Hyperthyroidism accelerates the oxidation process and increases the metabolic rate of human body, which can be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary hyperthyroidism is the most common and an autoimmune disease. Secondary hyperthyroidism is rare and transformed from nodular goiter.
The induction of hyperthyroidism is closely related to autoimmune, genetic and environmental factors, among which autoimmune factor is the most important. Unfortunately, the occurrence and development of thyroid autoimmunity is still unclear, so it is difficult to find a way to prevent it. Genetic factors are also very important, but the genetic background and mode have not been clarified, so it is difficult to prevent them from genetic aspects.
Environmental factors mainly include various factors that induce hyperthyroidism, such as trauma, mental stimulation and infection. Although the induction of many hyperthyroidism is mainly related to autoimmune and genetic factors, it is closely related to environmental factors. If the inducing factors are met, hyperthyroidism will occur, but avoiding the inducing factors will not. It can be seen that the incidence of some hyperthyroidism patients can be prevented if the inducing factors are avoided. Common inducing factors are as follows:
1. Infection: such as cold, tonsillitis, pneumonia, etc.
2. Trauma: such as car accident and trauma.
3. Mental stimulation: such as mental tension and anxiety.
4. Excessive fatigue: such as overwork.
5. Pregnancy: Early pregnancy may induce or aggravate hyperthyroidism.
6. Excessive iodine intake: if you eat a lot of seafood such as kelp.
7. Some medicines.
1. Nutritional and metabolic characteristics of hyperthyroidism
1. More heat energy consumption and increased demand: hyperthyroidism patients are afraid of heat, sweat, lose weight and have low work efficiency. This is due to the obvious increase of basal metabolic rate in patients with hyperthyroidism.
2. Accelerated decomposition of protein: A small amount of thyroxine can promote the synthesis of protein, but when thyroxine is secreted too much, the decomposition of protein is accelerated, the excretion is increased, showing a negative nitrogen balance, and muscle tissue is consumed, leading to fatigue and weight loss.
3. High fat consumption and low cholesterol: A large amount of thyroxine can promote fat consumption, accelerate the oxidative decomposition of fat and accelerate the synthesis of cholesterol, thus promoting the conversion of cholesterol into cholic acid and improving the utilization rate of cholesterol. So the cholesterol of hyperthyroidism patients is not only high, but also low.
4. A large number of carbohydrates are easily absorbed to induce diabetes: thyroxine can promote the absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine,
Make glucose enter cells to be oxidized, stimulate the decomposition of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen, and accelerate glycogen heterogenesis. Causing impaired glucose tolerance, easily aggravating or inducing diabetes. The blood sugar of hyperthyroidism patients usually tends to increase, but the increase is not obvious because of the accelerated oxidation.
5. Accelerated water and salt metabolism: A large amount of thyroxine has diuretic and potassium excretion effects, which can promote osteoporosis, accelerate calcium and phosphorus transport and increase urine excretion, but the blood drug concentration is still normal or slightly higher.
6. Vitamin consumption is unprecedented, and it is the easiest to lack vitamins: hyperthyroidism patients consume more B vitamins and vitamin C, which is prone to vitamin deficiency.
Second, the nutritional principles of hyperthyroidism patients
Hyperthyroidism belongs to hypermetabolic syndrome. Patients' basal metabolic rate increased, and protein's catabolism increased. Therefore, nutritional therapy should provide a diet with high calorie, high protein, high carbohydrate and high vitamins to compensate for its consumption and improve the nutritional status of the whole body.
1. Ensure heat energy supply: the heat energy demand should be determined according to the needs of clinical treatment and the patient's food intake, which is generally 50%~70% higher than that of normal people. Avoid excessive intake at one time, appropriately increase the number of meals, and supplement 2~3 supplementary meals in addition to the normal three meals.
2. Increase carbohydrates: The supply of carbohydrates should be appropriately increased, usually accounting for 60%~70% of the total heat energy, so as to meet the energy demand and save protein.
3. protein is higher than normal people, and the total amount of the whole day can reach 100 ~ 120g. It is not advisable to provide more animal protein, which should account for about 65,438+0/3 of the total protein because it can stimulate the nervous system.
4. Appropriate amount of fat: The fat supply can be normal or low.
5. Appropriately increase minerals: appropriately increase the supply of minerals, especially potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus.
6. Increase vitamins, especially B vitamins, vitamin C and vitamin D, etc. If you have diarrhea, you should pay more attention, choose foods rich in vitamin B 1, vitamin B2 and vitamin C, eat more animal viscera and fresh green leafy vegetables appropriately, and supplement vitamin preparations when necessary.
7. Restrict dietary fiber: Foods containing more fiber should be appropriately restricted. Hyperthyroidism patients are often accompanied by symptoms of increased defecation or diarrhea, and foods with more dietary fiber should be restricted. You should eat less foods containing more dietary fiber, such as bran, Chinese cabbage, apples and carrots.
Third, the dietary principles of hyperthyroidism patients
The general principle of diet is to eat more light vegetables and fruits with high vitamin content, nutritious eggs and freshwater fish, and at the same time nourish yin and promote fluid production, such as tremella, mushrooms, mussels and bird's nest. In addition, it is also important for hyperthyroidism patients to eat properly, avoid overeating and pay attention to food hygiene.
1. Patients with hyperthyroidism should understand the purpose of diet conditioning. Hyperthyroidism belongs to hypermetabolic syndrome, with increased basal metabolic rate and enhanced protein decomposition. It is necessary to supply a diet with high protein, high calorie, high carbohydrate and high vitamins to supplement consumption and improve its nutritional status.
2. Hyperthyroidism patients should have a good diet. Avoid spicy food; Avoid foods containing more iodine, such as kelp, seaweed and other seafood; Drink less strong tea and coffee, and don't drink or smoke.
3. Ensure the heat energy supply. Compared with their peers, patients with hyperthyroidism have higher heat supply. In order to avoid eating too much at one time, you can appropriately increase the number of meals, or eat a little fruit and snacks about 2 hours after breakfast and dinner. By increasing the supply of heat energy, it can promote the body's glucose and lipid metabolism to return to normal and reduce protein decomposition. With the stabilization of the disease and the remission of symptoms,
It is necessary to adjust the heat energy supply and gradually restore the normal heat energy supply.
4. Reasonably supplement protein. Patients with hyperthyroidism should pay attention to increasing the food intake in protein, but the increase should be mainly beans, milk and eggs, and it is forbidden to eat a lot of meat, especially beef and mutton. Because meat can stimulate excitement and aggravate symptoms such as hot flashes and sweating, it generally does not exceed 50 grams per day.
5. Increase minerals and vitamins. Pay special attention to the supplement of minerals such as potassium, calcium and magnesium, and eat more cereals, liver, fish, egg yolk, soybeans, bananas, oranges and other foods. Not less than 500 grams of fresh vegetables every day, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans and watermelons. However, foods containing too much plant fiber, such as celery and leeks, should be eaten less.
Four, hyperthyroidism patients diet matters needing attention
1. Eat less and eat more, and don't overeat. Avoid spicy food, cigarettes and alcohol.
2. Hyperthyroidism patients need to replenish enough water and drink about 2500 ml of water every day to avoid irritating drinks such as coffee and strong tea.
3. Appropriate control of high-cellulose foods, especially diarrhea, should reduce the intake of cellulose-rich foods.
4. Pay attention to the reasonable collocation of nutrients.
5. Fast foods with high iodine content such as kelp, marine fish and jellyfish skin.
6. Patients with hyperthyroidism should pay attention to eating foods rich in potassium and calcium.
Fifth, patients with hyperthyroidism need to avoid eating.
1. Don't eat foods and medicines containing more iodine, such as kelp, laver, seafood and yam.
2. Do not eat irritating food: such as alcohol, pepper, pepper, garlic, etc.
3. Control the limited consumption of food: such as cock, drake, beef, mutton, dog meat, shrimp, crab, etc.
4. Don't eat foods that may cause goiter: cabbage, parsley, peanuts, etc.
Sixth, the food choice of hyperthyroidism patients
According to the usual eating habits of hyperthyroidism patients, you can choose:
1. Various starchy foods, such as rice, noodles, steamed bread, vermicelli, taro, pumpkin, etc.
2. Various animal foods, such as freshwater fish, eggs, pork, etc.
3. All kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables.
4. Foods rich in calcium and phosphorus, such as milk, nuts and fresh fish; If there is low potassium, you can choose oranges, bananas and so on.
5. Avoid foods rich in iodine, such as kelp, seaweed and Nostoc flagelliforme, and oysters, kelp and salvia miltiorrhiza in traditional Chinese medicine should also be avoided.