"Mandarin? Zheng Yu Volume 16

Duke Huan is Stuart (1), who has won the favor of Zhonghe Zhou orientals (2). He asked Shi Bo (3), "How can the royal family escape death with so much trouble?" But he said, "The royal family must be humble, and tolerance and virtue cannot be forced. ……"

Gong said, "What are the disadvantages of Zhou?" Yes, he said, "those who are in danger will be hurt." "Qin Shi" says: "Heaven will follow people's wishes. "Today the king abandoned clever, Zhao Xian (5), and don't know it. The evil rhinoceros horn is abundant, and the urchin is poor and solid. Go to peace and take the same. Husband is as unruly as in real life. He is equal to what he calls the sum, so he can get rich and return things; If we take advantage of the same advantage, we will abandon it. Therefore, the former king and Jin Mu were mixed with fire and water, with everything, five flavors to adjust their mouths, just four guards, six methods to listen to the ear, seven to serve the heart, eight to cultivate people, nine to establish purity and morality, and ten to practice a hundred bodies. Thousands of products, 10 thousand square meters, hundreds of millions of things, materials and things, people, and excellent. Therefore, you live in the field of jiusan, and the people who receive the classics can eat it. Zhou Xun is as happy as one. Husband, this will be harmonious. As a result, Mr. Wang was hired by a different surname, seeking money wisely, choosing ministers to remonstrate with workers, and talking more about things, services and similarities. I heard nothing, wrote nothing, tasted nothing and said nothing. The king will abandon the class and be the same. What do you get if you want to be innocent?

To annotate ...

① Duke Huan: Zheng Huangong, when you were king, you worked as Stuart in the Zhou family. ② Eastern soil: refers to the area east of Shaanxi. ③ Shi Bo: Bai Yang and Zhou Taishi. 4 Qin Shi: refers to Shangshu? Zhou Shu? Qin Shi. ⑤ Wang: ⑥ Six methods: refers to the twelve methods of Yang Yin, that is, the six laws of Huang Zhong, Da Li, Fu, Bin, Yi Ze and No Shooting. Seven orifices: refers to the seven orifices of human ears, eyes, mouth and nose. Eighty-eight places: fingers, abdomen, feet, thighs, eyes, mouth, ears and hands. The ancients used eight parts of the human body to gossip. Nine poles refer to human internal organs, namely heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestine, gallbladder and bladder. Attending ten: ten people, including Wang, Gong, Doctor, Scholar, Soap, Li, Liao, Servant and Taiwan. ⑾ ⑾: Eight poles and nine poles are added to the Central Committee. Refers to the vast land of Kyushu. ⑿: autocracy.

explain

Zheng Huangong was appointed as Stuart in Zhou Youwang, which won the hearts of the people of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. He asked Shi Bo, "The royal family of the Zhou Dynasty was in trouble. I'm afraid it will fall on me. Where can I escape death? " Shi Bo said, "The royal family of Zhou Dynasty will perish, and Rong Di will prosper. We can't go near them. "

……

Duke Huan said, "Will the Zhou Dynasty decline?" Shi Bo replied: "It will almost certainly decline." Shangshu? Zhou Shu? Qin vowed:' God will obey what the people want.' Nowadays, Zhou Youwang abandons aboveboard and virtuous people, likes to sow dissension among evil and insidious people, hates intelligent and upright people, keeps close to stupid and humble people, refuses correct opinions that are inconsistent with his own, and adopts the same erroneous remarks as himself. In fact, harmony can produce everything, and unity cannot develop. Coordinating and balancing different things is called harmony, so it can enrich development and unify everything; If you add up the same things, it's over when you run out. Therefore, the first king combined earth with gold, wood, water and fire, and gave birth to everything. Therefore, the five flavors blend to suit people's taste, the limbs are strong to defend the body, the six laws are harmonized to please people's voices, the seven orifices are to serve the heart, the eight parts are coordinated to make people complete, the nine dirty parts are set to establish morality, and the ten products are synthesized to serve the officials. As a result, there are thousands of flavors, thousands of methods, hundreds of millions of things, trillions of property management, trillions of income and countless actions. Therefore, the king owns the vast land of Kyushu, earns income to feed all the people, educates and uses them loyally, and makes them happy as a family. In this case, it is the culmination of harmony. Therefore, the late king hired a queen from a family with different surnames, traveled around to obtain wealth and goods, chose people who dared to speak out directly to be officials, and handled many things, striving for harmony rather than sameness. It's just a sound with no content to listen to, just a color without literary color, just a taste that is not delicious, just a thing that cannot be measured and compared. On the other hand, Zhou Youwang wants to abandon the law of harmony and prefer to remain the same. God deprived him of his intelligence. Is it possible not to decline?

Zuozhuan? Twenty years in Zhao Gong. "

Qi Hou went to Tian Zi. Yan Zi is waiting on the platform, and his son is still making progress. Gong said, "Just me and my husband?" Yan Zi said to him, "The evidence is the same. How can we reconcile it?" Gong said, "Harmony is unusual?" Right: "It's different. Harmony is like soup Water, fire, acyl, sugar, medlar, plum (3), cooking fish, explaining by salary (4), killing a husband to make it taste, helping him not to diarrhea (5) and calming his heart. The same is true of monarchs and subjects. The so-called "yes" and "no" Whether my proposal can be realized, the so-called "no" of the army can be ignored. I asked whether it could be realized. It is based on political peace and inaction, and the people have no ambition. Therefore, the poem says:' There is also the soup of peace, which is both flat and flat. Always silent, sometimes arguing. "The help of the first king, mixed feelings, to calm down, into its politics. Sound is also like taste. One breath, two body ⑨, three categories, four objects ⑩, five tones, six rhythms, seven tones ⑾, eight winds and nine songs ⑿ complement each other. Clear and turbid, small and big, short and long, fast, sad and happy, rigid and soft, slow, competitive, out and in, sparse, so as to help each other. A gentleman listens to it to calm his heart and mind. Therefore, the poem says' Virtue is flawless'. "This is not the case. When you say "yes", you mean "yes". If you say no, you can't. Water gives water. Who can eat and listen to the piano? The same is true. "

To annotate ...

① Qi Hou: refers to Qi Jinggong. Tian: Hunting. ② According to Liang Qiu, that is, the child is still alive. ③ Acyl: the old name of vinegar. Sugar: meat sauce. 4 explanation: cooking. Butcher: Chef. ⑥ No: No dedication: Suggestions. ⑦ Don't do it: Don't disturb it. 8 Look at the Book of Songs? Shang song? Fierce ancestor, warning: prepare. Ping: OK. Hey: The Book of Songs is fake. Arrive; "There is always nothing to say, and there is no time to argue." When China's classical sake and soup are ready, people will come to eat them. There is nothing to argue about. This quotation from the Book of Songs ends the argument between harmony and soup. Next round and five tones. ⑨ Qi: Sound needs qi. Two-body: music has rigid and soft yin and yang; Speaking of music and dance, there are two bodies: literature and martial arts, and literature and martial arts. Attending three categories: The Book of Songs has three categories: wind, elegance and ode. Four things: musical instruments are made of gold, stone, silk and bamboo. ⑾ Five tones: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu. Six methods: Huang Zhong, Li Da, Gu Xi, Bin, Yi Ze, and no shooting. Seven tones: five tones plus changes in the house and constellation. ⑿ Eight winds: Eight winds. Jiuge: Songs about nine virtues of achievement: water, fire, wood, gold, earth, hub, virtue, utilization and health. [13] Week: dense. [14] See The Book of Songs? The wind of darkness? Postscript of Wolf, Deyin: There is a voice of virtue. Defect: jade's illness. No defect: no disease in speech.

explain

Gong Jing came back from hunting, Yan Zi served in Taiwan Province, and Liang Yinqiu also drove here. Gong Jing said: "Only Liang Yinqiu and I hit it off!" Yan Zi replied, "Liang and Shan are the same. Where can we say harmony? " Gong Jing said, "Is there a difference between harmony and sameness?" Yan Zi replied, "There is a difference. Harmony is like making broth, cooking fish and meat with water, fire, vinegar, sauce, salt, plum and firewood. The chef mixed various flavors to make them just right. If the taste is not enough, add seasoning; If the taste is too strong, reduce the seasoning. The gentleman ate the broth to calm his mind. The same is true of the relationship between the monarch and his subjects. What the monarch thinks can be done, including what can't be done, and what the minister points out can't be done, so that it can be more complete; What the monarch thinks impossible also includes possible, which is suggested by the liegeman and impossible to get rid of. Therefore, political peace does not violate etiquette, and the people have no intention of fighting. So the Book of Songs? Shang song? The ancestors said:' There is another good soup that is harmonious, and the five flavors are well blended and moderate. Sacrifice to the gods to enjoy, live in harmony without fighting. "The former king made the five flavors harmonious and made the five tones harmonious and beautiful, which was used to calm the mind and achieve political achievements. The authenticity of music, like taste, is composed of three kinds of four things, five tones, six tones, seven tones, eight winds and nine songs, which are turbid, small, short, fast, rigid, fast, competitive, fluent and sparse. A gentleman can calm his mind after listening to such music. Inner peace leads to the harmony of virtue. So the Book of Songs? The wind of darkness? The postscript of the wolf says,' Good music is flawless.' Liang Yinqiu is not like this now. The monarch thought he could, and he also said he could; What the monarch thought impossible, he also said impossible. Who can eat water mixed with water? If you keep playing a tone on the harp, who can hear it? It shouldn't be the same, like this. "

Harmony appeared in the category of "harmony" in China's ancient philosophy. An earlier record can be found in Mandarin? Mining-team ",Shi Bo, the Western Zhou Dynasty Taishi, pointed out that the Western Zhou Dynasty would die when analyzing world affairs for Zheng Huangong. The reason is that the king of Zhou is a villain and a far-reaching minister, regardless of the wishes of the people, "and take the same." Shi Bo thinks: "Harmony with real creatures will not last. Put "harmony" and "similarity" as opposing categories. What is "harmony"? What is "communication"? What is the essential difference between the two? Shi Bo thought: "If we take him as the sum, we can be rich and return to things." And give an example to analyze: "Jin Mu's fire, water and soil can cooperate to generate everything;" "Sweet, sour, bitter, spicy and salty flavors can satisfy people's tastes, the coordination of six melodies can be pleasing to the ear, and the correction of seven orifices can be convincing ..." In short, "harmony" means integrating various factors to make them cooperate with each other to form new things or achieve ideal results.

Shi Bo also demonstrated the problems of "harmony" and "sameness" from the opposite side: only one kind of sound can't hear beautiful music, only one kind of thing can't make the world colorful, only one kind of taste can't taste delicious fruits, and only one kind of thing can't be compared. On the other hand, only by allowing different things to exist can there be contrast, competition, development and improvement, and a colorful and prosperous situation can be created. This is the so-called "harmonious creature"; Otherwise, it will fall into a monotonous, boring, depressed, cold and even dead situation, which is the so-called "not the same."

Therefore. Shi Bo's so-called "harmony" includes diversity, acknowledging differences and even conflicts, but ultimately it is necessary to achieve the highest level of unity and coordination, that is, "harmony". This meaning is summed up in the present words, and "harmony" means "diversity and unity"

Qi inherited and developed the viewpoint more than 200 years later. Yan Zi, like Shi Bo, should give an example when answering the question of "harmony but similarity" of Qi Hou. However, Yan Zi is more specific and thinks that the monarch's ability to govern the country is more reasonable and scientific. Yan Zi believes that in order to get delicious food, chefs must use different flavors to make soup. Musicians must integrate different musical elements and coordinate different characteristic sounds in order to create wonderful music. The same is true for kings to govern the country. When making decisions and issuing orders, we should be good at listening to different opinions, positive opinions and negative opinions. Only in this way can we learn from each other's strengths, make decisions or orders more perfect and reasonable, and achieve a harmonious situation between the monarch and the minister at a higher level.

Later, Shi Bo and Yan Zi's thought of "harmony but difference" was promoted by Confucius to the standard of distinguishing gentlemen from villains: "Gentlemen are harmonious but different, villains are the same but not harmonious. ("The Analects? "Lutz" means that in dealing with people, the correct way should be to stick to principles, not to exclude different opinions, and to reach a kind of * * * knowledge in mutual arguments, rather than pretending to follow suit.

So to sum up, the basic meaning of "harmony" is to fully respect creative differences, handle all kinds of complex contradictions cautiously, learn from different opinions extensively, and learn from others' strengths, so as to achieve the ideal state-harmony. It is in this sense that "harmony" is associated with all beautiful things, such as harmony, tranquility, harmony, kindness, beauty, harmony, harmony, gentleness, tenderness and affinity. Therefore, "harmony" is regarded as the aesthetic ideal and the highest state of China culture.

As an aesthetic ideal and the highest state, "harmony" first means that people's body and mind (including physiology and psychology) are in the best state. "The Doctrine of the Mean" said: "The joys and sorrows are in the middle; All the hair is in the middle section, called and. If you are in the middle, you are the biggest in the world; He who is in harmony is also in the world. Neutral, the status of Heaven is awkward, and everything breeds. "

The so-called "neutrality" here refers to the state of natural persons; The so-called "harmony" refers to the ideal state of social people who are calm and natural in accordance with the rules of etiquette. To achieve this state, people must be peaceful and calm, and then heaven and earth will be in their proper places, and everything will grow and develop.

Secondly, "harmony" refers to the best state of getting along with people. Confucius' disciple Youzi put forward that "the use of ceremony, harmony is precious; Wang Zhidao is the first and Sri Lanka is beautiful. " ("The Analects? Learn and "). Mencius put forward that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony." ("Mencius? Under the ugly sun "). The "harmony" of having a son means that the former king ruled the country with propriety and justice, and the beautiful ideal he pursued was harmony; Mencius' "harmony between people" refers to the harmonious unity between people, and Qi Xin's unity between people is the decisive condition for victory. Later, Xunzi believed that the reason why people are "the most expensive in the world" is that people can be "harmonious", and "harmony is one, and one has more rights and responsibilities, and strength is better than things." ("Xunzi? Harmony and coordination between people can unite as one, unite as one, be strong and overcome foreign things. Zhuangzi of Taoism once said: "It is fun to be at peace with others; Harmony with heaven is called Tianle. " ("Zhuangzi? Heaven "). He regards "harmony" as the root of happiness, and with "harmony" there is happiness. Harmony between people and between people and nature will make people feel happy and comfortable.

Thirdly, "harmony" also refers to the best state between people and society. Pre-Qin thinkers regarded "harmony" as the highest principle of political ethics and the political effect that should be achieved. "History? Yao Dian said, "Be honest and virtuous, and take charge of your own family. Nine families live in peace, and the people live in peace. The people are bright, harmonious, and the people are always changing. "Emphasize that we must first manage our own clan, make it United and harmonious, and unite as one; Then govern their vassal States and coordinate their relations. In this way, the people in the world are as friendly as one family. This is a very ideal social form, with family harmony and national peace. Everyone does his job and does his best, and there is no conflict with each other. Like the Book of Rites? As described in "Li Yun": "The four bodies are upright, the skin is full of leather, and people are fat. "What a wonderful paradise on earth! (Fat, prosperous, meaning wealth), such as The Book of Rites? " Liu Yun is safe, not smooth, still eating and obese. " )

Finally, "harmony" also means that the relationship between man and nature is in a state of balance. Ancient thinkers in China believed that the universe was an organic whole, interdependent and supportive. Only in a harmonious relationship can they find their place, develop and live endlessly, that is, as the golden mean says, "everything grows without harming each other, and the Tao runs parallel without contradicting each other" ... The reason why this universe is great. Xunzi developed this view and promoted it to: "Everything is born in harmony, and each has its own support." ("Xunzi?" JIU· Ge "), this is a beautiful ideal of mankind.

In fact, from pre-Qin hundred schools of thought, through Confucian classics, metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties to Puxue in Qing Dynasty, based on Confucian culture, various schools and folk beliefs exchanged and stirred up each other, forming a profound traditional culture in China, which embodies the concept of "harmony but difference".

Although the ancients' view of harmonious society in the period of agricultural civilization has historical limitations, it is a great ideal that the Chinese nation has been pursuing for thousands of years. Even today, it can still be an important reference for building a harmonious socialist society in China. The famous British historian Toynbee once said, "Human beings have mastered the high-tech means to destroy themselves, and at the same time they are in the camp of extremely opposing political ideologies. The most needed spirit is the essence of Chinese civilization-harmony. Therefore, harmony is precious, harmony is precious, harmony is precious, harmony is for the people, harmony is different, and harmony is precious, which is still of great value in the pursuit of peaceful development today. " (Toynbee's Historical Research, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986)

"Mandarin? Zheng Yu said: "If husband and truth are the same, they will not be continued. "The view that everything comes from miscellaneous things has also been confirmed by modern scientific research institutes: consanguineous marriage has no good result; Distant hybridization has great advantages. " Heterosis is the basic law of biology. Everything is the same. Therefore, many marginal sciences have emerged and many frontier scientific problems have been broken through. The same is true of learning and Tao.

Excerpted from:/blog/static/3196522420089210010864/