Eighth, Tao Yuanming
1, Tao Yuanming was the most accomplished poet in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
2. Tao Yuanming's moral character of despising powerful people and not colluding with the rulers set an example for future writers.
Pastoral poetry has become a far-reaching school of poetry.
Tao Yuanming is an important poet in the history of China literature. The era in which he lived; It is the time when formalism prevails; Poetry is full of works of Xuanwu Zen and Moshan flooding. Formally, it is a deliberate pursuit of colorful words and extravagance. Tao Yuanming made Li Zhuo a poet with brand-new content and form. Show the spirit of innovation.
Tao Yuanming has an extremely important position in the history of literature. Zhong Rong's poems praised him as "the ancestor of reclusive poets in ancient and modern times". It can be said; Successful poets of all ages; Almost everyone loves his artistic influence; As a result, there are more than a thousand poems about "imitation of pottery" and "harmony with pottery" in later generations. Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Lu You and other great poets; They all expressed their admiration and admiration for Tao Yuanming and his poems. Shen Deqian's "Speaking Poetry and Speaking Language" said, "The ancestor of the Tang Dynasty; Wang Youcheng, Wang Wei (with clear pictures; Meng, Meng Haoran (has its leisure; Chu Taizu, Chu Guangxi (has its simplicity; Wei, Wei (conflict with it; Liu, Liu Zongyuan (this shows its rigor; What colorful artistic nutrition Tao poetry gave later poets; And directly influenced the arrival of the golden age of Tang poetry creation.
Tao Yuanming was only called a hermit in his time; His literary creation has not been highly praised; This is because his plain style of writing does not conform to the style advocated at that time. Through the promotion of Xiao Tong, Su Shi and Zhu; Tao Yuanming established his lofty position in the history of literature; Won the world reputation.
Tao Yuanming is the spiritual home of China literati. "Five bushels of rice don't bend over" has become the freedom used by China literati to protect the choice of goods; Plain has become a noble artistic realm in their hearts.
Because of Tao Yuanming's chanting; Chrysanthemum and wine have become symbols of their personality. Understand the true meaning of life from drinking; Tao Yuanming was one of the few ancient people: Chrysanthemum became an image symbolizing lofty feelings in China literature.
Seventh, Wang Anshi.
Wang Anshi is not inferior to others in ci. Politically, it is even more aggressive.
Reformer, thinker and writer in Song Dynasty. The word Fu Jie, no, is Mid-Levels. Linchuan, Jiangxi (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi) is known as Mr Linchuan in the world. Li Qing was the fourth scholar in the second year (1042). Served as a local official for many years. Wang Anshi believes that the root of social poverty in Song Dynasty lies in merger. Therefore, Song Renzong and Zhao Zhen called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book "Wan Yan Shu" written in the third year of Jiayou (1058), so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness and immediately realize the reform of the written law. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. Because he was deeply appreciated by Zongshen, in the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a political counselor, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously promote political reform and reform. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, royalty and conservative scholar-officials joined forces to oppose the political reform. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year, Yu Xining resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
In philosophy, Wang Anshi inherited and carried forward some thoughts of Laozi, which is a traditional and simple dialectical thought. Biography of Hong Fan and Notes on Laozi are his major works in this field, and the latter has been lost. His articles are famous for their comments and are listed as the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. In terms of poetry, he wrote many poems reflecting social reality in his early years. There are two books handed down, one is Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan and the other is Collected Documents of Wang Wen, both of which are mixed with other people's works. Wang Anshi used to be named Shu and Jing, and later he was called Wang or Wang Wengong.
Sixth, Li Shangyin.
Li Shangyin was a poet with unique achievements in the Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on later generations, and everyone's comments were also varied. Some of his poems directly express his attitude towards current affairs and politics; Some satirize the present and praise historical themes; Some express the feelings of life and death of friends and friends; Some are sentimental works, but people are most familiar with his love poems. Almost all of these extremely complicated contents are closely related to his life experience.
Li Shangyin was a star in the poetry of the late Tang Dynasty. In his poems, his sentimentality, rich images and complicated thoughts are often expressed by symbolic means. This symbolism is based on rich and wonderful imagination, so the images in his works are sometimes as colorful as Qibao Liu Su. Sometimes it is as lively and empty as walking on the moon, giving people a strong sense of beauty. His modern poems, especially the Seven Rhymes, are unique in style, beautiful in words, and ethereal in artistic conception, which has made great contributions to the development of poetic art forms.
Fifth, Bai Juyi.
China was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty and a famous poet and writer with far-reaching influence in the history of China literature. His poems have a wide range of themes, diverse forms and simple and popular language, and are known as "the poet's magic" and "the king of poets". Bai Juyi is an advocate of the New Yuefu Movement, advocating that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written in combination with things". Together with Yuan Zhen, he was called "Bai Yuan". Write it down.
He wrote many poems in his life, among which allegorical poems are the most famous, and the language is easy to understand, which is called "an old woman can understand". His poetic thoughts and creations emphasize popularity and realism, which occupies an important position in the history of China's poetry. They emphasize that language must be simple and popular, arguments must be straightforward and explicit, writing must be absolutely false and pure, and the form must be fluent and ballad-like.
Artistic features are also reflected in the characterization. He can grasp the characteristics of characters and sketch vivid characters. However, the poetry of Bai poetry is not simple, and he often reposes the meaning with simple sentences, which has achieved amazing artistic effects.
Leisure poetry has a great influence on later generations, and its simple language style and indifferent and leisurely artistic conception have been praised repeatedly. However, in contrast, the "leisure" thought of retiring from politics and being content with peace, and the attitude of returning to Buddhism and imitating Tao Yuanming in these poems have far-reaching influence because they are more in line with the psychology of later literati.
Fourth, Du Fu.
Du Fu is a talented poet. Du Fu's masterpieces handed down from ancient times are 1400. His poems realize the close combination of social reality and personal life, and the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form. As later generations commented, "artistry reached the highest achievement of Tang poetry. His poems can make readers' know the person' and' discuss the world', and play the role of' inspiring, observing, gathering people and complaining'. " His poems have attracted the research and comments of many poetry lovers. For example, Tang Yuanzhen once commented on his poems: "Thin and elegant, not as good as Song Shen, taking Su Li, swallowing Cao Liu, hiding his aloof face and thanking, rich in Yu Xu, gaining the wind of ancient and modern times, and being a writer's specialty"; Su Dongpo said: "Learning poetry should be based on Zi Mei, so you can learn it because there are rules." Lu Shique, an expert in the study of Du Fu's poems in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Three Poems on December 1st when Du Fu lived in Yun 'an, known as the Land of Seven Laws. Qilong in Qingpu said, "Poems of Shaoling are human nature, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others." 1960, Chen Yi, the founding father, also said "I like the preparation of its theme" in his poem "My Reading", while Marshal Ye Jianying said in "Chengdu Caotang": "Ling Du's pen hurts the wolf and tiger"; Later generations say that Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity is a masterpiece of "resisting Jiuding and winning the Three Armies", with elegant rhyme, elegant dictionary, the highest meteorological level and unique style. I am full of praise for Du Fu's poems. Some people use poems, some use words, some copy them, some borrow them, and later people call them "poets".
Third, Su Shi.
Maybe another thousand years, another thousand years.
His appearance is accidental and inevitable; His talent is mortal and extraordinary; His thoughts are instantaneous and far-reaching; His character is both free and easy and has an ordinary side.
Su Shi-a prodigy in the cultural history of China, a rare generalist, a multi-level and all-round culture-not just literature-giant, magical writing, profound knowledge, wise thinking, noble personality, rich life experience and great achievements in many aspects. His endless humor can really be said: only great heroes are real and real celebrities.
He is good at prose creation, and his representative works, Qian Chibi Fu and Hou Chibi Fu, are well-known, which embodies the sense of hardship and humanistic spirit of China literati. His poems skillfully combine the spirit of realism with the romantic style, which are colorful and represent the highest level in the Song Dynasty. His writing is fresh and powerful, with a wide range of subjects and free expression.
Wang Guowei, a master of modern Chinese studies, spoke highly of Su Shi: "Poets under three generations have never lost their hearts, are far-sighted, beautiful and look forward to their children. If these four children have no literary talent, then their characters will be self-sufficient throughout the ages. So they don't have noble and great personalities, and there are almost no people who have noble and great articles. " It is reasonable for him to regard Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Du Fu and Su Shi as the greatest poets in the history of China literature. What is more commendable is that, as a literati in feudal times, Su Shi had no headscarf, no seclusion in the mountains, no pride of wealth, no loyalty and filial piety, and no shelf of a great writer. There is neither the state of Dumens, a minister, nor the state of officials shivering. He is with you and me, sharing weal and woe, not rigid at all. He is a straightforward and pure true temperament and true character.
Su Shi's life can be summarized by "four threes": not forgetting three things-being the top scholar, Wutai poetry case and the queen mother's favor; Don't forget three people-Ouyang Xiu, who respects teachers and values Taoism, Wang Anshi and Sima Guang, who are always respectful and contradictory; Don't forget three places-Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou; Don't forget three feelings-brotherhood with Su Zhe, life and death with Wang Fu, and disappointment with Chaoyun. Every episode in his life is almost related to legend. For example, when he was in to beno. 1, he changed from the first to the second, but he became more famous. In the Wutai poetry case, he survived and was demoted to Huangzhou, but there was a golden age of creation. His words to his younger brother and mourning for his wife are widely circulated and enduring. ...
As a man, Su Shi remained loyal and independent in the adversity that almost killed him, and never went with the flow. In terms of being an official, Su Shi insisted on being an official for the benefit of one party. Xuzhou flood control, Hangzhou dike building, Danzhou museum building, water conservancy construction, bridge sinking, disaster relief and drug application are all due to stones; In terms of life attitude, Su Shi maintained an optimistic and open-minded attitude and active pursuit even in desperation. ...
Because of Su Shi's great achievements in many aspects, because of his more popular nature, because of his wise thoughts that always shine with wisdom, and because of his extraordinary talent, he has been loved by so many people and become a household name for thousands of years. Because of his rich life experience, he often becomes the topic and content that people talk about. Naturally, students often like to take Dongpo's deeds as topics or materials when writing. It is no exaggeration to say that any composition can have Dongpo. This is precisely because Su Shi's spirit and thoughts have long been integrated into China's culture and history, and are still affecting our endless cultural creation and inheritance.
Second, Qu Ping.
Qu Ping, formerly known as Qu Yuan, was born in Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei Province) at the end of the Warring States Period and descended from Qu Xian, the son of Xiong Tong in Chu Wuwang. Although Qu Yuan was loyal to Chu Huaiwang, he was repeatedly rejected. After the death of King Huai, Xiang Wang was exiled because he listened to slanderers, and finally died in the Miluo River. Qu Yuan is one of the greatest romantic poets in China, and also the earliest known famous poet and world cultural celebrity in China. He initiated the style of "Chu Ci" and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". His representative works include Li Sao and Nine Songs.
First, Li Bai
Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, Gexing and Jueju. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, with no one to rely on and many strokes, reaching the magical realm of vagaries and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both the Five Odds and the Seven Odds.
Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").
In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor, personification and other techniques are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic and unrestrained, elegant and immortal.
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.