Unit 1: Biology and Biosphere

Scientific inquiry link:

Generally speaking, make assumptions, plan and implement plans, summarize and communicate clearly.

2 biological characteristics

1): The living plant organic matter of most organisms prepares nutritional requirements for animals with external nutrition through photosynthesis (autotrophic).

2) Biological energy of breathing.

3) excrete waste from the body.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling gas and urinating.

Leaves from factories discharging waste water.

4) Bioenergy, the response to external stimuli-stress. For example, zebras quickly escape predators. The response of mimosa to stimulation.

5) Biomass growth and reproduction.

6) Formation of biological cells other than viruses.

3. Biosphere range: the surface layer of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere is at the bottom.

4. Basic conditions of life in the biosphere: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

5. Factors affecting the living environment of organisms:

Biological adaptation and its impact on the environment;

The unity of the whole ecosystem composition in the limited biology and environment.

Concept concept: It is called ecosystem.

Composition: part biological, part abiotic? Part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers.

Food chain and food chain, including sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc. ;

List different ecosystems:

Forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem, marine ecosystem and farmland ecosystem are abiotic parts, and biosphere is the largest ecosystem. Second unit

10 microscope loading

1 1 Basic structural and functional units used by cellular organisms for life activities.

12, a plant cell with unique cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole.

13, External section produced by onion epidermal cells and observation

Production and observation of 14 outer membrane of oral mucosa epithelial cells

15, Function of cell membrane: Is it useful? This substance enters the cell, other substances block the cell, and waste is produced in the cell, but it is also released into the cell.

16, Sensors in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

17 nuclear biogenesis

18, the nucleus of the new cell divides into two, and then, under the action of energy, the cytoplasm divides into two, each containing a nucleus. Finally, in the center of the original cells, new cell membranes, plant cells and new cell walls are formed. Therefore, a cell is divided into two cells.

19, cells differentiated into tissues.

20. Structural cells → tissues → organs → systems →

2 1, factory-level structure: cell → tissue → organ → plant (system)

Six green flowering plant organs, including roots, stems, leaf vegetative organs, flowers, fruits and seeds (belonging to reproductive organs) were observed on the 22nd.

23. There is only one kind of cellular organism.

Yeast paramecium, clothes, euglena, amoeba and unicellular organisms can live independently and have all physiological activities.

The causes of red tide formation: eutrophication of water body and a large number of single-celled organisms.

24. Morphological characteristics and life activities of the virus

(1) Type: Parasitic cells of animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage).

(2) Structure: protein shell and genetic material (nucleic acid). Is there a honeycomb structure?

Life: Parasitic in living cells. Third unit

Distinguish common algae, mosses and ferns.

28. Distinguish common gymnosperms from angiosperms.

29 species (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)

The same point of view, the main structure

Nutritional components of seed coat and embryo of leguminous seeds without endosperm and cotyledons. Embryo.

Nutrients of maize seed husk and embryo endosperm are stored in endosperm. Embryo.

On the side of the corn, the iodine solution falling from the endosperm was dyed blue.

30

Under the condition of 3 1 seed germination, the process of seed germination is as follows: firstly, the absorbed water transports nutritional needs, the breakthrough of seed radicle, the formed root, the elongation of hypocotyl, embryo and developing stem and leaf.

32, the growth of plants:

Structure of peach: stem, sepals and petals? ? Pistil, stamen (anther and filament) (stigma, style, ovary).

34

The formation of fruits and seeds of 35 roots, and the root water absorption website suitable for water absorption are mainly the characteristics of the mature area of root tip. Mature areas produce a large number of root hairs.

Catheter function: traffic, water and inorganic salts. Bottom-up order of the screen

Water is transported by pipeline to transport nutrients.

36, transpiration stomatal window, plant transpiration water loss, portal gas exchange. A pair of stomatal guard cells.

The significance of transpiration: promoting the absorption of water by plants, and promoting the transportation and cooling of water and inorganic salts in plants.

37. Respiration of photosynthetic plants

38

Unit 4 />39 Modern apes and human forest apes have the same ancestor.

Male: Testicle-40 The structure and function of male and female reproductive system, which produces male hormones secreted by sperm and female ovaries.

-Laying eggs and estrogen secretion

Uterus-place-embryo development, material exchange between fetus and mother, adolescent placenta.

Tubal fertilization site

4 1

(1) The height suddenly increased, the nervous system, heart and body changed, and the functions of organs such as lungs were obviously enhanced.

(2) rapid development of sexual organs, nocturnal emission in boys and menstruation in girls.

42% nutrients

Various nutrients needed by human body: carbohydrate, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

44 members of digestive system:

Pepsin and pepsin digestion in local saliva; Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients; Oral sugar.

Carbohydrate, protein and fat are digested by digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Carbohydrates, fats, protein.

Pay attention to food safety.

Respiratory system, respiratory system, respiratory tract and lungs.

47。 Gas exchange between alveoli and blood;

Composition and function of blood

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of arterial blood centrifuge wall. Thick and flexible,

The rapid venous pipeline makes the thin wall of blood return to the blood flow speed, with little elasticity and slow speed.

Blood flows between capillaries, arteries and veins, and the lowest blood thin-walled tube and epithelial cell layer of cells, and the tube with the slowest blood flow rate inside.

50 Heart structure and function (P68 diagram)

5 1 human blood circulation, local pulmonary circulation and substance exchange (P70)

Arterial blood and venous blood

Blood transfusion, blood type and blood donation

The urinary system of 54 people consists of kidney (urine production), ureter (temporary urine storage), bladder and urethra.

Formation and excretion of urine.

56。 Form the structure of eyes and vision:

57 nervous system:

Neuron is the basic unit of the structure and function of the nervous system, and its composition and functional stimulation produce excitement and conduction excitement. Basic methods of neuromodulation and the structure of reflex arc;

It embodies the way of neural regulation. Reflex arc of structural reflection

59。 Several hormones in the human body:

Exocrine glands: ductal salivary glands and sweat glands.

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, islet and gonad that directly enter the blood circulation.

(2) The endocrine glands of gland cells are trace chemicals that have special regulatory effects on human body.

Symptoms, the development of central nervous system, endocrine glands and the function of thyroid hormone secrete thyroid hormone, which improves the excitability of nervous system. Idiopathic disease, hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter

Pituitary growth hormone promotes bone development and regulates economic growth and development. Dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly

Islet insulin regulates glucose metabolism and lowers blood sugar level. The symptom of diabetes is hypoglycemia.

60。 The influence of human activities on living things;

(1) Deforestation of forests and grasslands has seriously damaged the ecological environment, causing soil erosion and sandstorms.

(2) Air pollution will form acid rain.

(3) Water pollution will destroy aquatic ecosystem.

(4) Invasion of alien species will seriously harm local organisms.

(5) Human activities to improve the ecological environment.

Fifth unit

Whether animals can be divided into two categories, vertebrates and invertebrates. Known animals/kloc-0.5 billion US dollars, including insects, have more than one million species and the widest range.

6 1。 Fish: Swimming is coordinated by swinging the tail fin, with the trunk and tail swinging forward, pectoral fin, ventral fin and dorsal fin. In order to keep balance, the tail fin movement controls the direction; Oxygen breathed by gills absorbs capillary clouds dissolved in water in fish gills. A cold-blooded animal that lays eggs.

Coelenterates: mouth and anus. For example:

Protective shell mollusks, anemones, jellyfish, corals: mollusks. Octopus, squid, mussel, snail,

Crustacea: On the surface, it is a very long armor. Such as shrimp, crab and Daphnia.

62。 Earthworms: 1, live in moist and humus-rich soil. Dead leaves and rotten food. Body and body movements of setae muscles and sub-parts (paper movement with variable speed than the surface roughness of glass plate); More flexible. 4, rely on, can secrete mucus, always keep moist body wall breathing.

Annelids, such as Nereis, leeches and other mammals, have the following main characteristics:

Body surface coating, incisors, canines and molars differentiation, diaphragmatic breathing lung cavity, four-chamber heart, constant body temperature, brain development, mostly viviparous and breastfeeding.

Characteristics of herbivorous adaptation of rabbits:? Front teeth (cutting food), canine teeth, molars (grinding food) (tearing), cecum.

64。 Flying animals:

65。 Structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle;

Animal behavior can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior:

67。 Nature:

unit

6, 68 Morphology and Reproduction Mode of Bacteria

The chloroplasts of vegetative cells of molds and mushrooms use ready-made organic matter, substances and energy to meet the needs of animal life activities.

70。 The difference between bacteria and fungi: bacteria in the human body form nuclei in eukaryotic cells.

Fungal spores.

7 1。 Material recovery of bacteria and fungi

72。 Microbes and human life:

Plant taxonomy is an important basis for comparing the formation of angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds.

Classification, morphology and physiological functions of animals.

Classification: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Basic unit: species. about

The genetic relationship among the lower species included in the higher taxonomic unit is more similar; The classification unit is small, and vice versa.

75. Biodiversity, diversity, species diversity, genes (gene pool of a species) and ecosystem diversity. The essence of species diversity is the diversity of this gene. China is a gymnosperm? Villages and towns Bryophytes, ferns and seed plants rank third in the world.

The reason is that Sri Lanka's deforestation, overfishing, hunting, environmental pollution and invasion of alien species threaten biodiversity. The most effective measure is to establish nature reserves.

77. Habitat protection is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity, and the establishment of nature reserves is the fundamental measure to protect biodiversity.

Unit 7 Life in the Biosphere

Reproduction and development of chapter organisms

Inheritance and development of plant asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction II. Reproduction and development of insects

1。 In the process of complete metamorphosis, the fertilized egg develops into a new individual, a larva and an adult, with completely different structures and living habits. The development process is called "completely metamorphosed egg → larva → pupa → adult". For example: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitoes.

2。 Incomplete metamorphosis: egg → nymph → adult. Examples: locust, cicada, cricket, mole, mantis.

3 Reproduction and development process of amphibians

1 frog development process: the chirping of male and female frogs →→→→→→→ frog egg mass (BR/& gt；; The development of tadpole frog can be divided into four stages: fertilized egg, tadpole, frog and adult frog.

3, frogs whose larvae live in water, fish gills live on the ground of adults, can live in water, and use lungs and skin to assist breathing.

Distribution range and species of small amphibians: Amphibians must live in water for reproduction and larval development, and abnormal larvae land.

4. The influence of environmental change on amphibian reproduction: the fertility and fertility of amphibians decrease. Water pollution of deformed frogs.

Reproductive and developmental processes of birds

This structure contains the egg embryo core. Eggshell and shell membrane-protective protein-nutrition and protection, yolk-nutrition. A place where embryos develop. An egg yolk, egg yolk membrane blastoderm.

2. Reproductive and developmental processes of birds: courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.

first

Genetic similarity between parents and children, variation refers to the differences between parents and children in biological genetic variation and genetic control of biological traits. Genetic variation of biological reproduction and development;

Characteristics: Morphological, biological, physiological characteristics and behavior.

The genetic characteristics of human beings are the same: earlobe, tongue, eyelids, nose, thumb and dimples.

Three genes control biological characteristics. For example: transgenic super rats and mice.

Biological inheritance of genes, not characteristics.

5. Relationship between chromosome DNA and gene: A gene is a DNA fragment on the chromosome, which can control the biological characteristics of many genes. Cells of biological cells (except germ cells) have paired chromosomes, and this gene also exists in.

Chromosome changes during reproduction, intergenerational transmission between parents and children.

Genes, genes pass through sperm or eggs. The "bridge" between sperm and egg cells, genes are passed between parents. Reproductive activities of offspring of parents' genes. The chromosomes of each offspring come from the father and one from the mother. Therefore, due to the genes on chromosomes, their offspring will have the genetic material of both parents.

Dominant and recessive genes

1, relative dominant and recessive characteristics.

Recessive trait locus: Dd dominant genome is called DD or DD.

4。 China's marriage law: it is forbidden for immediate family members to marry collateral blood relatives within three generations. Because of this, the possibility of genetic diseases in the offspring of exchange rate increases.

Human sex genetic sex is determined by sex chromosomes. Women have x and y sex chromosomes and a pair of XX sex chromosomes, while men have a pair of XY sex chromosomes.

2. The eggs discharged by women contain X chromosome. There are two types of sex chromosomes: sperm, X chromosome and Y chromosome. Equal opportunities to combine with eggs. Therefore, men or women have equal opportunities.

Biological variation 1. Biological character variation is common. Different changes are first based on genetic material, and then determined by the relationship with the environment. So, genetic variation and genetic variation.

2。 Principle, human genetic variation, breeding new varieties: artificial selection, cross breeding, space breeding (gene mutation), application examples

Chapter II Biological Evolution

First of all, understand the origin of biological life, the main process of earth evolution and plant evolution.

General algae trends? Historical primitive bryophytes evolved into primitive vertebrates (coelenterates, oblate, linear, chain, mollusks, arthropods) →→ primitive ferns → primitive seed plants (gymnosperms, angiosperms).

Protounicellular animals →→→→→ ancient amphibians and fishes →→→→→→→→ birds, reptiles and mammals.

3. The general trend of biological evolution, from simple to complex, from low to high.

cause

Darwin's theory of natural selection: biological evolution of overproduction, struggle for existence, genetic variation, survival and survival of the fittest.

Unit 8 Infectious Diseases

/& gt； 1, pathogen causing infectious diseases:

Infected with bacteria, viruses, parasitic diseases and infectious diseases

Three basic aspects

(1), sources of infection, pathogens and epidemic situation of infectious diseases;

(2) Transmission routes, such as air transmission, food transmission, biological media transmission and contact transmission;

(3) Susceptible population refers to the infectious disease susceptible population lacking immunity.

immune

1。 The human body's three lines of defense:

2。 Antibodies: Pathogens invade the human body, and specific protein stimulates lymphocytes to produce anti-pathogens.

3。 Antigen: A substance (such as a pathogen) that causes the body to produce antibodies.

4。 Specific immunity and nonspecific immune function

Nonspecific immunity (innate immunity): born under the action of various pathogens, such as the body's two lines of defense.

Specific immune function (acquired immunity to some pathogens is gradually established): a function in life, such as the third line of defense of the human body.

5。 Conditions refer to the immune functions of the body: recognition, monitoring and self-stabilization.

Safety knowledge of safe medication

(1) is the first choice for patients. The dosage and time are just right. It is best to give full play to the role of drugs and avoid adverse drug reactions or injuries.

(2) Drugs can be divided into prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. OTC drugs, referred to OTC OTC drugs, are minor illnesses and injuries that consumers can apply for self-diagnosis and self-treatment conveniently.

(3) Before taking any medicine, you should read the instructions carefully to understand the main components, indications, usage and dosage, drug specifications, precautions, production and expiration date of the medicine to ensure the safety of medication.

4. 120 first aid. Artificial respiration. Artificial chest compression

7。 Bleeding and hemostasis: external bleeding, visceral bleeding,

Hygiene of

Assess health status

1。 Health is a state of physical, psychological and social adaptability.

2。 Maintain a happy mood: the mental health of happy young people.

Adjust emotions, divert attention, and choose appropriate ways to vent their troubles;

Comfort yourself and choose a healthy lifestyle.

1。 The influence of lifestyle on healthy chronic non-communicable diseases, genetic factors and environment, personal lifestyle and unhealthy lifestyle will accelerate the occurrence and development of these diseases.

2。 To explore the effect of alcohol or tobacco extract on the heart rate of Daphnia: low alcohol concentration (

3。 Harm of alcoholism to human health: Alcohol can damage the heart and blood vessels. Alcoholics' brains are excessively excited or paralyzed, neurasthenia, mental retardation, chronic alcoholism, alcoholism and excessive drinking will be life-threatening.

4。 Harm of smoking to human health Harmful substances in burning tobacco smoke, such as nicotine and tar, enter the human body, causing damage to the human nervous system to reduce people's memory and attention, but it also causes various respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

5。 Harm of drugs: it will damage people's nervous system, reduce people's immune function, cause cardiopulmonary injury, respiratory paralysis, and even death.