As early as 6,000 years ago, during the Neolithic culture, pottery similar in shape to wine vessels appeared, such as pottery in the Peiligang culture period.
(1) The pottery of Hemudu culture in the south can also remind people that the wine vessels of Shang Dynasty should have a long history.
⑵ The development of brewing industry and the noble status of drinkers make it possible to distinguish wine vessels from ordinary food vessels. The quality of wine vessels often becomes one of the symbols of drinkers' status. Full-time winemakers came into being. A large number of wine vessels (brewers and drinking fountains) were unearthed in a tomb during Dawenkou culture period in Shandong Province. According to the analysis of archaeologists, the deceased may have been a full-time winemaker before his death. In the late Neolithic period, especially in the Longshan culture period, the types of wine vessels increased and their uses were clear, which was quite similar to later generations. These wine vessels are: jars, urns, pots, bowls, cups and so on. There are many kinds of wine glasses, including: flat bottom cup, round foot cup, high round foot cup, high handle cup, inclined wall cup, bent belly cup and special-shaped cup. In Shang Dynasty, due to the development of wine-making industry and the improvement of tin and bronze production technology, China's wine vessels reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, there were clans such as the long spoon clan and the tail spoon clan, which specialized in making wine sets for a living. Although the drinking atmosphere in the Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that in the Shang Dynasty, the wine vessels basically followed the style of the Shang Dynasty. There were also catalpa people who specialized in making wine sets in the Zhou Dynasty.
Bronze originated in Xia dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine vessels found at present are Jue and bronze wares in Xia Erlitou culture period, which reached its peak in Shang and Zhou dynasties and declined in Spring and Autumn Period. The use of wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was basically exclusive. According to the general theory of Yin and Zhou bronzes, Shang and Zhou bronzes are divided into four parts: food containers, wine containers, water containers and musical instruments, with 50 categories, of which wine containers account for 24 categories. According to the purpose, it can be divided into wine boiler, wine container, wine drinking device and wine storage device. And ritual vessels. Rich and varied shapes. But there are also basic combinations, the basic combination is mainly Jue and Qian, with the same shape, and their appearance and style are also branded in different historical periods.
A wine container is a container for holding wine for drinking. There are many types, mainly the following:
Zun, Hu, Qu, Zi, Dish, Jane, Hu, Bi, Urn, Bu and Yi
Each wine container has many styles, some are ordinary and some are animal-shaped. Take Zun as an example, there are Xiang Zun, Xi Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun and Hu Zun.
The main types of drinking utensils are: water bottles, water bottles, horns, cups, boats. People of different identities use different drinking utensils. For example, in the Book of Rites, it is clearly stipulated that when offering sacrifices to ancestral temples, the honorable person raises the flag and the humble person raises the horn.
The wine warmer is used to heat the drink after drinking. It is equipped with a spoon, which is convenient for taking wine. Some wine warmers are called bottles, which were popular in Han Dynasty.
The bronze sword in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province, can hold wine with ice cubes, so it is also called ice sword. Since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze wine vessels have gradually declined. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine vessels became popular in southern China. Lacquerware became the main type in Han and Wei Dynasties.
Lacquered wine vessels basically inherited the shape of bronze wine vessels. There are wine containers and drinking utensils. Lacquer ear cups are common in drinking utensils. 1 1 4 lacquer ear cups were unearthed in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province, and 90 ear cups were also unearthed in Mawangdui No.1 tomb in Changsha.
In the Han Dynasty, people usually sit on the floor when drinking, with wine bottles in the middle of the floor and drinking spoons and drinking utensils on the floor, so they are short and fat.
Sitting on the bed became popular in Wei and Jin dynasties, and the wine set became more slender. The Ming and Qing dynasties were the heyday of the development of ancient porcelain wine vessels in China.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Yongle and Xuande porcelain industry flourished, surpassing the previous generation in quantity and quality. Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province has become the center of ceramic industry, and its white glaze and blue-and-white porcelain are quite famous, not only in China, but also as the main commodities in foreign trade. In addition, the "Doucai", "Multicolor" and "Holly" produced here are all new varieties and quite famous. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, a new craft appeared, namely cloisonne, which was created during the Jingtai period. Cloisonne products were mostly used as tableware and wine vessels by emperors, generals and nobles, which became a new miracle in the history of the development of ancient wine vessels in China.
During Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, the porcelain industry had an unprecedented development, and all kinds of wine glasses were even better, so they were called "kiln wine glasses". At this time, blue-and-white porcelain is also very eye-catching, especially when the painting case is integrated with the ancient painting art of China, giving people the feeling of lightness and elegance and clear light and shade. There are many blue-and-white wine vessels handed down from generation to generation, such as various blue-and-white plum bottles, blue-and-white Gao Zubei, blue-and-white hand-pressed cups, etc., which are all art treasures, and reproduce the extremely high life accomplishment and artistic realm of craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty.
During the Qing Dynasty, due to the love of three generations, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, China porcelain industry further developed. In addition to blue-and-white porcelain, Doucai and Holly, new varieties of porcelain have emerged, such as pastel, enamel and bronze. It can be described as "colorful, dazzling and beautiful".
There are many exquisite porcelain wine vessels handed down from the Qing Dynasty. The most common vessel shapes are plum bottles, holding pots, goblets, hand-pressed cups, small cups, etc., such as Jingdezhen Enamel Cup, Kangxi Dou Cai He Zuitu Cup, blue and white landscape figure cover cup, multicolored spend december Cup, and various multicolored figure hand-pressed cups, etc., all of which are fine porcelain wine vessels in the Qing Dynasty, enjoying high reputation at home and abroad, and some of them even appear in the international auction market at high prices.
In addition to porcelain wine vessels, emperors and dignitaries in Ming and Qing dynasties still loved gold and silver wine vessels and jade wine vessels, and their love was increasing. Emperor Wanli's gold-inlaid jade cup, gold-inlaid jade cup, golden arrow pot, handed down Lu Zigang jade cup, and lotus white jade cup unearthed from the king's tomb in Zouxian County, Shandong Province are all fine wine vessels of the Ming Dynasty. Wanli even buried a pot of warm golden wine in the coffin of filial piety to the emperor, which shows that people paid attention to drinking and keeping in good health at that time.
There is a "workshop" in the Qing palace, which specializes in making various items for the royal family. The gold and silver factory and jade factory under it are important workshops for making gold and silver utensils, jade and jewelry. Many primitive Qing Dynasty wine vessels in the Forbidden City, such as Yongzheng Ear Jade Cup, Qianlong Ear Jade Cup and "Jin 'ou" Gold Cup, were made by this office. In addition, there are not a few gold, silver and jade wine vessels in other places.
Flat peach is a legendary peach, which can live forever after eating. Flat peach symbolizes longevity in past dynasties and has become a common auspicious pattern in painting subjects. This understanding was quite popular in Ming and Qing dynasties, and there were many peach-shaped wine vessels in unearthed or handed down cultural relics. For example, in June 65438+February 098265438, seven flat peach silver cups were unearthed in the silverware cellar of Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan Province, which were similar to the peach-shaped purple sand cups of Xiang Shengsi. The peach cup is set off by branches and leaves, which is ingenious and natural, beautiful and practical, and is a rare artistic treasure.
China has been popular since the Three Kingdoms period, that is, drinking with lotus leaves with the same stems and leaves. Later, influenced by Bitong's drinking, craftsmen in the Tang and Song Dynasties used gold, silver, jade, porcelain, amber and other materials to imitate lotus leaves to make various wine glasses, commonly known as "lotus leaf cups". Lotus leaf and lotus belong to the same family, both of which have the effects of clearing away heat and cooling blood and strengthening the spleen and stomach. The lotus jade cup in the picture may have evolved from the lotus leaf cup. The lyrics "The wine lamp spins the lotus leaf, the lotus boat swings, there are always red waves in the lamp, and the flowers make wine", which vividly reproduces the scene of blue tube drinking lotus leaf and lotus cup.
The wine vessels made of porcelain, gold, silver and jade in Qing dynasty have an obvious feature, that is, there are many antique vessels. For example, jade cups with two ears, jade ornaments with dragon patterns, enameled teacups, bronze animal ear statues, various porcelain statues, porcelain pots with two ears, and porcelain pots with two ears with blue glaze are all antique wine vessels in the Qing Dynasty. The prevalence of antique wine vessels in Qing Dynasty may be related to the alcoholism of Kang, Yong and Gan san huang.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine culture, as an important branch of China culture, continued to develop despite constant harassment by foreign pirates. As the carrier of wine culture, wine vessels have also demonstrated their immortal artistic connotation and brilliant achievements to the world with their inherent strength. Perhaps this is the charm of China's characteristic wine culture. In the history of China, there are some wine vessels with unique materials or shapes. Although they are not very popular, they have high appreciation value, such as those made of gold, silver, ivory, jade and cloisonne.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even after liberation, tin wine warmers were widely used. Mainly a wine warmer.
Glowing wine glass
Yuzhu cylindrical cup
Wang Han, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, has a famous poem: the luminous cup is made of jade, which has been copied successfully in modern times.
Countercurrent kettle
Shaanxi Provincial Museum has a reflow porcelain pot produced by Yaozhou Kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The height of the pot is 19cm, and the abdominal diameter is 14.3cm. The lid of the pot is dummy and cannot be opened. There is a small hole in the center of the bottom of the pot, and the bottom of the pot faces upwards, and the wine is injected from the small hole. The small hole is communicated with the central lifter, and the upper hole of the central lifter is higher than the highest wine level. When the hip flask is placed directly, there is no wine leakage in the lower hole. There is also a lifter under the spout to keep the wine from overflowing when entering the wine. This design is ingenious.
Yuanyangzhuan Hu Xiang
Pots used in the imperial palace in Song Dynasty. It can pour out two kinds of wine in a pot.
Kowloon Fair Cup
Produced in the Song Dynasty, it is a cup with carved dragons holding its head high. There are eight dragons painted on the wine set, so it is called kowloon cup. There is a disc and a hollow base. When pouring wine, if it is moderate, it will not leak. If it exceeds a certain limit, the wine will be sucked into the base through the siphon effect of the dragon body, so it is called a fair cup.
Dushan Dayuhai
The jade urn specially used for wine is made of a whole mottled jet, with a circumference of 5 meters. There are sea dragons and sea animals carved around, which are lifelike and magnificent, weighing 3500 kilograms and can store 30 stones of wine. It is said that this big jade urn was shipped from other places by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu in the second year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1256), and it was placed on Qionghua Island to hold wine and hold a banquet for the heroes. Now it is preserved in the former Tuancheng of Beijing Beihai Park.
The ancients were elegant and very particular about the use of wine vessels. this
One thing, you can also learn from Cha Liang Yong's the legendary swordsman.
Autumn talks about wine sets, which can be seen from a description. Zu Qian Qiu fought for Gu Tao's Six Immortals.
Gambling is a display of its wine. Kan Kan said:
Sheep fat white jade cup-"Pay attention to wine utensils when drinking, and use whatever wine you drink. Drink Fenjiu with a jade cup. There is a poem in the Tang dynasty:' the jade bowl has amber light.' It can be seen that jade bowls and cups can increase the color of wine. "
Jade Cup-"Drink this pear wine? Then you should use a jade cup. Wang Chun, a poet in Hangzhou, Bai Letian, said: "Red sleeves weave silk to praise persimmon leaves, and green flags sell wine to account for pear flowers." You see, Hangzhou restaurant sells this kind of pear wine, and hangs a green flag like a drop of jade, which embodies the spirit of pear wine. Drinking this pear wine is naturally a jade cup. "
Rhinoceros horn cup-"This altar liquor tastes excellent, but it lacks a faint scent. It is best to drink it in a rhinoceros horn cup, which is extremely mellow. It should be noted that the jade cup enhances the color of the wine, and the rhinoceros horn cup enhances the fragrance of the wine. The ancients did not bully me. "
Gu Teng Cup-"This hundred-herb wine is a combination of hundreds of herbs. It is soaked in fine wine, so it is full of fragrance, like walking in the suburbs of spring, which makes people drunk. You need a Gu Teng cup to drink this medicinal liquor. Gu Teng carved a cup for a hundred years and drank a hundred herbs of wine, which greatly increased the fragrance. "
Bronze Jue-"As for this sorghum wine, it is the oldest wine. When making wine in summer, Yu drank it. It was sorghum wine. To drink this kind of sorghum wine, you must use bronze wine jue, which has an ancient meaning. As for rice wine, although the best rice wine is delicious, it is slightly weak, and only when it is drunk in a vat is it spiritual. "
Glowing cup-"as for drinking, of course, use a glowing cup. There is an ancient poem that says,' If you want to drink pipa, you must urge it immediately'. You know, wine is brilliant red, and we men are not heroes after drinking it. After wine is put into a luminous glass, there is no difference between the color of wine and the color of blood. Drinking wine is just like drinking blood. Yue Wumu said,' Eat pork when you are hungry, laugh, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty'. Isn't this spectacular? "
Glass cup-"drink this kind of high curative value wine, when using a glass cup. Yulu wine is like a bead bubble, which can be seen in a transparent glass cup. "
Ancient porcelain cup-"You need an ancient porcelain cup to drink this Shaoxing Zhuangyuanhong, preferably the Northern Song Dynasty porcelain cup. The Southern Song Dynasty porcelain cup barely worked, but it has declined. As for yuan porcelain, it is inevitable to be vulgar. "
The elegance of the ancients can be seen here. And such elegance can only stay in our present imagination and exclamation! Modern brewing technology and lifestyle have a great influence on wine series. After entering the 20th century, due to the rapid development of the brewing industry, the way of self-brewing which has been inherited for thousands of years is gradually being eliminated. In modern breweries, the packaging methods of white wine and yellow wine are mainly: bottled and jar. Beer is bottled, barreled and canned. Before the 1970s and 1980s, when the living standard was low, the vast rural areas and some urban areas generally had to bring their own containers if they sold wine in jars. However, bottled wine has been popularized in a relatively short period of time, so the wine vessels and containers commonly used in people's families have disappeared, and drinking utensils are eternal. Of course, in some areas, the way of self-brewing still exists, but it is no longer the mainstream of society.
In the past few decades, the types of people drinking alcohol have changed greatly. More than a decade ago, no matter in rural or urban areas, high-alcohol liquor was always consumed the most, and yellow wine was also very common in southeast China. Before the 1980s, the output of beer was very small. But after the 1980s, the output of beer rose by leaps and bounds, becoming the largest variety of alcohol. The consumption of wine, brandy and whisky is generally small. The consumption characteristics of alcohol determine that the wines of this period have the following characteristics:
Small glasses are more popular. This kind of wine glass is mainly used for drinking white wine. Wine glasses are mainly made of glass, porcelain, etc. There are also materials such as jade and stainless steel.
Medium-sized wine glasses can be used as both tea sets and drinking utensils, such as beer and wine. The material is mainly transparent glass.
In order to promote the sales of wine, some factories design wine containers into wine glasses, which are loved by consumers. After drinking, it can also be used as a cup. With the improvement of living standards, canned beer is becoming more and more popular, which is also a typical example of the combination of packaging containers and drinking devices.
From the end of Qing Dynasty, foreign wine was introduced to China, and drinking methods and drinking utensils were also introduced to China. Westerners drink different kinds of wine on different occasions, so they should choose the right glass and not use it casually.
The more complete and luxurious the facilities, the higher the price of wine. Of course, its wine set is more complete and standardized.
There are many kinds of wine glasses with different shapes, which have historical and regional reasons, but also reflect certain scientific and artistic characteristics. It is very important to use wine glasses correctly in foreign communication.