General situation of tea culture's external communication
The customs of planting, making and drinking, which are widely circulated in the world today, are all spread from China. It is speculated that China has spread abroad for more than 2000 years.
Around the 5th century, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's exports began to be exported to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia and other parts of Asia.
In 805 and 806, the most sincere Japanese Zen master came to China to study abroad and brought back seeds for trial planting after returning home. In the Song Dynasty, Master Rong introduced seed cultivation from China. Japanese industry inherited the principle of steaming green in ancient China, making it green and unique in flavor.
In the 10 century, when Mongolian caravans came to China for trade, they brought bricks from China to Central Asia from China via Siberia.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Portuguese merchant ships came to China for trade, and trade with the West began to appear.
The Dutch will be taken to western Europe around 16 10, and to eastern Europe after 1650, and then to Russia, France and other countries. It spread to America in the17th century.
1684 Indonesia introduced China's seeds for trial planting, and later introduced China, Japan and Assam. After a bumpy ride, it was not until 19 th century that obvious results began to be achieved. After World War II, it accelerated its recovery and development and gained a place in the international market.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/8th century, drinking red wine gradually became popular in Britain, even became an elegant expression, and became a high-end gift given to each other by British upper-class people.
1780, India was introduced to China by the British East India Company for seed cultivation. In the19th century, the posterior lobe has? The name India is all noise? . India today is a big producer, exporter and consumer in the world.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Sri Lanka introduced seeds from China for trial planting, and then tried them on 1780. 1824, China and Indian seeds were introduced many times, and technicians were expanded and hired. The produced red wine has excellent quality and is a big foreign exchange earner in the world.
1880, China exported as many as1450,000 tons to Britain, accounting for 60% to 70% of China's exports.
1833 introduced seeds from China for trial planting, 1848 introduced seeds from China for planting on the Black Coast. 1893, a teacher Liu from China was hired, and a group of skilled workers went to Georgia to teach seeds and production technology.
1888 Turkey introduced seed trial planting from Japan, 1937 introduced seed trial planting from Georgia.
Kenya introduced species from India for the first time in 1903, and it entered the commercial exploitation species in 1920, and its scale operation was after 1963 became independent.
From 65438 to 0924, Argentine seeds in South America were introduced from China, planted in the northern region, and propagated one after another. Japanese and Soviet expatriates living in the future also built gardens. Since the 1950s, the area and output of the park have been continuously improved, and now it has become a major producer and exporter in South America.
Trial planting began in Guinea in the 1920s. 1962, China sent experts to Guinea for investigation and planting, and helped to design and build Masanda Farm and corresponding mechanical chemical plant with the scale of 100 hectare.
1958, Pakistan began trial planting, but no production scale was formed. From 65438 to 0982, China sent experts to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for cooperation.
In 1950s, Afghanistan tried to plant in Afghanistan. From 65438 to 0968, at the invitation of Afghan government, China sent experts to introduce China species, and the survival rate was over 90%.
From 65438 to 0962, China sent experts to Mali, which is located on the edge of the Sahara desert, and achieved success through arduous introduction experiments. 1965 at the request of president, China, the China municipal government sent farm experts in batches to help inspect four farms with gravity irrigation facilities and green factories with an annual output of100t after heat source transformation. This project was recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture as one of the three most successful agricultural engineering projects in China to aid Asia, Africa, Latin America and the South Pacific.
In 1960s, Bolivia and China first introduced an experimental plant from Peru. In the 1970s, the agricultural technology delegation of Taiwan Province Province went to Bolivia to investigate the design and investment, and began large-scale planting. 1987 at the request of the Bolivian government, China sent experts to Bolivia to help build a 200-hectare farm and corresponding mechanical chemical plant.
1983, China provided trial planting to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and the trial planting was successful near the South Yellow Sea Road on the west coast of Deng Yan. South Korea, located in the south of the Korean peninsula, can be traced back to the 1920s. After thousands of years of vicissitudes, its production has begun to take shape.
At present, China has been sold to hundreds of countries and regions on five continents, and seeds and trees from China have been introduced to more than 50 countries in the world, covering an area of over 2.47 million hectares. 160 People in many countries and regions have drinking customs, and the drinking population exceeds 2 billion. . In recent years, the annual output of China has reached more than 2.86 million tons, of which more than one third is used for export.
Born in China. And what kind of path is drinking spread around the world today? Do you want to know? Road? Generally, people refer to the literature of various countries and draw communication maps according to years and regions to understand their communication paths.
It originated in Yunnan Province, China, but its road has spread to all parts of the world through Guangdong and Fujian. At that time, people around Guangdong thought it was? CHA？ ; And people around Fujian think it is? TE？ . Guangdong? CHA？ Spread to eastern Europe by land; And Fujian? TE？ It spread to western Europe through the ocean.
Overseas Communication History of China Tea Culture
Due to the development of tea production in China and people's drinking fashion, it has also had a great impact on foreign countries. On the one hand, the imperial court set up special shipping companies in some coastal ports to manage maritime trade, including tea trade, and allowed foreign businessmen to buy tea and transport it back to their countries. During the Yongzhenyuan period in Tang Shunzong, the most sincere Japanese Zen master returned from studying Buddhism in China and planted the tea seeds he brought back in Jinjiang (Shiga County).
In August15, when Emperor Emei of Japan visited Fan Shi Temple in Shiga County, the monks offered delicious tea. The emperor was very happy after drinking it, so he vigorously promoted tea drinking and planted tea in a large area in Japan. In the Song Dynasty, Japanese Zen master Rong came to China to study Buddhist scriptures. After he returned to China, he not only brought back tea seeds for sowing, but also made a tea ceremony according to the tea drinking method in China temple. The book Eating Tea for Health, written in his later years, is called the first tea book in Japan. In the book, tea is called "holy medicine" and "elixir of life", which has played an important role in promoting the development of tea drinking fashion in Japanese society.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the number of foreign trade ports in China increased to 89. At this time, ceramics and tea have become the main export commodities of China. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, the government adopted an active foreign policy and sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean seven times. He traveled all over Southeast Asia, Arabian Peninsula, and directly reached the east coast of Africa, which strengthened economic ties and trade with these areas and greatly increased tea production.
During this period, businessmen from western European countries came to the East one after another, and brought China tea from these areas, which promoted the upper class in their country to drink tea. In the thirty-fifth year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (1607), Dutch ships came to Macau from Java to sell tea and transshipped it to Europe, which was the earliest record that China tea was directly sold to Europe. After that, tea became the most fashionable drink in Holland. Due to the propaganda and influence of the Dutch, the wind of drinking tea quickly spread to Britain, France and other countries. 163 1 year, an English captain named Victor made a special trip to lead his fleet eastward, and for the first time, he brought a large amount of tea directly from China. After the Qing Dynasty, the wind of drinking tea gradually spread to some European countries. When tea first spread to Europe, it was expensive, and both the Dutch and the British regarded it as a "tribute" and a luxury. Later, with the increasing investment in tea, the price gradually declined and became a folk daily drink. Since then, the British have become the biggest tea drinkers in the world. India is the country with the largest output and export of black broken tea, and its tea varieties originated from China.
Although there are wild tea trees in India, Indians don't know how to grow them or how to drink tea. Only in 1780, the British and Dutch began to import tea seeds from China and grow tea in India. Today, Assam is the most famous black tea producing area. That is, in 1835, tea seeds were introduced from China to grow tea. Experts from China went to guide the methods of growing and making tea, including the production technology of small-scale black tea. After the invention of tea cutter, black broken tea began to appear and became a global bulk beverage.
By19th century, China's tea was almost all over the world. In 1886, the tea export volume reached 2.68 million tons. The word "tea" in western languages mostly comes from the pronunciation of "tea" in Xiamen, Fujian, a maritime trade port at that time, and the Guangdong dialect. It can be said that China gave the world the name of tea, tea knowledge, tea planting and processing technology, and tea from all over the world, which are directly or indirectly inextricably linked with tea in China.