"Long River in the World" tells the story of Jin Fu and Huang Chen governing the Yellow River in the early Qing Dynasty. It not only shows the difficulty of hard struggle, going deep into the front line and doing things scientifically, but also reveals how easy it is to destroy things under the decadent feudal system. It is known as "the heroic work of historical drama at low tide"

Long Rivers in the World is a literary work, not an official history. "Jin Fu River Management" has made achievements, but there are also many controversies in later generations.

Judging from the results, Jin Fu's idea of "bundling water to wash away sediment" (narrowing the river channel and washing away sediment on the river bed with the momentum of water flow) failed, and various problems appeared in the later "dam reduction". Whether Jin Fu is an upright official is also an unsolved case.

"Long River in the World" highlights harmony, writing the famous minister Yu (i.e., Winter Baking), which means that, and Xu are sworn brothers, portraying Xu Xueqian as wretched, saying that Chen Huang died in prison (Chen Huang died of illness before going to prison) ... This is not a historical fact.

In details, Long River World is not rigorous enough. For example, Tai Chi Chuan (the word Tai Chi Chuan appeared in Guangxu period, only in the late Qing Dynasty), Kangxi frequently visited incognito, and Xu Gan learned to be a "cable party" (Xu Xueqian belongs to the Pearl Party) ...

The popularity of Long Rivers in the World may cater to the audience's stereotype of the Qing Dynasty, that is, complex and changeable political struggles and black and white factions; If one thing fails, there must be corrupt officials. If one thing can be accomplished, it must be because the person in charge has calluses on his hands and there is no surplus grain at home. This stereotype is not conducive to a correct understanding of history.

Why did Kangxi rule the river?

"There are three major problems in the world, one river, two roads and three officials." All previous dynasties took river management as their major policy.

Kangxi once said: "Since I was in charge of politics, I have taken San Francisco, River Affairs and Grain Transportation as three major events, and I have thought about them every night, hanging on the palace column (the TV series was mistakenly posted on the wall)."

There was a long-term war in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the river was abandoned. "Officials fled, no one kept it, and the autumn flood season rose." During the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Yellow River burst every year. From the first year of Kangxi to the sixteenth year of Kangxi (1662- 1678), the Yellow River burst 67 times (different scholars have different statistics, and the draft of Qing Dynasty records 46 times). No achievements were made in Wuyi River as governor, especially in the summer of the 15th year of Kangxi (1677), when the 34th dike of the Yellow River burst again, with a gap of more than 300 feet. "Young people are drowned and nothing counts", which forced Kangxi to make up his mind to completely control the Yellow River and increase the water conservancy funds from 300,000 yuan to 3,000 yuan.

At that time, the main difficulties in river management were:

First, the Yellow River has a high sediment concentration, which raises the riverbed. Seven counties under the river (namely Baoying, Gaoyou, Yancheng and other counties in Jiangsu Province) have become "hanging rivers on the ground" and flooded when it rains.

Secondly, the Grand Canal is short of water and needs to draw water from the Yellow River, which leads to the blockage of the canal and the difficulty of water transportation.

Third, the Grand Canal borrows the Yellow River 180 Li waterway, which is high in waves and high in water, with great risks.

The problem stems from the fourth diversion of the Yellow River in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main stream flows into the Yellow Sea from the Huaihe River (the tributary flows into the Bohai Sea from Shandong), and the Yellow River is full of water and sand. In the flood season, the Huaihe River became a Zeguo. Pan Jixun, the "first man to control water in Daming", put forward the idea of "attacking sand with water", that is, using the impulse of water to narrow the river channel, take away the sediment, clear the mud and prevent floods, which is called "Pan Method".

Pan method is unscientific because people don't know how to measure sediment concentration. The washed sediment is deposited downstream, slowing down the flow rate. It only takes a few decades, and the flood will come back, but no one has been held accountable at that time, and "Panfa" is considered to be the best way. Kangxi sent Jin Fu as the river general because Jin Fu obeyed Pan Fa.

Jin Fu may have taken bribes, too.

Jin Fu was the most successful river in Kangxi Dynasty 12.

Jin Fu was a member of the Eight Banners in the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Jin Shunzhi (1644), his father entered the customs from Long, and the official went to the General Political Department to participate in the discussion (five products). In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), Jin Fu, aged 19, was admitted to the National History Museum as an editor. Since then, he has served as a cabinet official and foreign minister of the Ministry of War. In the 10th year of Kangxi (167 1), 38-year-old Jin Fu became the governor of Anhui.

Kangxi made Jin Fu a river general for two reasons: First, Mingzhu, a senior official of the official department, strongly recommended that Mingzhu and Jin Fu were classmates of the Eight Banners official school. Secondly, Jin Fu belongs to the headquarters of the former Eight Banners, and the emperor is regarded as his family. In the play, when Jin Fu met the emperor, he claimed to be a slave, not a minister, which was in line with the habit at that time.

Whether Jin Fu joined the Party or not is unknown, but he is not necessarily an honest official. According to Records of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi once asked Jin Fu: "Who is the cleanest person in your family?" Jin Fu said, "There are many river workers and servants, and it costs a lot to reward them and persuade them to flee ... If the ancients refused to take anything, it would be a shame. I am so arrogant, how dare I keep my subordinates clean and honest to deceive the saints? "

Jin Fu admitted bribery and bribery. The system of the Qing dynasty was very flawed, and it was difficult to move without bad rules, so those in charge were corrupt. Kangxi clearly knew this and asked questions to test Jin Fu's honesty.

Jin Fu works hard. After being appointed as the chief river chief, after more than two months of investigation, he "traversed the river trunk, consulted extensively, sought talents and paintings, and visited experienced people." Gentlemen, soldiers and people, craftsmen and servants, etc. , who has a desirable word, feasible, I will humbly choose, in order to be appropriate. "Eight times a day, put forward the master plan of river regulation.

Jin Fu's characteristic of river management is to give consideration to water transportation, Huaihe River and Yellow River, but it only pays attention to seven counties in the river, ignoring Shandong and Hebei. During the period of harnessing the river in Jin Fu, the river disasters in these areas have not been solved, and Jin Fu rarely made field visits to the related dams, which caused the dissatisfaction of Kangxi.

Huang Chen is not the reincarnation of Hebo.

In the TV series, Jin Fu and Huang Chen went to Xinghai (now maduo county, Qinghai) to explore the source. This is not history.

The misunderstanding stems from the fact that after the death of Huang Chen, Zhang Aisheng, a fellow countryman friend, wrote "Statement on River Defense" based on his own thoughts on river regulation (Kangxi's title in the play should be fictitious). The overall style is to answer questions, which was published with the General Outline of River Regulation, and the Summary of River Regulation (probably written by Zhu, then the general manager of Shunzhi River) and the river map were added. Later generations mistakenly thought that the river map in the book was written by Jin Fu and Huang Chen, but it was actually painted during the Qianlong period.

It is the first time that Xinghai is the source of the Yellow River, and Amitabha, the bodyguard of Ganlongganqingmen, went to Qinghai to inspect the source of the Yellow River, refreshing the old concept that "the Yellow River has two sources". In the play, Huang Chen was arranged to draw a river map in prison after his death, which marked the source of the river in Xinghai; At the same time, it is ridiculous for him to say that "the Yellow River has two sources".

So, is Huang Chen really the reincarnation of Hebo? Fear is a kind of folklore.

Huang Chen, the master of Jin Fu, entered the stage in the 10th year of Kangxi (167 1), when Jin Fu had just taken over as the governor of Anhui province and was not in charge of river management. When Jin Fu passed the Lvzu Temple in Handan, he saw Huang Chen's poem on the wall, namely:

Forty years, public and Hou,

Although it is a dream, it is also very romantic.

Today, I was down and out in Handan Road.

I want to borrow a pillow for my husband.

Contrary to the nerd image in the play, Huang Chen in reality is burly, imposing and dignified. At that time, Huang Chen was 36 years old, only 2 years younger than Jin Fu. When Jin Fu learned of Huang Chen's death, he said painfully, "He was so young ..." But Huang Chen was 52 years old when he died.

Huang Chen's main contribution to river regulation is to visit the front line in person and be responsible for his own work. The original project budget was 6 million taels of silver, but he carefully saved it, using only 251.2000 taels. Rooted in the grass roots for a long time, so "learn from water, not from it", but it has not really broken through the misunderstanding of "governing the river by economics" and applied the "plate method" to everything.

Controversial dam reduction

The most controversial thing about reducing dams in Huang Chen is the rolling dam in Panfa (not unprecedented in the play), also known as flood diversion dam, that is, building diversion facilities on one side of the river, and opening the dam to divert water in case of catastrophic flood to reduce the pressure on the main dam. Kangxi was quite disapproving, thinking that "flooding harms people's fields, and I can't bear it." Seeing that it has played a huge role in flood control, he still said: "Although this dam reduction is beneficial to river workers, it is not helpful to the people."

There is a lot of sediment in the Yellow River. After flood diversion, the dam is easy to deposit, so a new dam can only be built. As the river bed rises, it becomes more difficult to build a new dam. A dam needed 62,000 silver in Kangxi period, and more than 352,000 silver in Daoguang period. The government can't afford it, so it has to be allowed to flood.

Pan Jixun, Jin Fu and Huang Chen have never considered that the problem of sedimentation in the lower reaches can only be solved by sand control and layer-by-layer protection in the upper reaches. The ancients had no concept of modern science, and there were few measured data. It was difficult to find the root of the problem by "intuition plus vulgarity". Facing the complicated situation, we have to find the basis from the classic works. Huang Chen is opposed to mentioning Dayu easily, but he himself often talks about "Dayu's water control".

Kangxi never believed in Ren Jinfu. After Jin Fu was appointed General He, he suffered heavy losses in the flood in the second and third years. In the fourth year, his levee burst, and the promise of "returning the Yellow River to its original road in three years" was not realized. Kangxi once wanted to change horses, but in the end he just let Jin Fu be dismissed and let him wear a sin suit to supervise the repair. It is wrong for TV series to blame Yu Chenglong for the violation.

There were two Yu Chenglong in Qing Dynasty, both of which were famous for their incorruptibility. Less than Jackie Chan, that is, Yu is in the play. Like Jin Fu, Yu Chenglong is also the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty. 1/kloc-0 entered the customs from the dragon with his family at the age of/,and was adopted by his uncle and famous Yu Deshui. After Yu Deshui died, Yu Chenglong Yin Yin became an official.

Born under the banner, he didn't rely on the imperial examination, not Mr. Neo-Confucianism, so he was too melodramatic in the play.

The debate about technology has changed.

In TV series, Jin Fu and Yu Chenglong have different ideas about river regulation, which leads to Kangxi's misunderstanding and ultimately leads to tragedy, which is not completely in line with historical facts. The argument between them lasted for three years, and Kangxi held several collective meetings to discuss it before deciding to adopt Yu Chenglong's method.

When Kangxi made his first southern tour, he had already put forward the idea of "picking up the sea", much earlier than Yu Chenglong. The Yu Chenglong Plan has no budget, but it is still valued. Mingzhu believes that "its labor cost is about one million yuan" and "it is useless to try something that may not be possible with several million yuan". He suggested that Kangxi send someone to "see it in person." Kangxi sent Samuha, Mu Chengge and Tang Bin. When I went to do an investigation, the result was that "people there said that it was not good to connect with the estuary", and Kangxi "pondered for a long time" and said that "it was all discussed, so I wanted to stop".

As said in the play, Kangxi changed his mind because Tang Bin inadvertently said something, and there were different opinions in the local area, but it was not reported.

Kangxi sensitively realized that Pearl and Yu Guozhu were deceiving themselves, and it happened that Guo Xi 'an, the official, wrote a letter to impeach Jin Fu. Kangxi "inspired" him to say: "Some officials are bound by river affairs. Have you said anything about it? " A few days later, Guo Shen impeached Mingzhu and even called Yu.

When Guo Wei was a magistrate in Wujiang, he was famous for his greed for money. After Tang Bin, the boss, advised Guo Xian to take the right path, Guo Xian returned all the stolen money, and asked his family to thoroughly wash the lobby with more than a dozen buckets of water, making him an upright official. After Pearl was impeached, the history books called him "the iron-faced empire".

In the play, Xu and He are sworn brothers, but they are older than small 8. Why does Huang call him second brother? Gao Shiqi's promotion depends entirely on Pearl. Xu, Bida 14 years old, was a literary leader at that time. His younger brother is probably the top scholar and also Gu's nephew. Xu gan has a bad voice and is greedy for ink. Yanwu deliberately avoided him, but he wouldn't be as obscene as in TV series.

Sorrow should not be exaggerated.

The TV series said that Yu Chenglong didn't know how to control water. In fact, when he was governor of Zhili, the Lugou River in Ceng Zhi was full of sediment and was called the Little Yellow River. Yu Chenglong's solution is to dredge the river and reinforce the riverbank. After 40 years, it was safe and sound, and it was renamed Yongding River.

1700, Kangxi said, "When Jin Fu ruled this river, it was very good. Since Wang Xin took office, he has only retained Jin Fu's achievements and has no other influence. Yu Chenglong, as a new major river, has once or twice rehabilitated the places once restored by Jin Fu. When I arrived in Dong Anguo, everything was ruined. "

On the whole, Kangxi recognized Jin Fu the most. He criticized Yu Chenglong for "being short of Jin Fu and saying it was not suitable for dam reduction", which led to the river affairs being in name only. Yu Chenglong admitted the rumor, "Today is also an aid." At this time, Jin Fu has been dead for two years. In the play, Yu Chenglong kowtows to Jin Fu to apologize.

Later generations praised Jin Fu. First, Kangxi took Jin Fushu as a typical example to inspire later river officials. Second, Jin Fu did achieve something, even surpassing Pan Jixun, who was later called "Pan Jin".

Jin Fu and Huang Chen insisted on professionalism, but they were accidentally involved in political disputes. It's sad, but it shouldn't be exaggerated.

Since ancient times, you can't do anything without an effective emperor, a down-to-earth subordinate and a professional expert. But this "iron triangle" is not stable: the emperor's goal is a family name. For the courtiers in feudal times, it is an unsolved dilemma whether to take the people as the center or the emperor as the center. If they are too professional, they are easily suspected of disloyalty.

History is history. Huang Chen should not be portrayed as a scientist, but Jin Fu as a workshop leader. We should learn from their great personality, but we should also see that they have neither scientific spirit nor scientific method. Sometimes they use one blindness to fight another blindness. The posture is right, but the result is not necessarily right. If you exaggerate your sadness, you may ignore their criticism and think that the way of doing things is not important, as long as you are enthusiastic and moral, which may lead to new misunderstandings.