a stone, and everyone who carved it in the Dali calendar knew that it was wrong. "
"
The third argument is that "Mount Shi Gandang" is a "doctor" (that is, a doctor).
Volume 10 of Notes of Tea Fragrant Room records: "Wang Shizhen was from Wang Yuyang in the Dynasty", while Miscellaneous Notes of Fu Yuting said that Qilu customs were more than villages and lanes, and the words "Mount Tai and Shi Gandang" were engraved, which made the clouds treat people at night.
Northerners call doctors doctors, so they are also called Dr. Shi.
Press: There are these five words in the south, but there is no saying of treating diseases or doctors.
"In this context alone, it can be seen that Dr. Shi Gandang's statement of Mount Tai is not widely circulated, only in the north, but not in the south.
Why did Mount Tai Shi Gandang spread as a doctor in the north? Investigating its origin is a long-term interpretation of Shi Gandang's ability to subdue evil spirits.
When Shi Gandang on Mount Tai was said to be able to cure diseases, I'm afraid no one was picky about whether he was a man or a god or something. Otherwise, why can he talk about "treating diseases at night" instead of practicing medicine during the day?
According to literature review and investigation in Tai 'an, stone is mostly used in carving (writing) "Shi Gandang" (or "Taishan Shi Gandang"), but few people use other materials.
1988, the inscription "Taishan Shi Gandang" or "Taishan Town House" was found at 12 in Feicheng County. Except for two new houses, 10 is carved in stone.
What is the basic function of "Shi Gandang" and other languages in stone carving? For example, Shi Mingyun, a five-year Tang Dali unearthed in Putian County, said, "Shi Gandang is a town full of ghosts and gods and hates disasters".
Other functions are extensions or romances of this basic function.
The word "Shi Gandang" contains the word "stone", which Shi Gandang carved on the stone to suppress evil spirits. There is no internal connection from its deep connotation.
Wang Zongyan's article "Shi Gandang" says: "A book on the wall in Huainan" says, "A marble is in the four corners of a house, so ghosts can't hurt it", and Geng Xin's "Small Garden Fu" says that "the town house is buried with stones".
Wu notes "The Chronicle of Jingchu":' Dig the corner of the house at dusk in December and bury big stones for the town house.
"(86-89" Folk Custom ").
Mr. Wang Chengzhu thinks that this may be the origin of Shi Gandang.
At the same time, Mr. Wang also pointed out: "As far as the meaning of the word Shi Gandang is concerned, building stones can bear the brunt.
So the town is located in Lushe, where the corner street is in front of Quxiang.
"(China Folk Immortals) Comrade Li Zong and Liu Quner thought that Wang Chengzhu's opinion was quite reasonable, and further pointed out:" Song Faxian's Tang Dynasty inscription (referring to Putian inscription) is not like a small stone tablet in later generations, but buried under the foundation of the house, which is quite similar to the stone introduced into the town house at that time.
In fact, this is the legacy of ancient spiritual worship. Stones are regarded as spiritual objects, and the magical power to ward off evil spirits is buried under the house. Later, I borrowed the word "Shi Gandang" to strengthen my prestige.
Even if it is simplified into a modern small stone tablet, it can be regarded as an ear to ward off evil spirits.
"("China Folk Gods ") Li Zong and Liu Qun think that Shi Gandang is a" relic of ancient spiritual worship ",which is very insightful, but not enough.
Lingshi worship is a very primitive and popular religious custom, which was formed in prehistoric society, and class society has its own customs.
The worship of lingshi is related to the worship of heaven, earth, mountains, water, ancestors and children, as well as the aversion to evil spirits and disasters.
Here we only discuss the worship of Lingshi, which has a certain relationship with "Shi Gandang" and has the function of avoiding evil spirits and hating disasters.
Animism is the initial stage of the development of primitive religious thought.
Some rocks have peculiar shapes, colors or special geographical environment, which may have been endowed with spirituality by the ancients.
Locals in Taiwan Province Province call the sacred stone "Shi Gong" and regard it as a thing to protect the good fortune and ward off evil spirits.
In the Qiang area of our country, the worship of white stone is prevalent.
About the origin of white stone worship, the legend of Qiang people: the ancient Qiang people fought with Geji people, but they couldn't win.
At that time, in a dream, the Qiang people were instructed to use Baishi as a weapon to defeat the Geji people.
Qiang people really succeeded.
But I don't know what image this person is, so I replaced it with a white stone to worship.
In rural areas of Africa and Nigeria, people use food to offer sacred stones to treat diseases.
There is a sacred stone in New Guinea. The natives think that there are elves in the stone, which affects the circulation of other things. If you put it in the garden, you can increase the harvest.
The above materials are all folklore materials. As far as archaeological materials are concerned, there are also many examples. In the Qin cultural cemetery in Yongjing, Gansu, there are many stones buried with them. Stones are large and small, mostly white. These stones were placed on the sides of the dead person's head or body, while others surrounded the dead person.
Regardless of men, women and children, regardless of burial style, most of them are buried with stones, ranging from five or six pieces to 105.
Prehistoric tombs in Nanning, Guangxi, such as many tombs in Xijin and Changtang, are popular to be buried with one or two unprocessed flaky stones, most of which are placed on the heads of the deceased, and some tombs are surrounded by stones around human bones.
1945 In the spring, Mr. Xia Nai excavated two tombs in Siwa, Lintao, Gansu Province, both of which were buried with large gravel.
In addition, some prehistoric tombs at Dadunzi site in Yuanmou, Yunnan, and some tombs at Daxi cultural site in Wushan, Sichuan were also buried with stones.
It is worth pointing out that in prehistoric tombs or in the same tomb area, there are always a few people buried with stones, indicating that the owner of the tomb is likely to die abnormally, and the stone buried with stones in the tomb is likely to be lingshi, in order to drive away evil spirits in the tomb with lingshi and prevent the deceased from becoming a spectre.
Let's go back to the discussion in Shi Gandang.
In the "urgent chapter" of the history tour of the Western Han Dynasty, there is the language of "Shi Gan's pawn", and Tang Yan's stone drum is annotated.
It has been pointed out by predecessors that it is inappropriate to strictly note "teacher" as surname.
The real meaning of Shi Gandang should be interpreted as "a stone can be washed away if it is covered".
In other words, stones can ward off evil spirits and hate disasters.
Shi Gandang's custom of avoiding evil spirits and hating disasters can also be found in the Customs written by Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "There is a stone man standing on the head of Peng's tomb in Ruyang, Henan Province, behind the stone beast.
Tian Jia's mother went to the market to buy some bait, and she was exhausted from the heat. She stopped the stone man and left the bait, but suddenly she didn't realize it.
"This incident was widely rumored by passers-by, saying that" the more a stone man can cure a disease, the more he will be grateful ".
He also said that "those who have a headache rub their heads, those who have abdominal pain rub their stomachs" and "those who heal themselves because of words", so the stone man in front of the tomb is respected as a "wise man".
Obviously, this is an example that people regard the stone man as a symbol of avoiding evil spirits and treating diseases.
Incidentally, there are two monuments in the courtyard of Bi Xia Temple on the top of Mount Tai, commonly known as the Imperial Monument, which have always used coins to prevent diseases.
The person who rubbed the imperial tablet read aloud: "When you rub the imperial tablet, you won't get sick.
This custom is similar to the above-mentioned records. Shi Mingyun, unearthed in Putian County in the fifth year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 770), said: "Shi Gandang is a town full of ghosts and gods, full of disasters, blessed by officials, healthy by the people, educated by the wind and prosperous in rites and music.
"This Shi Mingyuan buried under the house, the meaning of the town house is self-evident.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of "Shi Gandang" (or "Taishan Shi Gandang") as a town house or town lane was quite prosperous.
The Popular Compilation quoted Zhuan Gu Cong Bian as saying: "When Lushe in Wu Min goes straight to the street, it is necessary to set up a stone man or plant a flaky stone, and carve the stone as a town.
"Yuan Mei's" Essays with the Garden "also contains:" Carving today's customs is a tired victory, planting stones in Lu, saying' Shi Gandang'.
"In the 1920s, Mr. Deng Erya investigated and said," Guangdong is full of stone carvings of Mount Tai and Shi Gandang.
Generally speaking, there are ghosts on the land or residents in the Buddha think that the situation is good and use this as a threat.
Most of the information quoted above belongs to the south, but so does the north.
In my last article, I quoted a sentence from Ren Shan (that is, Wang Shizhen) in Wang Yuyang in the Qing Dynasty, saying, "The custom of Qilu is to erect a stone in the corner of the village and carve the words Mount Tai and Shi Gandang".
A strange rock was found in Dige, Zaozhuang City. It is red, 1. 1m in height, 0.65 m in width and 0.35 m in thickness, engraved with the words "Demon in Town House, Two Years in Qin Long".
Qin Long is the official name of the Ming Muzong after Zhu Zaiyu, while Qin Long was 1568 in the second year.
A small stone tablet named "Stone House in Taishan Town" was also found in Zhang Miao Village, Feicheng County.
At this point, we can draw the following conclusions: Shi Gandang's custom is the relic of ancient sacrificial stone, and its function, no matter where it is, is mainly to ward off evil spirits and hate disasters.
Perhaps readers have noticed that the materials cited above include Shi Gandang and Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, while the earlier materials only talked about Shi Gandang without talking about Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, as well as Shi Gandang and Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, while the earlier materials only talked about Shi Gandang without talking about it.
So when did "Taishan Shi Gandang" appear and become popular? What is the relationship between "Shi Gandang Mountain" and "Shi Gandang"? A folk story collected by Mr. Deng Erya tells: It is said that during the reign of Kangxi, the Middle East Gallery of the general's residence faced the floating map, which was unfavorable to the residents.
Out of Jiangxi, I was tired of going to Longhu Mountain and asking Zhang Zhenren to win the battle, so I sat down with a monk in ochre clothes and sat in Yingxi. The real person pointed out that the general said, "Pray for this teacher."
Because of worship.
The Taoist said, "This house is very detailed, and Dazi Town is a blessed land.
"Cable paper big book" Taishan Shi Gandang "five characters.
With a pure Yoko book.
The general was surprised and lost his position as a Taoist priest. The real person said, "Teacher Chunyang is on duty in the temple today, so it's fortunate for the public to meet him. Wealth is boundless.
"Then send someone south.
Xerox Dong Lang has a word diameter of more than 10,000 feet.
See salty, refers to the discrepancy between chu.
Guangdong xuwen county folklore provided by Li Zong and Comrade Liu Qun said:
During the Kangxi period, several county magistrates arrived in the county for a few days and died in the office.
Huang knew about it and took a Mr. Feng Shui with him.
Mr. Zhang found that the shadow of a pagoda in this county was falling on the seat of the county grandfather, and all the officials died because they could not bear the pressure of the pagoda.
So, a stone tablet was erected in front of the county government, engraved with the words "Mount Tai Shi Gandang", saying that the power of Mount Tai can rival the pagoda.
Nothing happened after that.
Although these two stories are different, they also have some similarities: First, they both took place in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and second, they both regarded Mount Tai Shi Gandang as an evil god.
Wang Shizhen (1634-1711) also talked about "Mount Tai and Shi Gandang".
Accordingly, "Taishan Shi Gandang" was popular in the early Qing Dynasty, and its appearance time may be earlier than that of the Ming Dynasty.
Shi Gandang added Mount Tai to the front, with the intention of increasing his prestige through the power of Mount Tai.
The word "Tai" on Mount Tai was called "Tai" in ancient times, that is, "Da". In a broad sense, Mount Tai is a big mountain, which can suppress evil spirits. Common in ancient myths and legends.
For example, the Monkey King (the Monkey King) in The Journey to the West was once pressed by the Tathagata under the Five Elements Mountain for 500 years.
In a narrow sense, Mount Tai refers to Mount Tai in Tai 'an today.
Mount Tai is towering and straight, and it is a sacred mountain for emperors to close their shrines.
Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, praised Mount Tai as "high, extreme, big, special, strong, heroic, fearful and confusing".
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, called Taishan "the root plate of Qilu Xi, and I don't know its thousands of miles; Soaring into the sky, I don't know thousands of miles. "
It is self-evident that Mount Tai has boundless power, so it is not difficult to understand that Mount Tai should be added before Shi Gandang, who avoids evil and hates disasters, in order to increase its strength.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, until today, there are many folk stories and legends about Shi Gandang (or Shi Gandang on Mount Tai).
Besides one collected by Mr. Deng Erya and one provided by Comrade Li Zong and Liu Qun, there are more than a dozen such folk stories and legends in our hands, all of which were published in recent years, namely, Taishan Story (Legend), Taishan Folk Story Grand View, Taishan Story (Folk Story) and Taishan Legend.
The above-mentioned two folk stories and legends about Mount Tai Shi Gandang collected by Mr. Deng Erya and provided by Li Zong and Comrade Liu Qun are based on the fact that Shi Gandang is a "stone". Although their popularity was not early (early Qing Dynasty) and their popular areas were not extensive, as far as the deep connotation of these two stories and legends is concerned, their source is the legacy of ancient Lingshi worship-the development of the evil meaning of Shi Gandang Town.
The stone carvings unearthed in Putian County, especially the words "Shi Gandang is full of ghosts and hates disasters", have an important influence on the formation of this kind of folklore, which can also be said to be true and credible.
The other is the folk stories and legends about the types of exorcism and treatment, which take the interpretation of the "person" as the basic starting point.
Two articles on "exorcism" in Grand View, one article on exorcism (a variant of treating evil spirits) and the legendary Shi Gandang legend can all be classified into this category.
This kind of folk stories and legends are mostly about Shi Gandang, who is brave and treats people who are haunted by ghosts and demons. Obviously, it is related to the northerners who called Shi Gandang "Dr. Shi" by Wang Shizhen in Qing Dynasty.
Although this kind of folk story treats Shi Gandang as a human being, the deep connotation of the story has something to do with Shi Gandang's worship as a spiritual stone, which has the function of restraining evil and driving away disasters.
The third category is the folktales and legends of Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties, who became attached to Shi Gandang.
Such as Shi Gandang (including scenery) edited by Gu Yue and Shi Gandang (including legend) edited by Lu Yue.
Shi Gandang on Mount Tai (containing folk stories) edited by Bao Jun and Qiu Shui said that Shi Gandang was originally named "Shigang" and posthumous title "Shi Gandang".
Obviously, Shi Gang is a transliteration of Shi Gan in the Five Dynasties.
Such folktales and legends all say that Shi Gandang is heroic and invincible, and he is good at eliminating violence.
Many people think that Shi Gandan is related to Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties. The Records of Mount Tai edited by Jin Mao in Qing Dynasty also said: "Shi Gandang was a warrior of the Five Dynasties ... He served Gaozu with an iron mallet on his sleeve. When things changed, he died fighting from left to right.
To avoid evil spirits when collecting the house classics, it was named Shi Gandang II.
"Although Shi Gandang and Shigan are two different things, there is still a little connection in terms of Shi Gandang's value and Shi Gandang's invincible.
The fourth kind of folk story about Mount Tai Shi Gandang, one is that Mount Tai and Shi Gandang are close friends, and the other is that Emperor Taizong was sealed by Mount Tai (see Grand View).
According to the theory of girlfriends, Taishan and Shi Gandang used to be friends of classmates.
Taishan has a rich family, studied hard and was admitted.
And Shi Gandang not only failed to pass the exam, but was reduced to "living a wandering life alone".
On one occasion, Shi Gandang went to Taishan Mansion to beg, and was detained by Taishan Mansion, and he always treated him with courtesy.
A few years later, Taishan went on a business trip and didn't return for half a year. Shi Gandang has a high self-esteem and thinks he has lived a long time. Taishan deliberately hid and disappeared, so he "said goodbye".
When Taishan returned from official business, he heard that Shi Gandang had passed away. He was deeply saddened and committed suicide.
Because Mount Tai and Shi Gandang fell in love and died, later generations remembered them and combined the names of Mount Tai and Shi Gandang into one, namely "Mount Tai Shi Gandang".
The * * * story between the legendary knight-errant, Mount Tai and Shi Gandang seems to be an unintentional suspicion.
"Blocking Style" said: Emperor Taizong rode on Mount Tai and returned to Maling. When he saw the horseshoe board, he couldn't get up. He is curious, but he can't get up. As a result, he walked around the road. When I left, I said, "I came from Chang 'an, opened a road on the mountain and built a bridge when I met the water. I'm not in the way. Taishan stone is in my way.
"Take this sound, call it" Shi Gandang ".
Novelty Retrieval and Old Tang Books and Tang Dynasty