1. Xiuwu Dangyangyu Kiln is located in Dangyangyu Village, Xicun Township, 22 kilometers northwest of Xiuwu County, Henan Province, at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain. The site is about 2000m long from east to west and about1000m wide from north to south. In the 1930s, an Englishman, R.W. Swallow, who worked in Jiaozuo Coal Mine, visited the Dangyang Yuyao site. In 1950s, Mr. Chen Wanli discovered the inscription of Bailingweng Temple in Deying in the fourth year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 105), explaining the reasons for the establishment of the kiln temple and its relationship with Yaozhou kiln. Moreover, white glaze is the main product of kiln transformation, followed by sauce glaze, and black glaze, brown glaze, twisted tire, twisted glaze, tricolor glaze and blue glaze are relatively rare. Shapes include bowls, plates, bowls, cans, lamps, pots, vases and porcelain pillows. Under-glaze painting with white background is the most representative work of Dangyangyu Kiln, which is praised by people for its smooth and free ornamentation and unique with strong black-and-white contrast. The beauty of decoration is above the similar products of Cizhou kiln system. Dangyangyu kiln is also famous for its twisted tires and twisted glazes. The "under-glaze twisted color" porcelain products in Song and Jin Dynasties are the most abundant and exquisite in Dangyangyu kiln area, with natural uncut and unpredictable patterns. There are jade pot spring bottles, flowerpot bottles, bottles with seats, bowls, plates, stoves, boxes, cans, water injection, water tanks and so on. Chen Wanli pointed out in 1954 "On the Jade Kiln in Dangyang": "I think that among the Song porcelains north of the Yellow River, except Quyang and Linru, there is no place comparable to Dangyang. The leaf kiln in Cizhou and the Guantai kiln in Anyang are finally not as good as the sun. " Fujio Yamayama of Japan also said that "in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no kiln with such a wide variety, excellent patterns and rich colors as Xiuwu Kiln". According to the local survey, Dangyangyu kilns, including the surrounding Baishan kilns, West Wang Feng kilns and Shi Jian kilns, should belong to a kiln group. Due to the lack of systematic archaeological excavation of Dangyangyu kiln site, many problems need further discussion. 2. Hebi Kiln is located in the west of Hebi Kiln, which is 0/0 km north of Hebi City, Henan Province, in the vast area between Chen, Cao Shi, Long, Li and Deng on both sides of the Right River, with an area of 840,000 square meters. In the thirty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1772), the inscription on the reconstruction of Bailingqiao said, "There are five-color soil under the western hills of Yi, which can be used to make pottery. After burning, it is crystal clear, and there are tens of thousands of people in Yixi who take care of themselves. " 1952, Mr. Chen Wanli published the Investigation Report of Ancient Porcelain Kilns in Hebei Plain, which disclosed the Hebi Kiln for the first time.
The kiln was built in the Tang Dynasty, and went through the Five Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and finally the Yuan Dynasty. The products from the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties mainly include white glazed bowls, banknotes, black glazed bottles, and white glazed convex string jars. After the Song Dynasty, there appeared a variety of firing such as white and black flowers, white glaze carvings, carvings, carvings, brown glaze carvings, and colored utensils in the Cizhou kiln style. The theme is rich, including baby plays, characters, dragons and phoenixes, magpies, mandarin ducks, geese, cranes, fish, ducks and deer. , the composition is simple and full of life; Books, prints, surnames, poems, auspicious words, etc. Put it on a table or in a container. Black flowers painted on a white background are mostly brown, similar to those of Cizhou Kiln, Dangyangyu Kiln and Paicun Kiln. A brownish yellow glaze was found in a large basin at Hebiji kiln site. Brown yellow glaze is applied in the basin and black glaze is applied outside. Decorative patterns such as geese, lotus leaves and rabbits running in the grass are carved in the vessel, and a thin layer of white cosmetic soil is applied in the pattern, then glazed, and brown patterns are dragged out on the dark brown ground, which has a special style that other porcelain kilns do not have. Hebi Kiln also fires Ding Kiln-style printed white porcelain, black glazed porcelain and Jun porcelain. In addition to household utensils, small porcelain sculptures, such as figurines, horses, sheep, dogs, monkeys, ducks, turtles and lions, as well as whistles, bells, chess, Go and dice, were unearthed at Hebi Kiln site. 3. Bazhun Kiln in Yuzhou
The kiln site is located in Pacun, Asai Township, northwest of Yuzhou City, Henan Province, with a total area of 13km, starting from Grandma Temple in Long Mu in the east, reaching the foot of Hutou Mountain in the west, starting from Pacun Village in the north, crossing the Pacun River and reaching Huaguogang 'ao in the south, with a total area of 1.7 million square meters. 1950, when Mr. Chen Wanli visited Yuzhou, he discovered Bacun Kiln. After the publication of A Trip to Yuzhou, some experts visited here many times. "Mountain Records" contains an inscription written by Zhang Keji for Bailingweng Temple in the east (present-day Ba Village) in the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty (1286): "Those who live in it are all engaged in making porcelain, and they are so-called people who use clay as utensils, with a long history. It was the most prosperous town in the late Jin Dynasty, with a dense population and thousands of rooms. After the soldiers of Renchen were captured (1232), there was nothing > > "There are many artifacts circulating in Bachun Kiln, mainly black flowers on white background, followed by black flowers, white glazes, black glazes, Song San colors and red and green colors on green background. The specimens collected at the kiln site include white glaze, white background carved flowers, black flowers on white background, brown background black flowers, blue glaze black flowers, yellow glaze black flowers, white background carved flowers, green glaze carved flowers, yellow glaze carved flowers, twisted tires, twisted glaze painted flowers, peacock blue glaze, black glaze carved flowers, black glaze sauce color, black glaze overlapping lines, blue glaze, yellow glaze and Song tricolor. A large basin with folded edges is widely distributed in the site, and it is also found in the murals of Baisha Song Tomb not far from here. This big basin can be used not only for women to wash and dress, but also for washing vegetables and dishes in the kitchen. It has many uses and is in great demand. This is a typical country kiln. The porcelain of Bacun kiln is loose in fetal quality and weak in glaze color, which is prone to small defects, loss of brightness and peeling. The glaze color of black-and-white porcelain is bright, with strong contrast, and some are as white as snow and as black as iron. Decorative composition is rigorous and dense, with flowers, lotus petals, algae, baby play, birds and animals as the best. The brushwork is broad and concise, and between similarity and difference, it is full of folk life. Some fine paintings are vivid and unique, showing the style of freehand brushwork ink painting on porcelain, which is a new highlight of Cizhou kiln system. Black glazed "Zhengba" dragon bottle with blank is only found in Bachun kiln products, and twisted glaze and twisted glaze painting are also its unique characteristics. Many varieties are closely related to nearby kilns. Black flowers and scratches on white background are similar to Hebi Kiln, Xinmi Kiln and Cizhou Kiln, black glaze relief is similar to Lushan Kiln, Hebi Kiln and Cizhou Kiln, and Song Sancai and Red Green are similar to dengfeng kiln Kiln and Cizhou Kiln. Juntai Kiln in the north corner of Yuzhou City and Houzhen Kiln, 25 kilometers southwest of Yuzhou City, also burn porcelain in the style of Cizhou Kiln. During 1974, a large number of white porcelain with black flowers were unearthed in Juntai kiln, including white porcelain, white glaze carved flowers, Song Sancai, Song Dynasty, twisted tires, glaze twisters and so on. In 200 1 year, when the site of Liujiamen Junyao in the sacred township of Yuzhou was excavated, a large number of black flowers with white background, such as bowls, pots and cans, were found in the strata equivalent to Mongolia to early Proterozoic. And some red and green tableware. There is a record that "the porcelain kiln is at the foot of Liushan Mountain in the west of the state" in the Zhenwu Temple Monument of Mingshan Mountain in the north of Shendong Town and the Records of Jiajing Years of Zhou Junming. The records in Daming Hui Dian about burning tribute porcelain in Yuzhou, as well as the specimens collected by the people in recent years, show that until the middle of Ming Dynasty, Shendong Kiln still burned a large number of porcelain in the style of Cizhou Kiln, such as white background and black flowers. 4. Dengfeng Quhe Kiln Cizhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln System
Quhe Village, Gaocheng Town, located 35 miles southeast of Dengfeng City, Henan Province, was discovered in March of 196 1. The kiln sites are scattered on the hillside in Quhe Village and the north of the village. It is about 1 1,000m long from east to west, 500m wide from north to south and covers an area of about 500,000m2. In a small temple at the east end of Quhe Village, there is an inscription on rebuilding the three Bodhisattvas' Hall of Guanyin Manjusri in Pu Xian in the 21st year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty, which reads: "Quhe is famous for its land, and the water is also potential, among which the scenery was unknown before Song Dynasty. After tasting the relics of the dolls in the house, you can test all the documents, but when you know that there were Song Dynasty, merchants gathered, the number of towns was huge, and the Jinyuan was also submerged. " Quhe is one of the famous towns in Dengfeng in Northern Song Dynasty, with Linying River in the south, Shicong River in the west and Fengshan in the north. The nearby area is rich in raw materials of porcelain clay, which has a material basis for developing porcelain industry. White glaze, blue glaze, white glaze brown color, white glaze pearl land, white glaze carved, white glaze black flower, tricolor, yellow glaze, blue glaze and other varieties were found in the kiln site, with bowls, plates, pots, pots, plates, boxes, cups, spoons, pillows and so on. According to the lamination and accumulation of ceramic tiles, it can be inferred that Quhe kiln site began in the late Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and declined in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The representative variety of Quhe kiln is pearl carving decoration. Pearl ground carving originated from Xiguan kiln in Xinmi, and Quhe kiln was improved and developed. There are two kinds of pearl vases, one is olive-shaped, with similar size at the bottom of the mouth, slender body and wide abdomen; One is small mouth and long body. The bottle is more than 40 cm high, with a thick carcass near the bottom, irregular lotus petals at the lower part and pearl flowers at the prominent position in the middle. Specimens of this bottle are scattered around the kiln site. The carved willow bucket cup in Quhe kiln also has certain characteristics. There are two different decorations, one is white glaze and the other is white ochre. The former is carved first and then painted with cosmetic soil and glaze, while the latter is painted with cosmetic soil first and then painted with transparent glaze after carving. Different production processes have produced two different decorative effects. As a large-scale porcelain kiln in the Tang and Song Dynasties in Henan Province, Dengfeng Quhe Kiln mainly meets the needs of the people, but the needs of the people are different. Porcelain engraved or peeled with pearls belongs to high-grade porcelain. 5. Xinmi Xiguan Kiln and Yaogou Kiln are located on both sides of the river ditch on both sides of Xiguan Highway Bridge in Xinmi old county. The kiln site is about1000m long and 2000m wide. It was discovered by 1963, and Mr. Feng Xianming came here for reexamination in the same year. The specimens found are mainly white glaze, followed by black glaze, yellow glaze and pearl ground carving, and less blue glaze. Inferred from the fragments of kiln site and the characteristics of kiln furniture, the firing age was from the end of Tang Dynasty to the beginning of Song Dynasty. Xiguan Kiln first applied the flower decoration on the gold and silver wares of the Tang Dynasty to the porcelain of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and formed the pearl carving decoration, including a pearl carving bowl with branches, a waist pillow with branches, and a lying deer-patterned pearl sweet potato pillow. The technique of painting flowers on beads was later carried forward by Quhe Kiln in Dengfeng, and there were also Cizhou Kiln, Bacun Kiln and Lushan Kiln. Yaogou kiln is located in Yaogou Village, south bank of Xiaoshui River, southeast of Xinmi 18km. It starts from Yaogou in the east, reaches Dalugou in the west, reaches Heishipo in the south and Damiaoling in the north, with a total area of about 2 square kilometers. The accumulation layer is most concentrated in Huangzhuangnan ditch on the west bank of Dagou, and there are 13 residual kilns in Yaogou village. Yaogou Kiln was discovered in the winter of 196 1. The firing varieties are mainly white porcelain, followed by black porcelain, with black flowers painted on a white background and pearls carved on the ground. Song Sancai also found that bowls, pots, cans and banknotes were the main shapes, followed by plates, bottles, lamps and pillows. From the collected specimens, it can be seen that the kiln was built in the Five Dynasties and fired in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was the peak stage of firing. Pearl carving directly inherits the technology of Xiguan kiln, while the decoration with black flowers on white background is obviously influenced by Cizhou kiln, which has many similarities with the painting style of Pazun kiln in nearby Yuzhou, and also has * * * similarities with Dangyangyu kiln and Hebi kiln in Xiuwu. Flower decoration has its own unique style, such as chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, manzhuo, honeysuckle and plum blossom. Some are set off by fish and algae patterns or butterflies, with string patterns, broadband patterns and lace patterns, and some bowls or pillows are written with surnames, auspicious words and wine lists. In recent years, a large number of porcelain specimens with white background and black flowers have been unearthed in Yaogou Kiln, including big pots, plum bottles and flower-and-bird bottles, with grass leaf patterns painted on the bottles and kiln names such as "Wang Da" and "Fan". The big one is about 40 cm in diameter and decorated with fish. The representative variety of Quhe kiln is pearl carving decoration. Pearl ground carving originated from Xiguan kiln in Xinmi, and Quhe kiln was improved and developed. There are two kinds of pearl vases, one is olive-shaped, with similar size at the bottom of the mouth, slender body and wide abdomen; One is small mouth and long body. The bottle is more than 40 cm high, with a thick carcass near the bottom, irregular lotus petals at the lower part and pearl flowers at the prominent position in the middle. Specimens of this bottle are scattered around the kiln site. The carved willow bucket cup in Quhe kiln also has certain characteristics. There are two different decorations, one is white glaze and the other is white ochre. The former is carved first and then painted with cosmetic soil and glaze, while the latter is painted with cosmetic soil first and then painted with transparent glaze after carving. Different production processes have produced two different decorative effects. As a large-scale porcelain kiln in the Tang and Song Dynasties in Henan Province, Dengfeng Quhe Kiln mainly meets the needs of the people, but the needs of the people are different. Porcelain engraved or peeled with pearls belongs to high-grade porcelain. 5. Xinmi Xiguan Kiln and Yaogou Kiln are located on both sides of the river ditch on both sides of Xiguan Highway Bridge in Xinmi old county. The kiln site is about1000m long and 2000m wide. It was discovered by 1963, and Mr. Feng Xianming came here for reexamination in the same year. The specimens found are mainly white glaze, followed by black glaze, yellow glaze and pearl ground carving, and less blue glaze. Inferred from the fragments of kiln site and the characteristics of kiln furniture, the firing age was from the end of Tang Dynasty to the beginning of Song Dynasty. Xiguan Kiln first applied the flower decoration on the gold and silver wares of the Tang Dynasty to the porcelain of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and formed the pearl carving decoration, including a pearl carving bowl with branches, a waist pillow with branches, and a lying deer-patterned pearl sweet potato pillow. The technique of painting flowers on beads was later carried forward by Quhe Kiln in Dengfeng, and there were also Cizhou Kiln, Bacun Kiln and Lushan Kiln. Yaogou kiln is located in Yaogou Village, south bank of Xiaoshui River, southeast of Xinmi 18km. It starts from Yaogou in the east, reaches Dalugou in the west, reaches Heishipo in the south and Damiaoling in the north, with a total area of about 2 square kilometers. The accumulation layer is most concentrated in Huangzhuangnan ditch on the west bank of Dagou, and there are 13 residual kilns in Yaogou village. Yaogou Kiln was discovered in the winter of 196 1. The firing varieties are mainly white porcelain, followed by black porcelain, with black flowers painted on a white background and pearls carved on the ground. Song Sancai also found that bowls, pots, cans and banknotes were the main shapes, followed by plates, bottles, lamps and pillows. From the collected specimens, it can be seen that the kiln was built in the Five Dynasties and fired in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was the peak stage of firing. Pearl carving directly inherits the technology of Xiguan kiln, while the decoration with black flowers on white background is obviously influenced by Cizhou kiln, which has many similarities with the painting style of Pazun kiln in nearby Yuzhou, and also has * * * similarities with Dangyangyu kiln and Hebi kiln in Xiuwu. Flower decoration has its own unique style, such as chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, manzhuo, honeysuckle and plum blossom. Some are set off by fish and algae patterns or butterflies, with string patterns, broadband patterns and lace patterns, and some bowls or pillows are written with surnames, auspicious words and wine lists. In recent years, a large number of porcelain specimens with white background and black flowers have been unearthed in Yaogou Kiln, including big pots, plum bottles and flower-and-bird bottles, with grass leaf patterns painted on the bottles and kiln names such as "Wang Da" and "Fan". The big basin is about 40 cm in diameter and decorated with fish patterns and grass leaves. Except that the white glaze is yellow and the black color is dark, the shape and quantity are comparable to those of similar products in Bachun kiln. 6. Shanxi Jiexiu Kiln is located in hongshan town, Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province. This is the earliest ancient porcelain kiln site discovered in Shanxi Province in 1950s. In the first year of Xiangfu in the Song Dynasty (1008), in Genji Temple near hongshan town, the words "Ren Tao, the tax official of porcelain kiln" and "Wuzhong, the former tax official of porcelain kiln" were engraved on the stone tablet of Genji Temple. According to the investigation, the kiln was built and burned in the Northern Song Dynasty, and has gone through several generations of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In the early stage, white porcelain was mainly fired, and in the middle stage, porcelain with Ding kiln and Cizhou kiln styles began to be fired. There are white glaze scratches, white glaze scratches, black scratches under white glaze, and brown scratches under white glaze. Shapes are plates, bowls, cans, bowls, basins, washing, etc. Its underglaze paintings mostly draw broken branches and leaves, the decorative cover is transparent glass glaze, and the tire is coated with white cosmetic soil. Its white safflower is very similar to Cizhou Kiln and Dangyangyu Kiln, but its color is more vivid and beautiful, which is a masterpiece of Jiexiu Kiln. Jiexiu kiln Jin Dynasty black sauce glaze bowl has fine lines printing, and the green and yellow glaze printing plate is decorated with lotus pond children rowing. Black glaze products in Jin Dynasty were mostly decorated with rolled grass and fish lotus, and the shapes were bottles, pots, altars and so on. There are also kiln sites with Cizhou kiln style in Shanxi, namely the fire kiln in Chencun, Huozhou, which was built in Jinsheng Yuyuan Garden, and the Changzhi kiln in Bayi Town, Changzhi, which was famous for firing white glaze and red and green in Jin Dynasty. 7. Shandong Zibo Kiln, formerly known as Boshan Kiln, is located in Cicun, Slope and Huayan Temple, Zibo City, Shandong Province. In modern times, it was recorded in the collection of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign ceramics. The site of Cicun Kiln was excavated in Shandong Province in the 7th century, 1976, which proves that Cicun Kiln was founded in the Tang Dynasty and ended in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the porcelain village kiln burned black glaze, and after the Song Dynasty, it burned white porcelain. Decorative techniques include flower picking and painting, and shapes include bowls, plates, bottles, cans and lamp holders. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, white glaze was still the majority, and black glaze accounted for a certain proportion. In addition to picking and scratching flowers, new decorative varieties have appeared, such as grate carving, twisted tires, black glaze embossed patterns, black flowers on white background, red and green colors on white glaze, etc. Cicun Kiln's black glazed white porcelain (called vermicelli by locals) is one of the most distinctive varieties of porcelain in the Jin Dynasty. The difference between this decorative pattern and the similar products of Hebi Kiln, Xinmi Kiln and dengfeng kiln is that their white lines are mostly yellow and thin, and the inner walls of the wares are generally not glazed or semi-glazed, while the white lines of Cicun Kiln are thick and full of glaze. Cicun Kiln also fired a kind of additive, which used to be called "Song Caijia", and now it is collectively called red and green color. Cizhou kiln and many kiln sites in Henan and Shanxi have been burned. The red and green colored sculptures in Cicun kiln are vivid and have high artistic attainments. 8. Xiaoxian Kiln in Anhui Province is located in Baitu Town, Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province, also known as Xiaoyao Kiln. 1960 was discovered. The investigation shows that Xiaoxian kiln was built in Tang Dynasty, and its bowl shape and glaze color are similar to those of Shouzhou kiln. White porcelain unearthed from the kiln site has obvious kiln remains, black and white glazed porcelain has the style of Cizhou kiln, and there are white glazed black flowers and yellow glazes. Most of the utensils are white glaze, and the shape is mainly bowl. There are also pillows, ear jars and small porcelain animals such as horses, cows, chickens and frogs, which should be the products of the Song and Jin Dynasties. 1954, Jiangsu Provincial Cultural Management Committee collected a white porcelain vase at the kiln site of Baitu Town, Xiaoxian County, and the words "Zhao Huangtong, the kiln owner of Baitu Town, went to Ci City to support the south temple of this town with a vase on March 22nd of the first year" were engraved on the bottle body, indicating that the lower limit of Xiaoxian kiln should be Jin Dynasty. The first year of Huangtong was the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 14 1), which was the year of peace talks between the Song and Jin Dynasties, with the Huaihe River as the boundary in southern Xinjiang. According to Qingbo Magazine, Suzhou Kilns and Sizhou Kilns, which are mainly characterized by imitation porcelain, existed in the south and southeast of Xiaoxian Kilns in the Jin Dynasty, bordering Xiaoxian Kilns. After the Jingkang Revolution, a large number of kiln workers in the Central Plains fled to the south. Xiaoxian kiln, Suzhou kiln and Sizhou kiln in Jin Dynasty all had the style of Ding kiln and Cizhou kiln, which should be the result of the spread of porcelain-making technology in the Central Plains by kiln workers who fled to the south.