In this paper, the purpose of health preservation is expounded through three fables, with the key link of "obeying orders and thinking about classics" (letting nature take its course). First, how to understand the story of cattle by skilled people to explore the way of "freedom" in health preservation; The second is to use the story that the right teacher has only one leg, emphasizing the need to adapt to the weather; Thirdly, through the hanging event of Qin, the health-keeping rule of "harmony but difference, sadness and joy are not allowed" is discussed.
This article has produced a large number of well-known idioms, such as knowing how to solve a cow, ignoring the whole cow, criticizing and guiding a cow, being calm, complacent, calm, paying as much as possible (handed down from generation to generation) and so on.
First, life is limited and knowledge is limited. Don't pursue too much.
"Zhuangzi" begins with the "Great Truth" and puts forward the general program of health preservation, including the sentence "My life is limited, but my knowledge is also limited". People often use this sentence to educate young people. Time is limited and knowledge is infinite, so we should learn more while we are young. In fact, this meaning is just the opposite of Zhuangzi's original intention.
"Elegance" is the margin and the limit. "knowledge" is interpreted as "knowledge", so "my life is limited and my knowledge is infinite" is interpreted as "life is limited and knowledge is infinite"; Chen Guying's Annotation and Translation of Zhuangzi holds that knowledge leads to wisdom, and some people interpret it as desire, wisdom and emotion. It means following. Almost always talking about danger, here is the solution. The "already" of "already know" is an abbreviation of "almost already", which means that you are already in trouble or danger, but you still pursue satisfying your desires. Close is close, that is, pursuit and covet. Fate, from, from; Du, the middle way, the right way, "predestination Du" essentially means obeying the middle way. Classic, that is, routine and daily. Throughout his life, "fate" has a good understanding of "sex" and preserves nature.
Zhuangzi said that human life is limited, but human desire is infinite. Pursuing and satisfying infinite desires with limited life will inevitably lead to exhaustion and pain. Now that you know this truth, it is really dangerous to continue trying to satisfy your desires! Therefore, Zhuangzi taught people that if they do good deeds without coveting fame and fortune, they will not be punished if they do bad things. If they follow the way of nature as a routine health preservation method, they can save their lives, their nature, their parents and their lives.
Chen Guying believes that from the context, "adoptive parents" has nothing to do with the concept of "health care", and "pro" is a foreign word of "body", which translates into "health care". Some of them are interpreted as "not hurting parents". The author thinks that Zhuangzi's original intention is to "support his parents", which needs no interpretation. Keeping in good health for a lifetime has already had the significance of keeping fit. Zhuangzi advocated keeping in good health, but he did not oppose filial piety. In The Life of Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi said through the mouth of Confucius: "There are two great commandments in the world: one is life; First, righteousness is also. The love of children's relatives, life also, can not be solved in the heart; I'm just doing things, but I'm at a loss, and nothing escapes between heaven and earth. It is called the Great Ring. " In this section, Zhuangzi pointed out that as long as the good has no near name, the evil has no near punishment, and the governor's orders, he can preserve his body and nature, support his parents (be filial), and finally enjoy life.
Chen Guying quoted Wang Shumin's explanation of Zhuangzi in the Notes to the Present and the Translation to the Present of Zhuangzi, saying that "goodness has no near name, and evil has no near punishment". "Guo Xiang, SiMaBiao since the note, or talk, or disorderly batch, may not achieve the purpose of Zhuangzi. Min tried to make a new explanation: "The so-called good and evil are all based on health preservation. Good is keeping in good health, and evil is not keeping in good health. Goodness has no near name', which means that good health is far from false', such as good health and long life, which is called exaggeration; No near punishment is evil' means' poor health is not close to disability', fatigue, mental deficit and the like, so-called disability is also. This explanation may be more practical. The title of the article is "Master of Health Care", so the word good and evil is self-contained in health care. If it weren't for health care, there would be many arguments and differences. "
Second, lifestyle, handy.
The first fable in Master Zhuangzi's Health Preservation is an expert who knows cows.
My master helped Wen Wen learn the way of keeping in good health through communication with my master. What kind of health care is this?
"Dong" is the chef and "Ding" is the chef's name. Touching, following, stepping and squatting (yǐ) are all my movements when I am proficient in understanding cows. Hu, of course, is the voice of separation of flesh and blood; Xiangran is the appearance of multiple voices echoing each other. Play with the knife. Hey. Suddenly, he quickly explained the cow's voice with a knife. The middle (zhòng) sound conforms to the rhythm of music. "Sanglin" is a musical title in the legends of Shang Dynasty, and "Sanglin Dance" is a dance accompanied by Sanglin music. "Jingshou" is the legendary music name in the era of Emperor Yao, which means music rhythm and rhythm. We (xρ), a variant of the word "Xi", exclaim.
When I was slaughtering cattle for Wen, there was a creaking sound where my hand touched, where my shoulder leaned, where my foot stepped and where my knee leaned. The sound of brushing when I was feeding the knife was like a wonderful musical melody, which was in line with the rhythm of Sanglin and the melody of Beijing Capital.
Wen was fascinated and said, "hey, wonderful!" Wonderful! How did you reach such a superb level? "
After Buddhism was introduced into China, people in China borrowed the word "goodness" when translating Buddhist scriptures. We often hear Buddhists often say "good, good", which is from this.
"Let go" means let go. "Official Zhi Zhi is eager to do things", and the official is the organ, which refers to the eyes here; Knowledge is perception, here refers to vision; God is spirit and mind. "Tian Li" is not heaven, but refers to the natural texture, here refers to the natural structure of cattle. The word "batch" means attack, and "batch" leads to "gap", which refers to the gap between the tendon and bone of cattle. "Leading the way" in The Big Bang (Ku N) is leading the way and leading the way; "Li" is a gap, which refers to the larger cavity between the joints of cattle body. The "cause" of "because of its curriculum" is to follow, not to follow; "Of course", if so, if so.
"Shu Jing" refers to the place where meridians meet, and "Shu" is followed by "branch" and refers to branch; Meridian is a meridian; Ken is meat attached to bones; Qǐng is a place where flesh and blood are closely linked. "Never" means never trying. Gū is a hard big bone. "xíng" is a grindstone. "Interval" is the gap and gap. "Hui Hui" is a broad expectation. "Blade" refers to the operating blade. The "home" here means that the joints and tendons meet at the wrong place. "Fear" means not to be afraid, but to be cautious and alert. "huò ran" is the way that cattle decompose and bones dissolve. "Committee" is accumulation. "Full of ambition" is a leisurely look. A "good knife" is to clean the knife carefully and then put it away.
After listening to my words, Wen Huijun said, "Great, I got the truth of keeping in good health from your words."
What did my master say? What is the principle of keeping in good health? We understand my words carefully, and we can get some enlightenment:
First, we must master the law of all things, that is, Tao. Proficient in the avenue, technology in it, superb. My master said that he likes to explore the law of understanding cows. If he grasps this rule, he will be more advanced than ordinary people. When he started to decompose the cow, he saw a whole cow. Three years later, I have never seen the whole cow again. What I see is all parts and blood vessels of cattle. Master the Tao, don't look with your eyes, just touch it with your heart and bring the letter with your heart, and you will naturally untie the cow. The Confucian classic "University" said: "Things have a beginning and an end, and things have an end. If you know my order, you will find a shortcut. " Cows are like this, medical care is like this, and everything in the world is like this.
My understanding of cows has gone through three realms: the first is that when I first met cows, "what I saw was nothing more than the whole cow", and what I saw was cows; The second is that after three years, "I haven't seen the whole cow", but I didn't see the whole cow; Thirdly, after more than ten years' practice, "At this time, I met God instead of him, and Zhi Zhi was an official, so I had to do something", which has reached a superb level. This is true of cows, and so is medical care. My three realms are similar to Buddhism, that is, "seeing mountains is mountains, seeing mountains is not mountains, and seeing mountains is mountains."
Second, if you master the avenue, you can solve the problem and survive in the world. My master said that after he mastered the method of understanding cattle, the ox-solving knife hit the big gap between muscles and bones according to the natural physiological structure of cattle, guided the knife to the big gap between joints, and dissected along the natural structure of cattle; I have never collided with the place where the meridians gather and the flesh and blood are closely connected, let alone those big bones! So his knife never broke. Cow joints and even joints have gaps, and the blade has almost no thickness. Inserting a thin blade between the joint and the joint with a gap is generous and has room for blade operation and rotation. However, the process of self-cultivation will not be smooth sailing, nor will it happen overnight, and it is inevitable that various abnormal situations will be encountered. In this case, my skilled handling method is that whenever the tendons and joints meet the wrong place and it is difficult to cut, I am extra careful, dare not be careless, focus on my eyes, move slowly and have a slight knife. In the end, the whole cow collapsed completely, just like a pile of dirt on the ground.
Third, mastering the avenue is the perfect life. Looking back on the whole process of understanding cattle, we can realize that mastering the "Tao" of understanding cattle is the key link to know a good cow. If you master the way to understand cattle, you can master the way to understand cattle. Even if you don't have to stare at it with your eyes, you can only rely on consciousness and spirit to command the ox knife to complete the task of understanding the ox. Of course, in this process, we will encounter all kinds of abnormal situations, but as long as we follow the basic laws of understanding cows and are careful, we will eventually complete the task of understanding cows. Those who master and understand the Tao of cattle not only have a good understanding of cattle, but also improve and enrich the Tao. For ordinary chefs, change a knife every month; Even a chef with better technical training has to change a knife every year. For me, a master who knows cows, he has worked for 19 years and solved thousands of cows, but his knife still looks like it has just been sharpened. A man who has mastered the Tao is consistent, looking around and full of ambition. Without mastering the Tao, there would be no such result. Even a good cook has to change a knife every year, because it is used to cut meat; Ordinary chefs change a knife every month, because they cut bones with a knife. I used a knife of 19 years, and killed thousands of cows. The blade is as sharp as if it had just been ground from a grindstone.
Human society is as complicated as the bones and muscles of cattle. Being in the world, you should be like an expert, because it is natural, depends on the sky, and is hidden for the good of the police, so you can do it with ease. The way to know about cows is the way to keep fit.
Third, the one-legged right teacher
Wen Wenxuan was surprised to see the right teacher with one foot. This is the first time that Zhuangzi has written about disabled people. The purpose is to let people get rid of the concept of disability, but to establish the concept of moral first. In "De Chong Fu", Zhuangzi used the whole article to develop this theme (Chen Guying's Note on Zhuangzi Today).
Official document announcement, it is said that it is a Song people, and the official document has a compound surname and a name announcement. Right division is the official name. Valerie Du has only one foot. Here, here, here.
Wen Wenxuan was surprised to see Teacher You and said, "Who is this? Why only one foot? Are you born with only one foot, or have you lost one foot for human reasons? " Guan Wenxuan thought about it (according to the context, this is not what Teacher You is talking about) and said, "It should be born, providence, not man-made. It is fate that makes him have only one foot. People's looks are given by heaven, so we know that they should be born, not artificial. "
This fable is very simple. What does Zhuang Zi want to explain? According to Zhuangzi's description in "Telford Fu", he probably just wanted to say that people's appearance is given by heaven. "People's appearance has both", but the loss of appearance does not mean that virtue is also lost. Many people who lose their appearance have high virtue; Good-looking people are not necessarily virtuous. Perhaps, Zhuangzi is in the foreshadowing.
After this fable, there is another sentence that is also somewhat puzzling.
A pheasant is a pheasant, or pheasant. Pray, hope. Livestock, feeding. Fans, cages. The communication between "Wang" and "Wang" is vigorous and powerful.
The pheasant in the grass can only peck at the food after ten steps, and can only drink a mouthful of water after hundreds of steps, but it doesn't want to be locked in a cage at all. Living in a cage, although you don't have to struggle to find food, your expression and energy are also very strong, but it is uncomfortable and not a good thing.
Chen Guying quoted Han Shi Zhuan as saying, "Didn't you see Ozawa's success? Five steps and a peck, still full all day, the feathers are pleasing, the sun and the moon shine, the wings contend, and the sound is in Ling Ze. Why (also)? He is satisfied with his ambition. In the warehouse of the aid home, I often peck at millet, but sometimes I get full. However, my feathers are gaunt, my ambition is beautiful, and my head is silent. Husband can't eat well? He can't do it. "
But this paragraph has little to do with the meaning of "seeing the right teacher in the official document". Its explanation is that it would rather be free than bound and bound. This meaning is similar to the meaning of "I want to pull my tail" in Zhuangzi Qiushui. So maybe the editor or copywriter made a mistake.
Fourth, harmony is different, and sorrow and joy are unbearable.
Zhuangzi is really a master of fable writing. He arranged Lao Dan into his story.
It should be noted that the Taoists in China believe that Zhuangzi inherited the Tao of Laozi, regarded Laozi as the originator of Taoism, and regarded Zhuangzi as an important inheritor of Taoism. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhuangzi was even called the Southern Classic. However, according to Zhuangzi Tianxia, Guanyin and Lao Dan belong to the same school. They "take this as essence, take things as coarse, take product as insufficient, and live alone with God"; Zhuang Zhou is a school of his own. "Lonely and invisible, heartless and lifeless?" Life and? Heaven and earth and? The gods are leaving? What is this? What's wrong with it? Everything is not enough in return. Learning from the ancient road, Zhuang Zhou heard the wind and welcomed it. "In Zhuangzi, although the story of Lao Dan has been recorded many times, it doesn't mean that Zhuangzi is Lao Dan's successor.
According to legend, Lao Dan is Lao Zi, a native of Chu, and his surname is Li Minger. Qin Gui, also known as "Qin Gui", is probably a friend of Lao Dan or a fictional character of Zhuangzi. No, it means crying loudly. Item just meant. Peter refers to those who cry; So, the reason is ... Will, let's get together and touch. Escape, escape, violate; "Double" means "back" and betrayal. Forget what they have suffered, to the effect that they have forgotten the truth commanded by God. Escaping punishment means that excessive sentimentality will inevitably go against the way of nature and lead to mistakes. Emperor refers to the God of Heaven, the Lord of all things. "County" is connected with "suspension", and "the solution of emperor county" still means "natural liberation". Xuan Ying's explanation of the South China in the Qing Dynasty said: "People suffer from life and death, just like hanging upside down; If you forget life and death, the county will solve it. "
When he died, Qin lost his mourning and cried a few times and came out. Qin Shihuang's disciples asked, "Isn't Lao Dan your friend?" Qin Shi said, "Yes." The disciples asked again, "Is it okay to mourn your friends like this?" Qin Shi said, "Yes. At first, I thought Lao Dan was a perfect person, but now it seems that he is not. Just now, I went in to pay my respects and saw an old man crying for him, just like crying for his own child. There are young people crying about him, just like crying about their parents. Mourners gathered here, crying so sadly, it must be emotional persistence, crying instead of crying. These people have forgotten a truth, that people are inherited by nature and are determined by heaven. In ancient times, people called it punishment for deviating from nature. When it comes, Lao Dan should be born in time; At that time, Lao Dan will go at the right time. If you are content to obey the natural changes, you will not be able to enter your heart. In ancient times, people called this the pain of hanging upside down. "
At first, I thought he was a man. In Tang Dynasty, Wen Ruhai wrote South China Miao as "knowing people", and Chen Guying changed "knowing people" to "knowing people" in Notes on Zhuangzi. At first, I thought it was a person-Zhuangzi had put forward the classification of "knowing people" and "saints" in "Happy Travel"-probably in Qin's view, if it was a person, then so many people should not come to his funeral.
In Zhuangzi's view, the human body is inherited from nature and heaven, just like a right teacher with one foot. It is a natural phenomenon that people are born and die. However, those who came to cry for Lao Dan cried like this. This is an act of being good at life and evil at death, which is forgetting the truth of God's will. So Zhuangzi thinks that life and death is a matter of adapting to the weather. Only "peace", naturally there is no bondage, just like getting rid of the pain of hanging upside down.
After this fable, there is still a passage that seems to have little to do with the significance of this article.
"Finger" should mean "fat", which is used for salary soaking and belongs to fire. Wen Yiduo said: "In ancient times, there were no candles, but they were all burned with animal fat, called candles and salaries." Poverty means fatigue. The meaning of this sentence is that the oil soaked in firewood will eventually burn out, but the fire will not go out and will still spread to infinity.
Wage is a fire, just like human body and spirit or avenue. The human body can die, but the spirit and avenue will not die, just as the torch can burn out, but the fire will not go out.
This is the inheritance of culture and civilization. It is always passed down from generation to generation or even countless generations to maintain the continuity of culture and civilization. Civilization continues, and human beings continue to make sense, and history becomes beautiful. The continuation of the Chinese nation does not depend on the replacement of political power-of course, the replacement of political power will have an effect on the continuation of civilization-but more on the continuation of thought, culture and civilization.
This is where the idiom "do what you can" or "pass it on from generation to generation" comes from, which is also the basic meaning of this idiom.