① The instinctive behavior of rescuing and begging for food. Animals will lick their wounds when they are injured, and avoid going into the water when they are hot. People have the same instinct to save them as animals. When people are looking for food, they gradually find that onions, ginger, garlic, japonica rice and coix seed are all foods or condiments, but they have therapeutic effects;
② Life experience makes medicine. In ancient times, people made sharp tools through labor, resulting in medical devices such as stone needles and bone needles, and gradually mastered the experience of using tools to treat diseases. At the same time, it is found that exercising limbs can relax muscles and collaterals and strengthen the body. The formation of "introduction" and "five-bird play" is also the concept of health preservation produced by the ancients after accumulating life experience;
(3) The combination and division of doctors and wizards. Primitive people, subject to uncivilized intelligence, are afraid of the changes in nature and all abnormal phenomena in the universe, and it is difficult to make a scientific and reasonable explanation, so they mistakenly think that supernatural forces are dominating them. Therefore, the combination of witchcraft and medicine has always been the history of Chinese and western medicine.
In the historical process of traditional Chinese medicine, the "You Zhu" technique has been followed for thousands of years, and it belonged to one of the "thirteen families" in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Anatomy for medical purposes can be traced back to 1 1 year (the third year of Wang Mang's new dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty), which is the bud of empirical medicine in China. Due to the cultural pattern of China formed by the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the retreat tendency derived from "attaching importance to Taoism but neglecting evidence" will inevitably lead to the lack of logical reasoning, which will make China's achievements in empirical medicine difficult to compare with western medicine in the future. Ancient Egyptian doctors used chanting, painting symbols and herbs to treat diseases. The first two are witch doctors.
Western medicine began to separate medicine from witchcraft in ancient Greece. Aristotle described the internal organs and organs of animals in detail. Hippocrates, the representative of the highest achievement of ancient Greek medicine, applied materialist philosophy to medicine. In On Sacred Diseases, he said: "Diseases that people (referring to epilepsy and some mental patients) call' sacred' are not more sacred and more sacred than other diseases, and originate from natural causes like any other diseases. Just because the symptoms of these diseases are strange, and people know nothing about them and are full of doubts, they attribute their causes and nature to the gods. " The materialistic medical system established by Aristotle has accelerated the process of medical science.
④ The peak of Chinese and Western medicine in the axial age. Jaspers once said: "if history has an axis, then we must regard this axis as a series of events that are meaningful to all mankind ... this spiritual process that took place between 800 and 200 BC seems to constitute such an axis." ..... Extraordinary events are concentrated in this period. ..... it happened in China, India and the west ".
This stage is an important period for the development of philosophy, science and culture in the East and the West. At this time, hundred schools of thought, a hundred schools of thought contend, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and hundred schools of thought formed an unprecedented academic prosperity, which laid the foundation for the development of China culture. During the pioneering period of Greek classical civilization, philosophers and wise men such as democritus, phidias, Archimedes and Socrates appeared. Under the background of the prosperity of science and culture in the East and the West, Huangdi Neijing and the Complete Works of Hippocrates, which represent the peak of Chinese and Western medicine, were born naturally.
The appearance of Neijing indicates that traditional Chinese medicine has been sublimated from simple clinical experience accumulation to systematic theoretical summary. Regarding the Complete Works of Hippocrates, Castiglio, a famous Italian medical historian, said: "It is the most precious representative document with advanced medical technology in an era when natural science has hardly sprouted. Although the Hippocratic school of medicine has defects in the knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology, although it has only conducted few and rough studies on animals, it is mainly based on clinical experiments and philosophical reasoning, which can finally raise medicine to an unsurpassed height. This is one of the most significant phenomena in history and probably the most important, because it shows that valuable materials can be obtained through experience, practical observation and correct reasoning ... He really solved the beginning of a decisive tendency in medical history. "
Comparing Huangdi Neijing with the Complete Works of Hippocrates, there are many similarities in theoretical construction: abolishing witches to save doctors, taking a holistic view, adjusting balance, philosophical thinking and clinical practice. Among them, Huangdi Neijing emphasizes the holistic view centered on the five internal organs, which can diagnose and treat diseases from the outside without relying on anatomy and morphology. Its theoretical system is self-consistent and difficult to break through; Although the Complete Works of Hippocrates has no systematic basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology, it emphasizes the specific anatomical structure, which is a precedent for medical argumentation. These differences have laid the groundwork for the separation of Chinese and western medicine in the future.