This speech has a clear theme, clear levels, popular language, short words and long meaning.
At the beginning of his speech, Liang Qichao quoted proverbs from Confucian classics "Book of Rites" and Taoist classics "Laozi", which are well known to China people, and put forward the theme of "dedication and work" at the beginning. Next, discuss the importance of "having a job", "being dedicated" and "being happy" respectively. Finally, the intention of this paper is summarized by "responsibility" and "benefit".
The premise of "dedication and happiness" is "employment". Firstly, the author quotes Confucius' words and the story of Zen master Baizhang, and draws the conclusion that "all trades come first, and all evils and laziness come first", emphasizing that "having a job" is the foundation of being a man.
When demonstrating the issue of "dedication", we first use Zhu's "respect is right" to explain that the meaning of "dedication" is concentration and no distractions. Then, ask the question "Why should I respect you". . Starting from the need of human existence (working for life) and the meaning of individual life (living for labor), the author demonstrates the truth that "all professions are sacred and all professions are respectable". In the author's opinion, there is no difference between being a big president and pulling rickshaws in the sacredness of their profession. Therefore, "we have no choice about various occupations". As for what kind of work to do, it all depends on "how talented and how the situation is." As long as "a job is done completely, it is the first person between heaven and earth." Then, he asked: "How can I finish a work?" Again, "the only secret is loyalty" and "respect". The famous sayings of Zhuangzi, Confucius and Zeng, the comparison between carpenters and politicians, and the comparison between scavengers and soldiers all emphasize a truth: "Dedication is the most necessary and beneficial thing in life."
It is not enough to be "dedicated", but "happy and forget your worries" is the higher realm and value of life. When discussing the importance of "happiness", Liang Qichao first talked about the common sigh of "how hard it is", pointing out that life is alive and doing anything is laborious; For unavoidable things, it is better to have fun than to "do it with a sad face". "Any career is interesting, ... why?" Under this question, four reasons are listed. These four reasons are permeated with profound life experience and philosophy, and I believe that anyone who devotes himself to a certain job or affairs will feel the same way.
At the end of his speech, Liang Qichao simply summarized "dedication and happiness" as "responsibility" and "fun", emphasizing that "a reasonable human life should always be like this" and "I hope you can enjoy it with me!"
The embodiment of oral and verbal characteristics: (1) When quoting ancient classics, use popular oral explanations. For example, two words to Confucius: "It's hard to eat all day long without heart!" "It is difficult to live in groups all day long, but words are not as good as deeds, and it is difficult to be kind and wise!" He gave a vivid and interesting explanation: "Confucius ... shook his head and sighed for these two kinds of people and said,' Difficult! "difficult!" The explanation of "nothing is right" is: "In modern terms, if you do something, you are loyal to it, and you concentrate all your energy on it, which is respect." (2) the language is popular. For example, when referring to the story of Zen master Baizhang, he said: "This old Zen master who pays attention to words and deeds is honest and impolite, and he absolutely refused to eat that day." For another example, "from the moment of birth to the second of death, you can't put your limbs and five senses aside except sleeping." "(3) Pay attention to the on-site communication with the audience in combination with the situation during the speech. For example, "on a hot day today, I shouted my voice out here, and all of you people kept pulling your ears." Some people look at us so seriously; "Turn it over, if we go gambling and drinking, isn't it difficult to find God?" At the end of the speech, "I hope everyone will enjoy it with me!" It is also a direct spiritual appeal to the audience. In addition, the use of several rhetorical questions and the appropriate refinement of several sub-arguments are conducive to attracting the attention and thinking of the audience.
Second, the problem research
1. How should we understand the meaning of "karma"?
It is necessary to guide students to pay attention to the fact that the "industry" here is not limited to narrow occupations. As the author said, "Everything that can be called a thing is respectable in essence." Therefore, the meaning of "dedication and happiness" is not limited to the formal occupation of making a living, but also refers to anything valuable in life; Not only the work of adults, but also the study of students. Pointing out this point can expand the application scope of Liang Qichao's proposition, and also help students to read this article in connection with their own life experiences.
2. How to deeply understand the spirit of "dedication"?
This is the difficulty of this lesson. We can understand Liang Qichao's good intentions of advocating "dedication and happiness" by combining the specific background of China traditional culture. China traditional culture is a hierarchical culture. China people's professional concept has always been "everything is inferior, only reading is high", people's reading purpose is "being an official if they learn well", and this official-oriented culture of "being a Tian Shelang and being an emperor at dusk" despises ordinary occupations, especially manual labor, and people regard getting ahead and making a name for themselves as the realization of life value. Therefore, Liang's theory of "making a statement" has a positive effect on rectifying the world style and improving the national character.
But when he demonstrates the necessity of "dedication", there are two points that can be questioned: First, why do people live for labor? Why is it that "working is a virtue and not working is a sin"? Human or individual life is not all "labor", and "leisure" is also an important part of life (leisure here includes not only eating, drinking and having fun in a narrow sense, but also spiritual enjoyment). And with the development of society, the proportion of leisure in life is still increasing. "Work is a virtue, and not working is a sin" is a distinctive Protestant ethic (see Max Weber's Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism). In fact, just like "people don't live to eat", people don't live to work. If the labor that Marx said to overcome alienation has the significance of human liberation, then Liang Qichao has never mentioned this significance here. Second, since people are social animals, their professional status and work psychology cannot be free from the constraints of social environment. In a certain era, rickshaw pullers, no matter how dedicated they are, will be bullied, miserable and humble (such as Xiangzi in Camel Xiangzi), which is far from the life of the president. At this time, is it possible to ask rickshaw pullers to be comfortable and willing to pull rickshaws? Is it reasonable? Is it suspected of "maintaining the existing ruling order"? Liang Qichao believes that when carpenters are politicians, dung pickers are soldiers, "everyone works for society", and there is a tendency to ignore the class gap.
Third, the exercise instructions
Read the text repeatedly and think about what the author talked about; The article says, "I firmly believe that a reasonable human life should always be like this", and in my own words, what a reasonable human life should be like.
This question aims to let students master the author's main viewpoints and ideas.
The author has talked about three issues: "having a job", "being dedicated" and "being happy". At the end of the article, it says, "I firmly believe that a reasonable life of human beings should always be like this", and "reasonable life" means having a proper career (or anything of value) first, not "full of food and no plans". Show respect for what you have done, so that you can concentrate and do it faithfully; If you want to find pleasure in doing things with your heart, don't frown and complain, but reach the realm of "taking pleasure in forgetting your worries"
When talking about "the necessity of having a job", this paper gives two examples of Confucius and Baizhang Zen master to illustrate; When it comes to "all occupations are interesting", four reasons are listed to illustrate. Referring to two writing methods, according to my own understanding, try to list several reasons why "having a job is necessary" or provide several examples of "all jobs are interesting"
The purpose of this question is to let students understand the two demonstration methods of "example demonstration" and "truth demonstration" and open their minds.
For example, the reasons for "having a job is necessary" are: first, you can make a living, make yourself economically independent, have self-esteem, and don't need to rely on others, admire others, or be restrained; Second, let your body and mind settle down and not be idle and bored; Third, keeping your daily life regular is beneficial to your health; 4. Difficulties, setbacks and troubles in the process of employment are the exercise of will and character, ability and talent; Fifth, small success in career will enhance self-confidence and sense of accomplishment, and bring spiritual satisfaction to people; 6. Creative achievement is the highest affirmation of the value of life. ...
"Every occupation is interesting": The Curies extracted radium from tons of industrial waste residue. It was very hard and boring for several years, but with the dream of discovering radium, they never felt bored, never complained and wanted to give up.
"Because of your talent and situation, you are the first person in the world to make a job perfect." According to the author's standards, can you find one or two such "first-class people in the world" around you? Speak out loud and communicate with your classmates.
This question is intended to guide students to observe life and discover the meaning of trivial things around them. At the same time, practice oral expression ability.
The text says: "The essence of things, dissected from an academic point of view, is not superior." . He added, "I believe a carpenter can make a good table, which is as valuable as a politician's building." But some people quoted Napoleon as saying, "A soldier who doesn't want to be a marshal is not a good soldier." Let's discuss how we should look at this problem.
This question is intended to stimulate students' reverse thinking and critical questioning ability and dialectically understand life problems. The problems discussed are more complicated, so we should grasp the depth of the discussion according to the students' understanding level, and don't force it to a certain extent.
Fourth, after-school exercises reference answers:
The author believes that there is no difference between good and bad in any profession, that is, to advise those who "sit on this mountain and watch that mountain, and accomplish nothing" to be down-to-earth and diligent in order to do things well, and then realize the pleasure of career and the value of life. Considering the happiness of personal life in reality, only in this way can we settle down (Confucianism) and get inner peace (Buddhism). Napoleon's famous saying is to inspire people to set up lofty aspirations, strive to tap their own potential and dare to challenge their destiny.
On the other hand, in a specific social and historical stage, there is indeed a distinction between "respect and inferiority" in the division of labor, and the "dedication" obtained through hard work may not guarantee the most basic survival needs and respect; At this time, it is not only impossible, but also suspected of maintaining the existing hierarchical order. There is something wrong with Napoleon's words: there can only be one marshal in an army, but soldiers need tens of millions. If every soldier does not feel at ease and has a dream of being a marshal, the combat effectiveness of this army can be doubted. After all, there are very few "marshal" positions provided by society. If most "soldiers" want to be "marshals" and fail, wouldn't life be a failure?
It can be seen that the two statements are applied in different contexts and reflect different outlooks on life. If Liang Qichao taught people to be content with their jobs and not aim too high, which reflected China's life philosophy of forbearance and self-control, then Napoleon encouraged soldiers to strive to be marshals, which is a typical western individual-oriented enterprising and extroverted outlook on life.
Suggestions on teaching verbs (abbreviation of verb)
It is suggested that the teaching objectives of this course are: (1) understanding the theme of "dedication and happiness"; (2) the accumulation of a large number of classic sentences and aphorisms; (3) A preliminary study on the two methods of argumentation: "demonstration by examples" and "truth argumentation"; (4) Speech experience and oral characteristics.
The difficulty of this lesson lies in truly understanding and questioning the spirit of "dedication and happiness". You can organize students to discuss and debate in combination with exercise 4; You can also write a short paper or an outline of the debate by combining the two presentation methods proposed in Exercise 2. When understanding the author's spiritual will, we can combine students' life and learning experience, for example, let students talk about the fun they feel in learning.