Question 2: What were the inventions in ancient China and who invented them? China's ancient inventions are mainly the general name of all ancient inventions in China. The representatives are: papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass. -common sense technology.
Question 3: Who respectively invented four great inventions of ancient china? compass
The invention of the compass
In ancient times, people often cut thin iron leaves into the shape of fish, and the belly of the fish was slightly concave, like a boat. Float on the water surface after magnetization, which can refer to north and south. It was used as a game at that time. Cui Bao of the Eastern Jin Dynasty mentioned this kind of "compass fish" in Notes on Ancient and Modern Times.
Ceng Gongliang in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded the method of making and using the fish guide in the General Introduction to the Five Classics: "Cut it with thin iron leaves, two inches long and five points wide, with the head and tail as sharp as a fish's tip, and burn it with charcoal. Hou Tongchi, with iron wok and iron pot fish as the initial fire, the tail is straight, dipped in the basin and sealed. It uses the earth's magnetic field to magnetize the iron sheet, that is, it places the red-hot iron sheet in the meridian direction. The molecules inside the red-hot iron sheet are in a relatively active state, which makes the iron molecules arrange along the direction of the earth's magnetic field to achieve the purpose of magnetization. When dipped in water, this arrangement can be fixed quickly, and the fish tail inclines slightly downward to increase the magnetization. The invention of artificial magnetization has played a great role in the application and development of compass, and it is also an important event in the history of the development of magnetism and geomagnetism. Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty mentioned another method of artificial magnetization in "Talk about Meng Xi": "The Fang family can guide by rubbing the needle with a magnet. "According to Shen Kuo, the technicians at that time rubbed the sewing needle with a magnet, and the needle was magnetized. From the current point of view, this is the use of the magnetic field of natural magnets. The method of making the arrangement of magnetic domains in the steel needle tend to a certain direction makes the steel needle show magnetism. This method is simpler than geomagnetic method, and the magnetization effect is better than geomagnetic method. The invention of friction method is not only the earliest in the world, but also creates conditions for the emergence of practical magnetic direction finder.
Shen Kuo also talked about various phenomena caused by friction magnetization in Meng Qian's A Supplementary Talk: "When rubbing with magnets, it is often oriented, but it also points to the north and is not afraid of stones ... On the contrary, there should be differences between the north and the south, which has not been thoroughly studied." This means that after rubbing a sewing needle with a magnet, tit-for-tat is sometimes oriented and sometimes points to the north. From the point of view of current, then the direction of magnetization will be different. But Shen Kuo didn't know this truth. He truly recorded this phenomenon, and frankly admitted that he didn't think deeply in order to look forward to further discussion by future generations.
Regarding the installation method of the magnetic needle, Shen Kuo introduced four methods:
1. Shui Piao —— Put some wicks on the magnetic needle and let it float on the water, then you can indicate the direction.
2. Bowl lip rotation method-put the magnetic needle on the edge of the bowl, and the magnetic needle can rotate to indicate the direction.
3. nail rotation method-put the magnetic needle on the nail. Because the nail surface is smooth, the magnetic needle can rotate freely to indicate the direction.
4. Hanging method-coat some wax in the middle of the magnetic needle, stick a silk on it, and hang it in a windless place to indicate the direction.
Pyrotechnics
Fireworks is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Because it is made of nitrate, sulfur and charcoal, people used these three things as medicine to treat diseases at that time, so it was named fireworks, which means "gunpowder"
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, alchemists used sulfur, mirabilite and other materials to make an alchemy, and got inspiration from accidental explosions. After many practices, they found the formula of gunpowder. During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun, a clever technician, wrapped gunpowder in paper, created an explosion war for entertainment and initiated the application of gunpowder. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. People throw stones with trebuchets. Burn the enemy, this is the most primitive fire monitor. Later, people wrapped spherical gunpowder near the head of the arrow shaft, lit the fuse, and then shot it out with bows and arrows to burn the enemy. There are also gunpowder, poisonous gunpowder, plus some leaching and tung oil, which are mashed together to make poison balls. After being lit, shoot the enemy with a bow and arrow, and it will become an "enemy of ten thousand people." In the Song Dynasty, people filled gunpowder with bamboo. Ignite the nitrate on the fire tube, so that the powder in the tube burns quickly, generating forward thrust and making it fly to the enemy line to explode. This is the first powder rocket in the world. Later, muskets and guns were invented. These are primitive tubular fire appliances made of bamboo tubes, which are the ancestors of modern guns.
make paper
The invention of papermaking is one of the contributions of the Chinese nation to world civilization. About 3,500 years ago, in the Shang Dynasty in China, there were characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, called Jia ... >:>
Question 4: Who invented four great inventions of ancient china? Which dynasty? According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor fought Chiyou, the compass was used to identify the marching direction. The compass is actually a mechanical device. When the compass moves, the fairy's fingers point in the same direction. The principle of making a compass is different from that of using magnetic force to indicate direction. During the Warring States period, there was an instrument Sina, which really used the magnetic force of magnets to indicate the direction. Papermaking was invented in block printing in the Western Han Dynasty. Who is the pioneer of block printing in the world? 1968, the Clean Diamond Sutra, printed in the Wu and Zhou Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, was discovered in Gyeongju, South Korea, which triggered an international academic debate about whether China was the originator of block printing. Pan Jixing, a famous historian of science and technology in China, confirmed that the print was printed in Chang 'an, China, and there were earlier prints in China, which proved that China's block printing began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and China was a well-deserved pioneer of block printing in the world. Experts in the history of science and technology believe that movable type printing existed in China as early as the Song Dynasty, but the large-scale collation and publication of ancient books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties still used block printing instead of movable type printing, which shows the important position of block printing in cultural communication at that time. During the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing and gunpowder appeared in China.
Question 5: What is four great inventions of ancient china? Who is the inventor? make paper
As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 220), before Cai Lun invented "Cai Hou Paper", the embryonic form of paper appeared in China. Early Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-23 AD) paper unearthed from Fangmatan Han Tomb in Tianshui, Gansu, China, is the earliest paper found so far. In addition, ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty was also unearthed in Lop Nur and Xi Baqiao, Xinjiang. But these papers are rough, and the raw materials are hemp or silk floss.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty AD 105, eunuch Cai Lun summarized and improved the paper-making technology since the Western Han Dynasty. Taking bark, rags, hemp heads and fishing nets as raw materials, combined with a whole set of processes of retting, ramming and copying, he created a kind of plant fiber paper called "Cai Hou Paper". Since then, paper has gradually replaced bamboo tubes and silk as the main writing material.
Papermaking began to spread eastward to Korea and Japan in the early 7th century (late Sui and early Tang Dynasties). In the 8th century, it was introduced from the west to Samarkand, which was later * * *, and then to Baghdad. 10 century to Damascus and Cairo; 1 1 century was introduced to Morocco; /kloc-was introduced to India in the 0/3rd century; From14th century to Italy, many cities in Italy built paper mills, which became an important base for the spread of papermaking in Europe, and then spread to Germany and Britain. /kloc-was introduced to Russia and Holland in the 6th century; /kloc-spread to Britain in the 0/7th century; It was introduced to Canada in the19th century. The invention and spread of papermaking greatly reduced the carrier cost of words and realized the popularization of knowledge among the common people, thus greatly promoting the development of science, technology and economy in the world.
The invention of papermaking is not only a great change in book-making materials, but also of epoch-making significance in the history of human civilization.
Pyrotechnics
The invention of gunpowder is closely related to the developed smelting technology in ancient China. In the process of smelting metals, people constantly sum up experience, gradually get in touch with and become familiar with the properties of many minerals, and accumulate rich chemical knowledge. From the Warring States Period (403 BC-22 BC1year), some people applied metallurgical technology to refine mineral medicine, dreaming of refining elixir, while others wanted to extract gold and silver from minerals. Although no elixir of life or gold and silver were produced, alchemists found that saltpeter, sulfur and carbonaceous materials reacted violently when heated together. In the explosion, people gradually realized that saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal would be made into explosive powder according to a certain proportion.
The exact time of the invention of gunpowder cannot be verified, but it can be inferred from the data that the time of the invention of gunpowder should be before the Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907). Because the color of this powder is black, it is called "black powder" At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The earliest gunpowder weapons were Fei Huo or rocket. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960 ~ 1368), gunpowder was widely used in the military, and many gunpowder weapons appeared, mainly including rockets, ware, muskets and artillery. During the Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644), there were gear-controlled trigger lightning and line-incense-controlled timing lightning.
During the Yuan Dynasty (1279 ~ 1368), gunpowder spread to Europe, which caused a series of important changes in weapons manufacturing and strategy and tactics, and had an important impact on the social and economic fields in Europe.
compass
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China (722 BC ~ 22 BC1year), people discovered magnets when looking for iron ore and knew their special properties. During the Warring States Period (403 BC ~ 22 BC1year), people began to use magnets to make a directional tool-Sina. Sina is made into a spoon shape. When in use, put it in the middle of a smooth and horizontal chassis, and move its handle by hand to make it rotate. When it stops, the handle points south and the mouth points north.
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127), people discovered the artificial magnetization method, and made magnetic needles by rubbing steel needles with natural magnets. This magnetized steel needle is officially called a compass (because the axis of the magnetic needle is influenced by the earth's magnetic pole, the included angle between the geomagnetic axis and the earth's rotation axis is greater than 1 1 degree, so the north-south direction indicated by the magnetic needle is actually the north-south direction of the earth's magnetic pole). There are many ways to make a compass, some floating on the water, some on the edge of a bowl, some on your nails, and some hanging in the air with a thread. But the more accurate compass is to install the magnetic needle on the compass engraved with the direction, so the compass is also called the compass. Song dynasty (960 ~ 1279) and ... & gt
Question 6: Who invented the earliest sunspot-solar storm discovered in ancient China?
Observation of a Star Entering the Beidou Comet
New Moon and Xinmao have something to eat-solar eclipse record
Sun, Moon and Stars-Yin and Yang Calendar
The oldest catalog in the world ―― Stone catalog
The earliest and most complete calendar work in existence ―― Tai Chu Calendar
The soil gauge measures the sun's shadow.
Star falling like rain-observation of meteor swarm
Armature-an instrument for demonstrating the apparent motion of celestial bodies.
The oldest timekeeping instrument in China ―― Pot Leak
Geodesy. Determination of meridian
Calendar Revolution ―― Shen Kuo's Twelve Calendars of Qi Dynasty
Scientific and Technological Miracle ―― Astronomical Instruments Invented and Developed by Guo Shoujing.
The Best Calendar in Ancient China ―― Guo Shoujing's Chronological Calendar
Visiting Duke Zhou —— Setting of the Observatory
China's earliest mathematical monograph ―― Zhouyi ·suan Jing
Precise Actuarial Calculation-Nine Chapters of Arithmetic
Strategy-zero-sum calculation
decimal numeration/notation
China's Remainder Theorem ―― A Skill of Solving Problems by Large Diffraction
Zu Chongzhi and Pi.
Yang Hui Triangle-Binomial Array
One-dimensional high-power multiplication-celestial art
Zhu Shijie and his four-yuan jade mirror
Double Hypothesis Method ―― Residual Method
Application of series superposition technology
China ―― the hometown of abacus.
Mo Jing and the first law of motion
Incense burner and constant frame in quilt
Magnetic declination and magnetic inclination
Measuring tool-vernier caliper
Projection slide
Mysterious reflex
Strange mirror-transparent mirror
The earliest periscope in the world
The earliest artificial magnetization method in the world ―― Compass fish
Outstanding Machinery-Compass Car
Lacquer and lacquerware
china
Oil and gas
Development and utilization of burning stone coal
Zhang Heng's seismograph
The earliest anemometer
Cloud observation and nephogram: the clouds are not ploughed to the west.
Temperature observation instrument and precipitation observation instrument
weather forecast
Ancient phenological calendar
Dujiangyan, the earliest water conservancy project in China
Lead Jing to Luo-
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, a water conservancy project connecting north and south.
The earliest water level station in China ―― Fuling, Shiyu
The earliest tidal map in China ―― Dou's Shi Tao Map
A Classic of Ancient Geography ―― Notes on Water Classics
Bronze Age-Copper Mining
Boiling sea and mining brine
The earliest flora ―― Vegetation in South China
Plants, fish, insects, birds and animals-the classification of animals and plants until I raised my cup and asked the moon for wine-koji making and wine making.
If there is jade in the mountains, the branches hang down beside the trees-plant for prospecting.
Jia Sixie and Qi Yaomin's Book
Unique "Wang Zhen Agricultural Books"
Intensive cultivation leads to a bumper harvest of crops.
Tea Planting and Tea Culture
Sericulture technology of Lufang Baifeng
Save the world valley-planting leguminous plants and leguminous food
Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Management
Making the Best Use of Everything ―― The Invention of the Iron Plow
Energy-saving seeder-triangular cymbals
Lifting tools-cars.
Water conservancy irrigation machinery. keel waterwheel
Mulberry Fish Pond —— A Crop with Ten Times and Two Benefits
Inner Garden Uniform Temperature Soup has entered the melon in mid-February-cultivation techniques
Underground passage-karez
Seeing the Color of Climate ―― Diagnosis and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases
Shennong tasted a hundred herbs-Chinese herbal medicine to treat diseases.
Fuxi nine needles-acupuncture therapy
Huatuo anesthesia-Mafei powder
immunization
Preserving Health and Prolonging Life-Extraction of Hormones
Smelting technology of iron
All kinds of steelmaking techniques
Smelting of brass and zinc
China Silver-Nickel-Copper Smelting and Its Spread to the West
Hydrometallurgy-bile copper process
Three casting techniques
Tools for grain processing. Water tanks and water mills
The earliest vehicle to record mileage-drum car in mind
Galloping-The Art of Horseshoe and the Invention of Stirrup
Lu Ban and the Invention of Saw Umbrella
Wan Li Great Wall-Wolong.
The Eighth Wonder of the World ―― Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses
Wonderful workmanship-a bridge with unique style
Hundreds of schools are like Twelve Streets of Weiqi Bureau, like vegetable fields-Sui Daxing City
The Treasure of Palace Architecture-Forbidden City
The tallest and oldest heavy wooden pagoda ―― Yingxian Wooden Pagoda in Shanxi Province
The secret of unsinkable ship-watertight cabin
Canal lock
When the wind blows, cars fly ― sails and sails.
Parachute-the wealth of pilots
Ling Bo's treasure rudder
An Effective Propulsion Tool —— Paddle
A feat in the history of navigation ―― Zheng He's voyage to the West.
The Beginning of Aviation Model-Kite
Astronomy and geographic navigation technology
Horizontal rotor and propeller
The Holy Book of Military Science ―― Sun Tzu's Art of War
Chariots and warships
Colorful cold weapons
The Highest Achievement of Block Printing ―― Color Overprinting
Clay movable type printing technology >>
Question 7: Who were the scientists in ancient China and what did they invent? Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.
Cai Lun improved papermaking.
Guo Shoujing invented simple instruments and made time calendars.
Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.
Hua tuo invented hemp boiling powder.
Compendium of Materia Medica compiled by Li Shizhen
Su Song invented the image platform of astronomical clock and water instrument.
Question 8: Who invented fire in ancient China?
1, Suiren is the inventor of fire in ancient China mythology, and it is said that he is one of Huang San.
2. Suirenshi, Fu and Shennong are collectively called "Huang San".
3. Suiren is a matriarchal clan near Hetao in the early Neolithic period. They hunt for a living, and the stones that hit wild animals collide with rocks to produce sparks. Inspired by the law, Suiren invented drilling for fire.
4. Suiren's name represents a character, sometimes a combination of several characters; Sometimes it should be more about the history of a clan or a tribe; There is an era that represents the life of ancestors and reflects the characteristics of an era in human diet; It is a reflection of the achievements of an era. The polysemy of the word "Suirenshi" is a common phenomenon in ancient China mythology.
The earliest man who could make an artificial fire in China is said to be an embarrassing man.
It means artificial fire.
The first tribe to use fire in China should be the second tribe. It may be over 500,000 years old.
Note: According to legend, the age of the Sui people is about 50,000 to100,000 years ago. Yandi's real name should be Shennong, the earliest farming tribe, but not the most fire-making tribe.
Question 9: Who invented the earliest criminal law in ancient China and which dynasty established it? China's criminal law has a long history of more than 4,000 years, and there are many records in pre-Qin classics. "Yi Bite": "When lightning bites, the first king punished it with a clear punishment." Electricity is a metaphor for understanding things, thunder is a metaphor for imposing punishment, and biting is a metaphor for using prisons. So the previous king realized this, announced the punishment and sorted out the law. Zhou Li Tian Guan Da Zai: "Punish the country, punish hundreds of officials and correct the people in five sentences." "Book Lu Punishment": "Wang enjoyed the country for a hundred years, and was sentenced to four places in case of famine." In ancient times, kings attached great importance to criminal law.
The written code of China's criminal law originated from Yu Xing in Xia Dynasty, and there are criminal laws in later generations. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, Shang Dynasty not only had criminal law, but also had judicial structure, set up prisons, used instruments of torture and had specialized judicial personnel. "Book Thai Oath": "The sinner is a family." That is, a person is guilty, and his family is also punished. "Historical Records Yin Benji": "So Zhou is a heavy punishment and has a branding method." Which is the punishment of branding. It shows the cruelty of punishment in Shang Dynasty. The Zhou dynasty formulated "nine punishments". "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Six Years": "Nine weeks of punishment, because of political chaos." Du Yu's note: "The decline of the Zhou Dynasty is also a punishment book, which is called nine punishments." During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Jin and other countries carved the provisions of criminal law on the tripod, which was called "the book of casting punishment". "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Six Years": "In March, Zheng Renzhu was executed." Du Yu's note: "It is the customary law of the country to cast the torture book in Ding." Later, Deng made a criminal law book with bamboo slips, called Bamboo Punishment. "Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong Nine Years": "Zheng Yi killed Deng Xi and used his bamboo punishment." Du pre-note: Dr. Deng, Dr. Zheng. If you want to change the old system of Zheng Zhu, you won't obey your orders, but you will create a criminal law in private. The book is on the bamboo slips, so you say bamboo punishment. "During the Warring States period, the written code further increased. Li Kui, the Wei Dynasty, has compiled six "codes", including Theft Law, Thief Law, Prison Law, Arrest Law, Miscellaneous Law and Equipment Law. Shang Yang formulated the Qin Law on the basis of the Code of Laws during the Qin Reform. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he supplemented and revised the Qin law. The criminal law was rich in content and cruel in punishment, and it was promulgated and implemented throughout the country. Han inherited the Qin system, and the written code is magnificent, which is collectively called the Chinese law. Cheng Shude's Preface to the Law Examination of the Nine Dynasties and the Law Examination of the Han Dynasty: "Han Xiao's nine-chapter law study benefited from Shu Suntong's eighteen chapters and Zhang Tang's twenty-seven Lv Zhang's six Lv Zhang's, a total of sixty chapters, which is the Han law." Jin, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Liang and Sui Dynasties all had unified codes. Although the original text is lost, the title of the book is proved by historical books.