In the history of the formation and development of Dai medicine, the contents recorded in Dai medicine literature are very extensive, and various classic descriptions have similarities and differences. To sum up, there are three aspects. First, after millions of years of hard practice-understanding-re-practice-re-understanding, the Dai people have realized the relationship between man, nature and disease; Through the activity of "Shennong tasting a hundred herbs", I learned the eating experience of various animals and plants, and gradually formed a rational understanding according to their complex tastes, and classified and named them; In order to adapt to the harsh climate, according to different seasons and climates, the ancestors of the Dai people in ancient primitive groups often used leaves and skins of some plants and animals that can keep out the cold, relieve summer heat and prevent diseases to make warm clothes, and boiled them into tea, thus generating health care knowledge. This evolution process is deeply rooted among the people.

The second is to absorb some theoretical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine.

Thirdly, it absorbed and developed the theoretical knowledge of ancient Indian medicine, and introduced it into Dai society through the media of Buddhism spreading to the south.

The integration of these three aspects has gradually formed Dai medicine with unique national and local characteristics.

Efficacy and technology

Dr. Dai believes that the curative effect of drugs is closely related to their growth environment, and different growth environments have different curative effects. Most drugs that grow on steep cliffs and have swollen joints have the effects of strengthening tendons and bones, reducing swelling and relieving pain, and can treat diseases such as fractures and traumatic injuries; Most of the drugs grown in the deep mountain gully have the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling and relieving pain, and can be used to treat wind-heat and dampness. Most parasites that grow on trees have the functions of treating stones, contraception, anti-allergy and tonifying kidney. Most drugs grown in lakes, ditches, ponds and fields have the effects of clearing away fire and toxic materials, inducing diuresis and reducing swelling, and can be used to treat diseases such as rheumatism, numbness, limb pain and edema. Any medicine with safflower can be used as a product for nourishing qi and blood, stopping bleeding, regulating menstruation and relieving pain; All drugs with white flowers and white pulp can soothe the nerves and relieve pain, detoxify and reduce swelling; All yellow drugs have the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials and regulating qi and blood, and are used to treat hepatitis and fever.

Obviously, these rich medicinal materials involved in Dai medicine can only be produced in Xishuangbanna virgin forest and along many rivers. These places are located in tropical rain forests with abundant rainfall, rich products, dense jungles and many epiphytes.

Dai doctors believe that the medicinal materials used according to season, time and place have different curative effects. These factors must be paid attention to in drug collection, so that the collected drugs have the highest content of effective components, the best curative effect, and are easy to store and apply.

Dai people generally divide a year into cold season, hot season and rainy season. In the cold season (Gregorian calendar 165438+ 10 to February of the following year), the effective components of medicinal plants are mostly stored in the roots of plants, and the roots of plants are mainly collected for medicine in this season; In the hot season (March-June in Gregorian calendar), the effective components of medicinal plants are mostly concentrated in leaves, flowers and fruits, so leaves, flowers and fruits should be used as medicine in this season; In rainy season (July-10 in Gregorian calendar), the effective components of medicinal plants are mainly concentrated in branches, stem bark and whole grass. In this season, the stem bark or the whole plant is used as medicine.

Dai medicines can be classified according to their materials, properties, smells and tastes. According to the materials, it can be divided into three categories: plant medicine, animal medicine and mineral medicine. According to the medicinal properties, it can be divided into five properties: cold, hot, warm, cool and flat; Dai medicine is divided into three categories according to smell: fragrant, smelly and fishy; According to the taste, Dai medicine can be divided into eight kinds, sour, sweet, astringent, salty, bitter, hemp, spicy and light, each with different effects.

Dai medical drugs usually vary from time to time, from person to person, from place to place and from illness. They are commonly used in decoction, pill, tablet, powder, ointment, tincture and abrasive. In addition, according to the nature and characteristics of medicinal materials, the medicine can also be made into various dosage forms, such as diet, fumigant, repellent, bathing agent, dressing agent, massage agent, olfactory agent, suppository and so on.

According to different medicinal properties and treatment requirements, Dai medicine has a variety of processing methods, mainly including frying, roasting, calcining, baking, steaming and so on. Generally, before processing, the medicinal materials should be preliminarily treated, such as washing, kneading, grinding, grinding and cutting. For some highly toxic medicinal materials, in order to avoid poisoning during processing, they can also be processed before processing. Because Dai medicinal materials are all crude drugs, many of them have to undergo special processing, that is, the original medicinal materials are generally repaired and some medicinal materials are specially processed, so as to better meet the treatment needs and exert their efficacy. There are many pharmaceutical tools in Dai medicine, among which the hairpin, pottery jar, cymbal and bamboo tube tablet press have distinct Dai characteristics.

Research and Development, Production and Application Status

Through investigation, the project team learned that Dai medicine resources are distributed in western and southern Yunnan, concentrated in Xishuangbanna and Dehong Autonomous Prefecture in the south and 38 counties (cities) along Jinsha River and Red River. There are 1776 species of medicinal materials in Xishuangbanna, including 17 15 species of plant medicinal materials, 47 species of animal medicinal materials, 14 species of mineral medicinal materials, 372 genera 1300 species of plant medicinal materials in 28 families, and commonly used plant medicinal materials1.

With the support of the government, Dai medicine has developed rapidly. Xishuangbanna national medicine laboratory was established by Xishuangbanna state government on 1974, which specially sent medical and health technicians to collect Dai medicine history books, clinical prescriptions, secret recipes and traditional prescriptions and investigate biopharmaceutical resources. 1979 set up the institute of ethnic medicine, 1988 set up Xishuangbanna Dai medicine hospital. At present, there are clinical departments such as outpatient emergency, Dai medicine, traditional specialty of Dai medicine, surgery (orthopedics), obstetrics and gynecology, stomatology, medical technology, pharmacy, scientific research, etc., which have become the clinical medical, scientific research and scientific research departments of Dai medicine in China. Under the leadership of Yan Lun, the predecessor of Dai medicine, a group of Dai medicine experts appeared in Dai hospital. After collecting, sorting out and studying Dai medicine materials, they collected more than 200 traditional books and records of Dai medicine, and published Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Records (1 ~ 4 sets), Dai Medicine Traditional Prescriptions Records, Dai Medicine Diagnostics, Dai Pharmacy and Dangha Ya (1 ~)

Dai medicine researchers have gradually developed from theoretical arrangement to traditional prescriptions, prescriptions, clinical screening, curative effect observation of single and secret recipes, preliminary reform of dosage forms, bacteriostatic test and acute toxicity test. Xishuangbanna Dai Medical Hospital selected more than 7,000 prescriptions of Dai medicine for further clinical observation, standard formulation, dosage form reform and related physical and chemical research, and developed and produced more than 10 dosage forms. Up to 2005, 43 Dai medicine preparations in Yunnan Provincial Hospital have obtained the approval number of preparation production. At the same time, Dai medicine researchers are working hard to speed up the formulation of Dai medicine norms and standards. In May, 2005, Xishuangbanna Dai medicine standard research leading group was established, and Dai medicine standard research work was started. After screening, the first batch of 16 commonly used Dai medicines were determined as the research varieties. As of 2008, * * * has declared 24 national medicinal materials standards for Dai medicine. In February 2007, the first batch of 16 Dai medicinal materials organized by Xishuangbanna passed the evaluation of Yunnan Drug Administration and was officially promulgated.

With the continuous development of Dai medicine, Dai medicine has been widely welcomed for its good curative effect. Like other ethnic medicines, Dai medicines can be roughly divided into two categories: hospital preparations and enterprise production. Up to 2007, 38 varieties of Dai medicine * * * have obtained the national drug standard and are now on the market.

The general situation of Dai medicine production is as follows: most of them are produced and used in Dai hospitals, and some of these preparations are not approved by the drug supervision department, but they are allowed to be produced and used in hospitals; Dai medicine production enterprises are few in number and small in scale. Compared with hospital preparations, Dai medicine manufacturers have standardized production, and their products can be sold and used in pharmacies and hospitals after being certified by GMP quality standards, but the market share is very low and the influence scope is very small. Dai Medicine lacks a marketing platform and obvious characteristics, and its own ability to explore the market is limited, with little profit.

exist problem

The project team believes that although Dai medicine is gradually developing and progressing with the efforts of Dai medicine predecessors and experts, most Dai medicine products only stay at the level of hospital preparations, and only a handful of them are allowed to go on the market, and many of them are still in the original ecology. The development of Dai medicine still faces problems such as backward research conditions, insufficient supply of medicinal materials and lack of relevant quality standards.

Xishuangbanna Institute of Ethnic Medicine has only one full-time Dai medicine research institution, and there are no more than five other part-time institutions in China. These research institutions have poor infrastructure and poor implementation conditions. The basic research of many Dai medicines is difficult to complete, even in the pre-clinical research stage, and even unable to declare new drugs. Under this condition, it is very difficult to develop new products and improve the curative effect of old products, and the research on preparation production technology, prescription curative effect and indications is not guaranteed. The development and industrialization of Dai medicine fundamentally lack technical support.

Secondly, the shortage of medicinal materials is also one of the many problems facing the development of Dai medicine. The raw materials of Dai medicine are mainly collected in the wild. There are no large-scale Dai medicine planting bases in China, but only small bases invested by some enterprises in Xishuangbanna to solve the supply of raw materials.

The lack of relevant quality standards is also one of the factors restricting the development of Dai medicine. At present, among the four major medical systems in China, only Dai medicine has not issued standards. Up to now, there is no special monograph on drug standards of Dai medicine, which is scattered in pharmacopoeia and varieties that have been upgraded to national standard. In the national pharmacopoeia, only one kind of rattan is recorded in Dai medicine, and more than 400 other commonly used medicinal materials have not entered the pharmacopoeia. Therefore, when manufacturing Dai medicine, enterprises can only reapply according to new medicinal materials. According to the national regulations, the declaration of new drugs must provide "the source and identification basis of medicinal materials", and the identification basis of medicinal materials is the legal standard. If "medicinal materials" that cannot be standardized are used, they will be understood as "newly discovered medicinal materials". According to the provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Drug Registration, it is necessary to conduct a lot of research and evaluation on the quality standards, safety and effectiveness of "newly discovered medicinal materials". Huge capital investment and long R&D evaluation cycle make many enterprises reluctant to develop and produce Dai medicine.

In addition, the backward preparation and production technology also hindered the development of Dai medicine. As in the past, most Dai medicines are directly used after mashing, and some prescriptions are only passed down from generation to generation. Because it is impossible to realize industrialization without introducing new technologies and methods of modern science, it is difficult for Dai medicine to be used in clinic on a large scale.