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Historical background of Han dynasty
I. Introduction

The Han Dynasty (202- 8 years before, 25- 220 years before), divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a unified dynasty after Qin Dynasty, with ***29 emperors who enjoyed the country for 405 years. The Han dynasty was known for its virtue of respecting fire, and Liu Han was called Liu because of the royal family's surname Liu.

In 206 BC, Liu Bang sealed Hanwang, and later won the battle between Chu and Han to establish the Western Han Dynasty. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, after the rebellion of King Zhao 'an and Zhu Lu was eliminated, the political situation tended to be stable. Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han successively recuperated and created the rule of Wenjing. After Emperor Wudi ascended the throne, it was called the prosperous time of Hanwu. By the time Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, the national strength reached its peak, which was called filial piety. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty perished, and an uprising broke out soon. In AD 25, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, made Luoyang its capital, unified the world, retired troops to support the people, and created a thriving military situation. Emperor Han and he began to rule the right by following the frivolous and thin fu. After Emperor Han and he succeeded to the throne, the eternal prosperity was opened, and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak. In the middle and late period, there were disputes between officials and parties. In 184, the yellow turban insurrectionary broke out. Although civil strife was eliminated, it led to local self-esteem. After Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty. After the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei established Shu Han to continue the Han Dynasty, and China entered the Three Kingdoms period.

The Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty were the most advanced civilization and the most powerful empire in the world at that time. During the Han Dynasty, the scope of Han territory was established. At its peak, there were Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, green mountains in the west and Yinshan in the north. In AD 2, the national population reached more than 60 million, accounting for one third of the world at that time.

The culture of the Han Dynasty was unified and science and technology developed. The Chinese cultural circle represented by Confucian culture was formally established. Since the Han Dynasty, Huaxia people have gradually been called the Han nationality, and the Han Dynasty has made great contributions to the continuation and survival of Chinese civilization. He also made great achievements in the field of science and technology. For example, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.

Second, diplomacy.

1, Korea

During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, after the demise of Wei Man and Korea, Hou Lu Huidi, his capital, was a vassal of the Han Dynasty. Both sides are safe. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Man's grandson, You Qu, was in power and his attitude towards Korea became tough. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent servant Yang and Xun Kui to lead an army crusade, which lasted for one year. During the reign of Han Dynasty, four counties were established, namely, Xuantu, Fan Zhen and Lintun, of which the most important ones. In the fifth year of Zhao Di (82 BC), Lintun and Fan Zhen counties were removed in the Han Dynasty and merged into Le Lang and Xuantu. The nationalities on the peninsula are very complicated. In the northern part of the peninsula, there are other ethnic groups besides Korean from China, such as Zui and recluse. In the south of the peninsula, there are Chan Han, Mahan and Han Ge, commonly known as Sanhan.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the situation on the Korean Peninsula was generally under the jurisdiction of Lang County, Henle, and most of the northeast was occupied by Koguryo. Silla is located in the southeast and Baekje is located in the southwest. Baekje and Silla lived in the south of the peninsula and had nothing to do with the Han Dynasty, but Goguryeo had a close relationship with the Han Dynasty. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, it has been a vassal of Korea. Later, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Goguryeo rebelled from time to time and fell in succession, which became a catastrophe in the northeast of the Han Empire.

2. Japan

During the Han Dynasty, there were more than 100 countries in Japan, all of which were founded by the Japanese, and the Han people collectively referred to them as Japan. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established four counties in North China, Japanese culture began to influence the Japanese, and Japanese envoys reached more than 30 countries. At this time, Japanese slaves also began to pay tribute to the Han Dynasty, and the place of tribute was probably Le Lang County.

In the early years of Guangwu, Liaodong prefect offered sacrifices to the north, which was heard by foreign countries. In the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan (57 years), it was the era of Emperor Akihito in Japanese history. Japanese slave owners sent envoys to Korea, and Korea gave him a gold seal, which proved that Japan belonged to the Han Dynasty. The golden seal was discovered in the northern part of Kyushu in the forty-ninth year of Qing Qianlong (1784). It is a national treasure of Japan, but its authenticity cannot be determined. At this time, Japanese slaves came to Korea twice, respectively in the first year of Andi Yong Chu (107) and the sixth year of Dixian Jian' an (20 1). In the Three Kingdoms period, the exchanges between the two sides became closer.

3. Western region

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the first time, opening up the Silk Road, which made the economic and cultural exchanges between China and countries in Central and Western Asia increasingly frequent. Zhang Qian has visited Dawan (now the upper reaches of the Syr Darya River), Da Yue (the middle reaches of the Amu Darya River), Kangju (the lower reaches of the Syr Darya River) and other countries. Zhang Qian's deputy envoys also went to Xia (now Afghan), Rest in Peace (now Iranian) and other countries. Later, China's envoys also reached Yacai (north of the Black Sea), Tiaozhi (present-day Syria), crossed the Roman Empire as much as possible, and reached Li Xuan (present-day Alexandria), which was the farthest country reached by the Han Dynasty. Asian and European countries also sent envoys to visit trade during the Western Han Dynasty. In the 9th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (97), Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin (Roman Empire). Gan Ying returned to the western boundary of Daqin to see the sea after adjustment, rest and other countries. In the first year of Yongning (120), King Shan (in present-day northern Myanmar) sent envoys to congratulate North Korea, and presented musicians and magicians (that is, magicians) who claimed to be from Daqin in Haixi (that is, Rome). In the ninth year of Yan Xi (166), the Roman emperor Andun sent envoys to visit China.