I. Overview of Stones Stones are one of the common urological diseases in summer, especially men, young and middle-aged, white-collar workers, those who exercise less, drink less water, and often hold their urine are all high-risk groups of stones. On the other hand, chronic urinary tract infection, long-term bed rest, urinary retention (such as prostatic hypertrophy), hyperthyroidism, urinary tract stenosis caused by congenital or trauma, gout (hyperuricemia) and so on are all prone to stones.
Furthermore, people who like to eat meat, salty and sweet should also be careful, because excessive intake of protein, sodium (salt), sugar and other foods will increase the excretion of calcium and uric acid in urine, reduce the citric acid composition and pH value in urine, and increase the risk of stone formation.
The most common types of stones, such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, account for about 80% of all urinary calculi. Most of these stones are caused by the high concentration of oxalic acid or calcium in urine. Calcium phosphate stones are more common in patients with hyperthyroidism. The second common type is uric acid calculus, which accounts for about 10% of all urinary calculi, and mostly occurs in hyperuricemia people. Others, such as magnesium phosphate stones, account for about 10% of all urinary calculi, and are easy to appear in urine infected by bacteria.
Second, the only way to prevent stones research found that urine acidification, salt (that is, sodium ions) and androgen will increase the loss of calcium in urine; On the contrary, alkalizing urine and female hormones will reduce the excretion of calcium in urine. Hormones can explain why urinary calculi in men are 2-3 times that in women, so there are two golden rules to prevent urinary calculi, namely, eating less salt and alkalizing urine.
People in China usually have too much salt in their diet, exceeding10g on average every day. The recommended dose of the World Health Organization (WHO) is only 6 grams per day, so "eating less salt" can not only prevent urinary calculi, but also help hypertension, edema, kidney disease, heart disease and liver disease, which can be said to be the first step of health preservation.
The second step, how to alkalize urine? Eat more alkaline fruits and vegetables. What foods can alkalize urine? Most of them are fruits and vegetables; Even if it tastes acidic, such as oranges, lemons, tomatoes and so on. It will make urine alkaline after being absorbed and metabolized by the human body; High-protein foods such as meat will acidify urine; But it will not affect the pH of blood.
Among the common fruits and vegetables, there are two kinds that will acidify urine: cranberries and vitamin C. Studies have found that a large amount of vitamin C, more than 2-5 grams per day, is more likely to get stones, because the excretion of oxalic acid in urine tends to increase. Although cranberries can prevent urinary tract infection, acidified urine is easy to produce stones.
On the other hand, we emphasize "feeding on stones". Most of the raw materials of stones come from our daily diet, so we need to adjust the diet content according to the composition of stones:
Calcium oxalate stone: eat less or avoid eating too much oxalic acid at one time, such as strong tea, coffee, cola, beer and other drinks, peanuts, chocolate, lentils, spinach, asparagus, radish and so on. And avoid eating too much vitamin C food, such as citrus, grapes, strawberries, apples and so on. Uric acid calculus: Like gout, we should adopt a low-purine diet and eat less animal viscera, gravy, marine fish, mushrooms, laver, beans and alcohol. Take uric acid-lowering drugs according to the doctor's advice when necessary. Calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: eat less foods with high phosphorus content such as yeast and mushrooms. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are mostly caused by urinary tract infection and need to be controlled, but no matter what food or medicine you eat, the most important thing to prevent stones is to drink plenty of water. Patients will ask how much water to drink. Actually, that's not the point The key point is to achieve the goal of 2500c.c urine per day. Adequate urine can dilute the stone components in urine, and can also wash small stones out of the body. Diet therapy is: 1. Eat less salty things, 2. Eat more fruits and vegetables to alkalize urine. This is the safest, most effective and most economical prescription to prevent urinary calculi.
Third, common conceptual mistakes.
1. Eat less calcium to reduce the risk of stones? Wrong Normal people should take 1000mg (i.e. 1 g) of calcium every day. The calcium in the blood will be filtered from the glomerulus of the kidney to the urine, but 98-99% of the calcium will be reabsorbed. In fact, only 65,438+0-2% of the calcium will be lost from the urine. It is impossible to reduce 1-2% calcium excretion by eating less calcium, thus reducing the occurrence of stones.
2. Eat lemon to dissolve stones? Kidney calculi, not so magical, can be discharged, depending on the size and shape. When the kidney calculi is less than 0.5 cm, it can be discharged by drinking water, and the range of 0.5cm-0.7cm depends on the morphology. The rounder the stone, the greater the chance of discharging it. Once the stone exceeds 0.7 cm, it must be treated until the stone is discharged.
The reason why there are lemon stones on the Internet is that lemon juice contains a lot of citric acid, which can really inhibit stones. The main component is calcium, but the amount of citric acid should be enough to actually inhibit stones. According to the report of the American urology association, you should drink about 2000c.c "pure lemon juice" every day! On the other hand, as long as more than 2000c.c water is discharged every day, small stones can be naturally resolved!
Furthermore, instead of taking lemon, it is better to take "potassium citrate" as prescribed. Potassium citrate has three functions:
■ Alkalize urine, so uric acid stones and acid stones are effective. ■ It can be directly combined with calcium in urine to reduce calcium-containing stones. ■ It is a powerful stone inhibitor, which can inhibit calcium oxalate from forming crystalline stones. But this medicine contains potassium, so people with heart failure and poor kidneys can't take it.
3. Can products that alkalize blood reduce the chance of stones? Wrong. The definition of acid-base is not the pH of food itself, because our small intestine selectively absorbs acid or alkali according to the situation in the body, and the excess is excreted through feces. Furthermore, there are many kinds of acids after metabolism: carbonic acid, which will be excreted through the lungs in the form of carbon dioxide; Other calcium-free acids, usually containing nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, are excreted in urine.
Therefore, the pH value in the body, including blood and tissue fluid, must be maintained at a constant pH of 7.4. Above PH7.4pH7.45 is alkalosis, and below pH4.35 is acidosis. There is absolutely no food that can make the body sour or alkaline. It is wrong to circulate food or goods that can acidify or alkalize the body; Blood can't be alkalized, only the "pH of urine" can be changed. Smiling pharmacist. Com authorizes the original source of the common misunderstanding about "stone".