Immunomodulatory function of 1
Effect of 1. 1 on cellular immunity
Polysaccharide can increase the killing function of T and B lymphocytes. Zhang Xiujuan et al. [2] reported that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide has obvious effects on T cells and their subsets, which can increase the recovery of T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture, increase the recovery of Lyt2+ and L3T4+ cells, and enhance the killing function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Zhang et al. [3] isolated and purified extracellular polysaccharide (PEP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and concluded that PEP can significantly promote the proliferation of mouse thymocytes, and it has a very significant promotion effect when the concentration is 6.25 mg/L.
Can increase the number of dendritic cell (DC) precursor cells. DC cells are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APC) found at present, which can absorb various antigens and play an important role in the regulation of cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Analysis of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide, Lentinus Edodes polysaccharide, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide and other traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (mainly composed of β- 1, 3-glycosidic dextran or heteropolysaccharide) can increase the activity of CSF (colony stimulating factor) in lymphocyte culture supernatant and promote the increase of nucleated cells and granulocyte/macrophage colonies (CFU-GM) in bone marrow, while DC cells,
It can improve the activity of macrophage (mφ). M φ is an important immune cell with multiple functions, which plays an important role in regulating immune function by processing antigens and releasing soluble factors. At present, the mechanism of polysaccharide activating M φ is not completely clear, but most Chinese medicine polysaccharides can promote M φ phagocytosis. The third-class [5] in Tang Province used polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus, Lentinus edodes and Poria cocos, plus grape seed polyphenols and glycyrrhizic acid to study the effects on the activity of peritoneal macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. Compared with the tumor-bearing model group and lentinan group, the complex polysaccharides in each group can significantly improve the activity of peritoneal macrophages in S 180 sarcoma mice, with significant differences. Yao Jinfeng [6] and others found that marine fungal polysaccharide (YCP) can obviously promote the production of NO by peritoneal macrophages in mice, and there is a certain concentration correlation. With the increase of drug concentration, its induction effect is enhanced. In addition, YCP can obviously promote the secretion of IL- 1 by peritoneal macrophages in mice.
Effect of 1.2 on humoral immunity
Polysaccharides can promote the production of antibodies. Chen Lifang [7] and others reported that lentinan can increase the production of anti-human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and Schizophyllum commune polysaccharide can promote the increase of antibody-forming cells in patients' spleen. Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide can make patients with decreased antibodies produce antibodies and restore their immune ability to normal level.
Polysaccharide can also restore the response of plaque-forming cells (PFC). Ni Feng [8] reported that intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (5 mg/kg) for 3 days could obviously restore the reduced PFC response.
Effect of 1.3 on cytokines
Polysaccharide can promote the production of interferon. Interferon is the first cytokine discovered, which has important functions such as antivirus, antitumor, immunomodulation and cell proliferation control. Ni Feng [8] reported that polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum can induce Th cells to produce IFN in vitro, and can enhance ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation and produce IFN-α in vivo.
Polysaccharide can also improve the effect of interleukin (IL). Ni Feng [8] reported that lentinan can increase the production of IL- 1 in abdominal cavity M φ in vitro and in vivo. After several hours in vivo administration, serum CSF and IL- 1 were significantly increased, and the sensitivity of immune cells to IL-2 was improved.
Effect of 1.4 on complement system
Complement system is an important immune system. The intrinsic components of complement can be activated by classical pathway and bypass pathway. Chen et al. [9] reported that lentinan can also activate the classical pathway and bypass pathway of complement system, resulting in the enhancement of the nonspecific cytotoxicity of M φ and the infiltration of neutrophils into tumor tissues. Pachyman can activate the complement system near tumor and kill tumor cells in cooperation with phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Effect of 1.5 on erythrocyte immunity
Liu et al. [10] used Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, etc. The experimental study shows that Chinese medicine polysaccharide can promote and regulate erythrocyte immunity. The mechanism of action is to improve the immune activity of erythrocyte membrane phase CD35, and then promote the adhesion of red blood cells to complement sensitized yeast, thus increasing RBC. C3bRR (rosette rate of erythrocyte C3b receptor), thus regulating and enhancing its erythrocyte immune function.
2. Antitumor effect
2. 1 has the effect of anti-tumor recurrence and metastasis.
As an inhibitor of vascular activity, polysaccharide of traditional Chinese medicine has the effect of anti-tumor recurrence and metastasis. Wang Xiaoying et al. [1 1] experiments show that ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can significantly prevent thrombosis, reduce the wet weight of thrombus and shorten the length of thrombus; Significantly prolonged partial thromboplastin time and inhibited platelet aggregation, but had no effect on platelet count. High dose can also reduce fibrinogen content and shorten thrombin and thromboplastin time.
2.2 Inhibitory effect on S 180 sarcoma
The third-class [5] in Tang Province used the polysaccharides of Hericium erinaceus, Lentinus edodes and Poria cocos as well as grape seed polyphenols and glycyrrhizic acid to make compound polysaccharides, and studied the inhibitory effect of compound fungal polysaccharides on sarcoma S 180 in mice. It was found that compound polysaccharide and Lentinus edodes ⅰ, ⅱ and ⅲ groups had obvious inhibitory effects on tumor weight, tumor inhibition rate and tumor-to-body ratio compared with tumor-bearing model group. The lentinan group also has obvious inhibitory effect, but it is far less than the compound polysaccharide group.
2.3 Inhibitory effect on B 16 tumor
Zhang et al. [3] isolated and purified extracellular polysaccharide (PEP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and found that PEP group had obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of B 16 tumor cells, and the degree of inhibition increased with the increase of concentration, and the difference was significant when the concentration was 6.25 mg/L; When the concentration is 12.5 mg/L, the difference is very significant.
2.4 Inhibitory effect on Lewis lung cancer
Sun Sai [12] and others found that polysaccharide YCP isolated from marine fungi could obviously inhibit the growth of Lewis lung cancer.
3. Hypoglycemic effect
It has been found that the fungal polysaccharides with hypoglycemic activity include Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide, Auricularia auricula polysaccharide, Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide and Auricularia auricula polysaccharide. Hidino et al. [13] isolated two kinds of polysaccharides, Ganodetan A and Ganodetan B, with hypoglycemic activity from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body, which had obvious hypoglycemic activity on normal mice and alloxan hyperglycemia mice.
4. Antiviral effect
The antiviral effect of fungal polysaccharide is mainly to use its structural similarity to produce host immune function through immune regulation mechanism and resist the invasion of pathogens. Many studies have proved that polysaccharides can inhibit many viruses, such as HIV 1, herpes simplex virus (HSV 1, HSV2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza virus, vesicular gastritis virus (VSV) and so on [14]. Another study shows that lentinan has obvious curative effect and preventive effect on mouse encephalitis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus infection, and is also effective on Abel virus and adenovirus 12 infection. Schizophyllum commune polysaccharide can improve the survival rate of mice infected with Sendai virus and effectively inhibit the spread of the virus. Sulfated polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor with peptide residue has obvious proportional relationship with the amount of SO42- group in its anti-HIV effect. Lentinus edodes polysaccharide, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, etc. It also has obvious curative effect on chronic hepatitis [15].
5. Anti-leukemia effect
Studies have proved that polysaccharides from Coriolus versicolor, Polyporus umbellatus and Poria cocos have anti-leukemia effects [16].
6. Antioxidant effect
It has been found that many fungal polysaccharides have the activities of scavenging free radicals, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thus protecting biofilm and delaying aging. Cai Yun polysaccharide (cvPs) extracted from wild Coriolus versicolor in Changbai Mountain can increase soD activity and decrease LPO level in organs and cells after being given to tumor-bearing mice or irradiated by γ-rays [17].
7. Views
Fungal polysaccharide has a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can be used as a new development direction of health food or a new development and research direction of drug sources. However, due to the variety of polysaccharides, it is difficult to screen a monomer, which brings great difficulties to separation and purification. There are still many unclear mechanisms in various pharmacological activities, and their toxicological characteristics and side effects are rarely reported. In addition, as the source of plant medicine, the harvesting and processing of fungal polysaccharides have a great influence on its function, especially at present, people still don't understand its advanced structure and the separation and purification technology is not in place, so the source and addition of plants have a great influence on its unique pharmacological effects.
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