Mulian drama, also known as "wishing drama", originated in the Tang Dynasty with the story of "Mulian saving mother" as the main plot.

Popular in southern Anhui and other places in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Jiuhua Mountain, Qingyang, Shitai and Guichi are all popular places of Mulian Opera.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Zhizhen (15 18 ~ 1595), a playwright in Qimen, Huizhou, wrote "Mulian saves his mother and persuades the good" (hereinafter referred to as "The Story of Persuading the Good") according to the story of "Mulian monk (common name' Floka') saves his mother in the underworld". The performance combines "singing, doing, reciting and beating" with acrobatic performances such as somersault, skipping rope and stepping on the altar, which is unique in China traditional opera performance art and has a great influence on other operas.

Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are integrated in the play. Taoism, Taoism and Taoism are integrated, integrated and widely circulated, which occupies an important position in the history of China's drama development.

In Qingyang county and Jiuhuashan area, there are two forms of performance: one is the direct performance of actors, which is called "big village"; Second, the actor sang a puppet/called "Tuomulian". Generally speaking, the Spring and Autumn Period is prosperous, with the names of "Wang Dao Opera" (autumn harvest), "Tang Hui Opera" (held every 5 years or 10 years), "Temple Fair Opera" (facing Jiuhuashan), Ping 'an Opera and Incense Opera (wishing).

Singing time is divided into 1, 4, 7, 10- days. Most of the vocals retain the "rolling" characteristics of Qingyang cavity; Roles are divided into life, Dan, end, net, miscellaneous and inner; There are five types of facial makeup: grimace, standard face and painted face.

2. What is "Mulian Opera"

1。

Mulian: a disciple of Sakyamuni. According to the "Yulan Bijing", Mu Lian's mother fell into hell for violating Buddhist precepts before her death, and he went to hell to save her.

The drama Mulian Save Mother was very popular in the old society. The story of Mulian saving his mother in Buddhist scriptures is a transliteration of Sanskrit Ulambana, which originally meant to "save the upside down", that is, save the ghosts suffering in hell.

According to the Lanpen Buddhist Scripture (translated by Zhu Fahu, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty, 265-1900), big eyes began to get six connections to repay their parents for breastfeeding. That is to see the world from the perspective of Tao.

Seeing his dead mother born in a hungry ghost. No food, no bones.

The eyes are sad, that is, the bowl is full of rice to pay for my mother. When a mother gets a bowl of rice, she blocks it with her left hand and scoops it with her right hand. When she doesn't eat it, it will turn into charcoal, so she can't eat it.

Manglietia cried and howled, cried and cried, and he returned to the White Buddha. Buddha said that your mother's sin is deep-rooted, and there is nothing you can do.

..... I should talk about the relief law for you today. ..... The Buddha told Mulian that when the ten monks indulged themselves on July 15th, they should be the parents of VII and those whose parents are in trouble now. They should have a pot-filling device with five fruits and a sesame oil ingot candle bed as bedding, and support the ten monks with a pot.

After Mulian was executed according to law, her mother was able to get rid of all the suffering of hungry ghosts. Kind eyes told the Buddha that in the future, filial Buddhist disciples should also get offerings from bonsai.

When the Buddha heard of his great joy, he told his disciples to become Buddhists and monks for the VII parents on July 15th every year. Since then, the custom of offering orchids in the Mid-Autumn Festival has been widely circulated.

3. The cultural value of Mulian Opera

Mulian Opera advocates the unity of the three religions, and monks and Taoists walk together, which reflects the harmonious relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and witchcraft in the history of China. The story of Manglietia comes from Buddhist scriptures. Mulian is one of the top ten disciples of Sakyamuni. Manglietia in Manglietia's play became a monk in China, commonly known as Fu Radish. The local customs and life customs in the play are all from China. From this, we can discuss the process and reasons of Buddhism's introduction into China. After the birth of Indian Buddhism, monks and nuns refused to recognize their parents and worship the king after becoming monks. After Buddhism entered China, it became a member of WTO. Advocate believers not to do evil, pursue goodness, be loyal to the monarch and filial to their parents. Monk Mulian, a dutiful son, went through hardships to save his mother in hell. This change provides evidence for studying the history of Buddhism in China.

First, the theme comes from Buddhist scriptures, and Taoism is everywhere.

The theme comes from Buddhism's Mulian drama, which is branded with Taoism everywhere. For example, every day after the opening of the Mulian drama in Liantai, there are "official blessings" and "Heaven will come to Taiwan". After Manglietia's father Fu Xiang gave a lot of help to the public, there was a "three officials playing things"; Fuxiang rode a crane and died in the west. Zhenwu, Sangong, Four Marshal, Heavenly General, Heavenly Soldiers, Lei, Duke Zhou and Peach Blossom Woman are all Taoist immortals. They influenced the development of the plot and added Taoist flavor to the stage.

Second, Taoism also has eye-catching ways of playing.

In addition to traditional troupes in society, Taoism also has its own troupes and troupes.

Longhu Mountain in Guixi is a holy place of Taoism. According to a survey by Mr. Mao of Jiangxi Opera Research Institute, Taoist priests living in Guixi Taoist Temple do not perform Mulian Opera; Taoist priests scattered at home, because they want to repay their kindness and do Dojo, often get together to perform Mulian opera. Yang Cunen, Taoist priest of Lantang Village, Huangqiao Township, Jishui County, Jiangxi Province, is the 36th disciple of Qiandaoling. He said that doing Dojo and singing Mulian opera was handed down by ancestors. They sang a blind show without makeup and masks.

The marionette in Quanzhou, Fujian Province is famous at home and abroad. They used to be called Manglietia Puppets because they mainly performed Manglietia operas. According to the investigation by Mr. Shen Jisheng of Fujian Opera Research Institute, Quanzhou Puppet Class was started by Yuan Miaoguan. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Yuan Miaoguan specially built a puppet shed (theater for performing puppets), which became the earliest indoor performance venue for five local operas in Quanzhou. Manglietia puppet can be played for seven days and seven nights, including Li Shimin going to the underworld, Tang Sanzang learning from the scriptures, Manglietia saving her mother and going to hell, and so on.

In Quanzhou, Kaiyuan Temple, a Buddhist temple with the same fame as Taoist Yuanmingyuan, also performed a series of cartoons. Because it is a monk performance, it is called monk drama; Take the meaning of "breaking the iron siege and making the hell empty", also known as Dacheng drama; Used to cooperate with Buddhist sacrificial performance, also known as sacrificial drama. Lin Shu (1852- 1924), a modern writer and Fuzhou native, said in Funeral of the Whole Army: "The monk is the play" Mulian Save Mother ",which makes the pear garden sing till dawn, so it is called the monk play." It can be seen that Quanzhou has become a folk custom. Mulian Opera retains a lot of folk customs, and the characters and stories in the play are localized. For example, there used to be Mulian's former residence in Shehong, Sichuan, and Mu Fu's tomb in Changde, Hunan. It is said in the play that Mulian's great-grandfather was a magistrate in Changsha, and Mulian returned to his hometown in Chaling. Hunan folks are willing to adopt children like eyes, calling the worst woman Si Liu's mother and so on, all of which are of interest to scholars who study folklore and folklore history.

It is a custom in many places to perform blind plays at funerals. There are many records in Hunan local chronicles. Mulian opera retains the performance means and techniques accumulated in the early stage of the opera. Take Qupai as an example. There are Beiqu, Nanqu, North-South Chorus and local folk songs, and the singing forms are solo, chorus and mass help. Both Qi Opera and Miaolian Opera have preserved more than 200 songs of their respective operas, including almost all the songs. Among them, the original qupai is very precious, and the variant qupai reflects the changing law of high tone, which is an indispensable material for studying the art history of traditional Chinese opera.

4. Ask for classical Chinese about drama, such as going to the theatre, social drama, traditional opera and singing opera.

The Biography of Ma Ling was written by Ma Ling and also by the Liyuan Department of Jinling. Jinling was the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and all the officials in the country were there. However, in an era of peace and prosperity, people can easily have fun. Those who ask Taoyedu and Youyu Huatai have wrong toes. Those who are famous for their pear garden skills have not been worried for dozens of generations, and the second author is called Xinghua Department and Hualin Department. One day, Xin 'an Jia joined the two departments to recruit distinguished guests and scholars in Jinling and get together with her husband and enchanting girls in the East. Also known as goodness. When two prime ministers talk about Hetao, Li Ling, the prime minister of Yan Song, is the boss in the west, and Ma Ling is the boss in the east. Sitting in the west is sighing, or shouting wine, or moving closer, the first one is no longer in the east. Push a few more times, and boss Dong will never finish playing this song. The reason is that Gaimaling is ashamed of Li Ling and easy to escape. Ma Ling is also a good singer in Jinling. To tell the story of his old friend, please say at Xin 'an's house, "Today is a lucky day. If you want to hold a banquet, please invite the guests from the previous day. I want to play Feng Ming with the Hualin team and have a happy day. " As far as Hetao is concerned, Ma Chu is the Prime Minister of Yan Song, and Li Ling is suddenly in a state of decline, formerly known as a disciple. Xinghua Division is far from Hualin Division. That night, when the Ministry passed by the horse. Ma Ling said, "Of course, nothing in the world can change Li Ling, and Li Ling won't give it to me. I heard that someone in the prime minister's country is called Yan. I went to the capital for three years and served my country in the imperial court. I observed its manners and listened to its language for a long time. This is what I did as a teacher. " Hua and Luo Bai left together. Ma Ling is a smug teacher. He regards Li Ling as a stunt and wants nothing more. He just went to do something and saw a Jewish point of view. It is also appropriate to teach different things, so he is safe! Oh! Not ashamed of his skills, he died in three years. If he still can't do it in three years, he still won't come back. If he is so determined, he must ask about his skills. This article tells the story of Ma Ling's continuous hard study and hard exploration in order to improve his performing arts. As a famous actor, Ma Ling was not discouraged after a performance failure. Instead, I encouraged myself to follow Wan Li Road, go deep into life as a slave, observe the words and deeds of the characters, understand their thoughts and feelings, and finally create a stage image that is deeply appreciated by the audience. This story shows that art is a reflection of real life and artists want to succeed.

5. Translation of Classical Chinese in "Wuqinxi"

Character Hua Tuo, a native of Guo Peiqiao County. Go to Xuzhou to study and get familiar with several classics. Pei GUI recommended him for the post, and Qiu Huang Wan called him, but he didn't take office. Hua tuo is familiar with the way of health preservation. At that time, people thought he was nearly a hundred years old, but his face was full of vitality. He is also proficient in medical prescriptions and drugs. He can only drink several kinds of medicine in soup for treating diseases, but he knows the weight and proportion of the medicine in his heart and doesn't need to weigh it again. He drinks it when it is cooked and tells the patient the taboo rules of taking medicine. After Hua Tuo left, he recovered from his illness. If you want moxibustion, but there are only one or two places, and there are only seven or eight strong people in each place, you should eliminate the disease. If you should use a needle, it's only one or two places. When you put the needle down, you should say, "the feeling of acupuncture should extend to a certain place." Let me know if it arrives. " When the patient said "I arrived", Hua Tuo immediately pulled out the needle and soon recovered.

Hua tuo was walking on the road when he saw a man with a blocked throat. He wants to eat, but he can't swallow it. His family drove him to see a doctor. Hearing his groans, Hua Tuo stopped to watch and said to him, "There was a pastry shop on the roadside just now. It's natural to buy three liters of garlic vinegar from there. " The patient did as Hua Tuo said, immediately spit out a bug and hung it by the car, wanting to go to Hua Tuo's house. Hua tuo hasn't come back yet. His children are playing in front of the door. When they met face to face, they said to each other, "They seem to have seen our father. The disease hanging next to the car is proof. "The patient went in and sat down and saw about a dozen such insect specimens hanging on the north wall of Hua Tuo's house.

Wu Pu of Guangling and Fan A of Pengcheng studied medicine with Hua Tuo. Upp followed Hua Tuo's medical skills to treat diseases, and many people were cured and saved. Hua Tuo told Upp: "The human body should be active, but it should not be allowed to reach extremes. Exercise digests the grain qi, circulates the blood vessels, and diseases will not occur. For example, the shaft of the portal will not decay, that's all. Therefore, ancient immortals engaged in "guiding" activities, hanging like a bear, looking back like an eagle, stretching their bodies, moving joints in various parts, and pursuing longevity. I have a method called' wuqinxi'. One is called a tiger, the other a deer, the third a bear, the fourth an ape and the fifth a bird. It can also be used to treat diseases and make legs and feet fall neatly. If you feel uncomfortable inside, get up and play a game of birds, sweat, wet your clothes, and then throw powder on them, so that you can be relaxed and neat, and your stomach wants to eat. " Upp practiced this method. He is over ninety years old, with hearing and vision, and complete and hard teeth.

6. Lu Xun's social drama was translated into classical Chinese.

Social Drama is one of the representative works of Lu Xun, a writer in the Republic of China. It was first published in 1922 12, Volume XIII of Shanghai Novel Monthly, and was later included in Lu Xun's first novel collection, Scream.

Based on my life experience as a teenager, the work describes my three theatre experiences in the past 20 years in the first person: twice in Beijing after the Revolution of 1911 and once in Shaoxing Village, Zhejiang Province. With affectionate pen and ink, the author depicts the image of a group of young friends on the farm, showing the fine qualities of working people's simplicity, kindness, friendliness and selflessness, and expressing the author's nostalgia for childhood life, especially for the sincere friendship of farm children.

In the last twenty years, I have only seen China's plays twice. I never saw them in the first ten years, because I didn't see their significance and opportunities. Those two times were in the last ten years, but I left without seeing anything. The first time was when I first arrived in Beijing in the first year of the Republic of China. At that time, a friend told me that Beijing opera was the best. Aren't you going to see the world? I think it's interesting to go to the theatre, but it's in Beijing.

So they all ran to the garden with great interest. The opera had already started and they heard the sound of winter and winter outside. When we entered the door, several red and green ones flashed in front of my eyes, and then I saw a lot of heads under the stage. Then I looked around, only to see that there were still a few empty seats in the middle. When I squeezed over and sat down, someone commented on me. Because my ears are ringing, I listen to him attentively: "someone, no!" " We retreated to the back, but a braid came, leading us aside and pointing out a position.

This so-called man of status used to be a bench, but his chair was three-quarters narrower than my thigh, and his feet were more than two-thirds longer than my calf. First, I didn't have the courage to climb up, and then I thought of the lynching device, and I couldn't help coming out in horror.

After walking a lot, I suddenly heard my friend's voice, "What's the matter?" I turned my back, and it turned out that I also brought him out. He said in surprise, "Why do you always leave and refuse?" I said, "friend, I'm sorry, my ears only ring in winter, but I didn't hear them."

I was surprised every time I remembered it later. It seems that the play is terrible-otherwise, I'm not fit to live off the stage recently. The second time, I forgot that year. In short, I raised a large donation from Hubei, and Tan Jiaotian is still alive.

The way of donation is to buy a theater ticket with two yuan, and you can go to the first theater. Most of the actors are famous actors, and one of them is nicknamed Tian. I bought a ticket, which was originally an excuse to convince the fundraiser, but it seems that another kind-hearted person took the opportunity to tell me something important that I couldn't see.

So I forgot the disasters in the past few years and went to the first issue, but because the tickets were expensive, about half of the people were very comfortable. I found it was too late that day, but the first stage was a new structure. There's no need to fight for seats, so I'm relieved. It'll be put off until nine o'clock. Unexpectedly, as usual, everyone was full and it was difficult to stand on the stage. I had to squeeze into the distant crowd and watch an old man singing on the stage.

Old Dan had two lighted paper sticks in his mouth, and there was a ghost pawn beside him. I thought hard before I doubted him or Manglietia's mother, because a monk came out later. However, I didn't know who the famous actor was, so I asked a fat gentleman who was crowded on my left.

He gave me a contemptuous look and said, "Gong Yunfu!" I feel ashamed, humble and careless, and my face is hot. At the same time, my mind has made a rule that I will never ask again. So I watch Xiao Dan sing, Hua Dan sing and the old singer sing, and I don't know what role to sing. I saw a large group of people fighting, and two or three people fought each other, from 9: 00 to 10, 10 to10/30,10/30 to 12. However, this day has not yet arrived. I have never waited so patiently for anything, but the gasps of Mr. Fat around me, the beating of the stage in winter and winter, the swaying of red and green, and twelve o'clock suddenly made me realize that this place is not suitable for survival.

At the same time, I rotate my body mechanically and squeeze hard. I feel my back is full, and the elastic fat gentleman has opened the right half in my empty space. I, no way back, naturally squeezed and squeezed, and finally got out of the door.

There are almost no pedestrians in the street except the vehicles waiting for tourists, but there are still more than a dozen people holding their heads high at the gate to watch the play. Don't let a group of people stand without looking at anything. I think: they are probably watching the women after the play, but the night hasn't come yet ... but the air at night is very refreshing, really "refreshing" It seems that this is the first time I have encountered such good air in Beijing. That night, that is, the night I sued China, I never thought of him again. Even if we pass by the theater occasionally, we are indifferent, mentally in the south of the world and in the north of the earth.

But I came across a Japanese book the other day, but I forgot the title and author. In short, it is about China's plays. One of them seems to be saying that China's plays are all about knocking, shouting and jumping, which makes the audience dizzy and unsuitable for the theater. However, if it is rambling in the wild, it seems to have its own charm from a distance.

At that time, I thought this was exactly what I expected, because I do remember seeing very good plays in the wild, and I went to the theater twice after I went to Beijing, which may still be influenced by that time. Unfortunately, I don't know why I forgot the title.

As for when I watched the drama, it was already "far away", and I was probably only eleven or twelve years old at that time. It is our custom in Luzhen that every married daughter, if left unattended, will go back to her family for the summer.

At that time, although grandma was still in good health, her mother had already shared some housework, and she couldn't go home for many days in summer. After sweeping the grave, she had to take time to stay for a few days. At this time, I live in my grandmother's house with my mother every year. That place is called Pingqiao Village, which is a remote riverside village not far from the sea. There are less than 30 households, all of which farm and raise fish, and there is only one small grocery store.

But now I am the promised land: