brief introduction

Taoist theoretical works in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Written by Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Ge Hong (284 ~ 364), a native of Zichuan, was a scholar and writer in Jin Dynasty. Jurong was born in Danyang (now Jiangsu). He used to be the main book of Stuart Wang Dao, and he was also called a regular rider and a big book. Then I went to Guangzhou and made an alchemy in Luofushan.

There are 20 "inner chapters" in Bao Puzi. Discuss immortals, alchemy, Zuo Fu and other things, claiming to be "a Taoist"; There are 50 articles in "foreign languages", which discuss "the gains and losses of current politics and obscure personnel" and call themselves "Confucianism". In the "foreign articles", the strategist, Shang Bo, Ci, satellites and so on all have the content of literary theory criticism.

Literary thoughts

Ge Hong's literary thought was deeply influenced by Wang Chong and Lu Ji and developed. He asked the article to play a social role, change customs and satirize mistakes. People think that "speakers are more expensive than teaching assistants, but not as high as collecting occasional customs" (Ying Chao). He opposes the value of ancient times and the inferiority of modern people, and thinks that modern people are superior to ancient times, pointing out that "the collection of political affairs is not as rich and beautiful as modern masterpieces." However, it is not as beautiful as Shanglin, fishing and hunting, Erjing and Sandu. Fu Bo also "("Shi Jun "). He believes that the literary atmosphere should go with the times, pointing out that "everything in ancient times is mellow, and now it is necessary to carve and modify it, and the times will move naturally" (Shi Jun). Ge Hong advocates that literary creation should be decorated with words, and that both morality and literature should be paid equal attention. He said: "The article is as good as virtue, as good as ten feet and ten feet, which means the rest are unheard of." He further put forward the argument that "you don't have to be expensive, but you don't have to be ignorant" (Shang Bo), thus breaking through the ideological barriers of Confucianism at the end of this article.

The value of baopuzi

Bao Puzi summed up the immortal theory since the Warring States period, and then established the Taoist immortal theory system. He also inherited Wei Boyang's alchemy theory and collected the alchemy achievements in Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is also a valuable material for studying the history of Taoism and thought in China before the Jin Dynasty.

Content classification

"inner chapter" and "outer chapter"

Bao Puzi's inner chapter mainly tells the story of immortal prescription, ghost change, health preservation and longevity, and disaster treatment, which belongs to Taoism. Its contents can be summarized as follows: discussing the universe itself, demonstrating the existence of immortals, discussing the production methods and applications of Dan medicine and panacea, discussing the study and application of various formulas, discussing various bibliographies of Taoist scriptures, and explaining the universality of world practice.

Biography of Bao Puzi mainly talks about various things in society, which belongs to the category of Confucianism, and also shows the development track of the author's thought that Confucianism precedes Taoism. Its content can be summarized as follows: on the gain and loss of the world, mocking the secular, and stressing the law of governing the people; Commenting on whether there are hidden things in the world, advocating that the hidden things should be treated with time, self-denial and thinking of the monarch; On remonstrating Ren Xian's ability, loving the people and abstinence, and monopolizing power; On being born free from vulgarity, writing books with cultivation and so on. In a word, Bao Puzi integrated metaphysics with Taoist theology, alchemy with elixir, elixir with symbol, Confucianism with immortals, thus establishing the theoretical system of Taoist immortals.

Ge Hong proposed that cultivating immortals should be good, meritorious and charitable. In Bao Puzi, it is emphasized that people can't just start from practicing martial arts, and their aspirations in life can't just be hidden in the mountains. If they really want to cultivate immortality, they must make contributions, cultivate their morality, and rule the country. Advocating to realize spiritual liberation and physical take-off in real social life can not only help the world at once, but also be extraordinary. For example, he said, "The staff sergeant is in the three armies, the sergeant is in the city, and the corporal is in the mountains." He believes that self-cultivation can not only protect morality and lead to longevity, but also govern the world and lead to peace. Immortality can also be achieved through cultivation, and the greatest filial piety is that the body is not harmed.

The titles and volumes of Ge Hong's works are as follows: 20 volumes of Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, 50 volumes of Bao Puzi's Outer Chapter, 65,438+00 volumes of Biography of Immortals, Biography of Hermits, Biography of Good Officials, Collection of Different Biographies, 30 volumes of the Table of Changing Chapters, and Monument. In addition, there are Bao Puzi's health theory, Da Dan's Questions and Answers, Ge Hong's Notes on the Pillow, Zhi Chuan's True Story, Bao Puzi's Golden Dog Classic, Ge Zhichuan's Jin Ben Wan Ling and Liu Ge's Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing. Most of the above works are dead. There are 13 kinds of Ge Hong's works, some of which were wrongly titled or entrusted by later generations, but most of them were written by Ge Hong.

The number of volumes of Bao Puzi

The book "The Outer Chapter of Bao Puzi" was written and appeared earlier than "The Inner Chapter of Bao Puzi".

The Taoist priest carved two books in one place, and after the inner chapter and before the outer chapter, there was a kind of "holding the park and leaving the ambition". Ming people carved this book and took it out of the Taoist scriptures, which is always called Bao Puzi.

According to Ge Hongchuan of the Book of Jin, Bao Puzi has 1 16 internal and external original articles. Today, this book has not been finished, and more than 40 articles have been lost. Yan Kejun said in the Manuscript of Iron Bridge Man and The Story of Lotus Niche Holding a Garden: "There are only fifteen or six internal chapters and thirteen or four external chapters in this edition."

Ge Hongxu, before the internal volume, is called the internal volume 20. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, also known as Neipian (2 1) and Yin Yin (1), belongs to Taoism. The Book of New Tang Dynasty, History of Classics and Records of Daoism is called Neipian and has 10 followers. Song Shi Yi Wen Zhi Miscellaneous Notes is called "internal chapter", with a total of 20 volumes. "County Zhai Du Zhi" is called "Inner Chapter", with 20 volumes. There are 20 volumes recorded in the past dynasties, and the internal chapter was originally 20 volumes. There are 20 books collected in the Taoist temple, one for each book, and 20 books * * *.

After the foreign chapter is Ge Hong's autobiography, called the foreign chapter fifty volumes. Sui Shu's Annals of Classics and Records is called a foreign chapter, with a total of 30 volumes, and is listed as a "saint". The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Jing Ji Zhi, Zawen is called Waipian and has twenty volumes.

Song Shi Yi Wen Zhi Zawen is called an external article, with 50 volumes in total. Chao formula "Du Shu Zhi" is called "External Chapter" and has 10 volume. Chen's "Book Record Interpretation" said: "There are 50 volumes in the pavilion bibliography, which have never been seen before." There are different opinions about the altar. The foreign articles collected by the Taoist Collection are 50 volumes, which is consistent with the self-report.

The basic content of "inner chapter"

Ge Hong wrote the book "Introduction to the Theory of Immortality" because there are many argots in Taoist books, and Taoists assume that there are many liars. "Neipian" takes metaphysics, Taoism and unity as the universe ontology, demonstrates the existence of immortals, and puts forward that Taoism is the foundation of Confucianism. Prepare techniques such as elixir of life, yellow and white, crossing the valley, medication, guidance, seclusion, change, service, meditation, calling gods, symbols, riding and jumping. It combines alchemy of Han, Jin and Jin, and is mixed with knowledge of medicine and chemistry. It is an important material for studying the history of ancient Taoism and science and technology in China.

The first volume of Chang Xuan discusses the "Xuan" of the universe itself and holds that "Xuan" is the ancestor of all things in the world. Important people "think of mysterious ways". If they are called mysterious, they will live forever. His theory interacted with metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

The second volume on immortals demonstrates that immortals exist and can become immortals, refuting people's doubts about immortals.

The third volume of Duihua continues to demonstrate the existence of immortals, citing examples and reasons of animal longevity. It is also believed that immortality is consistent with filial piety, and seeking immortality requires accumulating good and eliminating evil. This article also records many lost Taoist books in ancient times.

The fourth volume of Elixir at that time discusses the way of elixir at that time, and thinks that elixir at that time is the ultimate way of immortality. This article records in detail the methods of alchemy, including Covenant, companionship, sacrifice to gods, medicine, classics, famous mountains, auspicious days and so on. There are also many lost articles about alchemy.

The fifth volume of Zhi Li discusses the relationship between existence, form and spirit, and emphasizes the function of "Qi". This paper expounds the medical theory, advocates advocating good doctors and opposing witchcraft superstition, points out that Taoist priests should also learn medical skills, and records the methods of taking medicine, promoting qi circulation and forbidding spells.

Not surprisingly, Wei Zhi's sixth volume thinks that shallow people don't believe in immortality. It shows that Jiudan Jinye is a master of all kinds of technologies, and it is also the art of treasure essence, health preservation, fitness and building houses. It is emphasized that the cultivation of immortals must accumulate goodness, and there are three corpses and kitchen gods to observe people's good and evil.

The seventh volume of Fortress Volume states that all immortals are destined to become immortals, and all mortals can become immortals. People think that Confucianism is easy and difficult, while Taoism is easy in difficulties. Immortality can only work for people above average, and fools will not believe it. And quoted "tortoise shell text" as saying, "My life depends on my absence, and it will be immortal for hundreds of millions of years."

The eighth chapter of the Shurangama Sutra holds that the cultivation of time is light and compatible, and the cultivation of immortals does not hinder the rule of the country. Talking about treasure, practicing and taking medicine are also the most important things, and we can't just rely on the house. I also think we should choose Taoist books.

The ninth volume of Ceramic Art holds that Tao is the noumenon of the universe, and Tao is nameless. Persuade people to practice monasticism instead of offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, and reprimand Zhang Jiao and Li Kuan for their immorality, evil worship, promiscuity and ignorance.

The Ten Volumes of Ming History hold that Taoism is the last and the first of Confucianism, and Huang Lao is not inferior to Yao Shun and Kong Zhou. It is also pointed out that the staff sergeant is in the three armed forces, the sergeant is in the city and the corporal is in the mountains.

The various fairy medicines described in "Fairy Medicine Volume XI" include five fingers, mica, realgar, jade, gold, silver, Zhu Zhen, herbs, cinnabar, turpentine and so on. This paper expounds the methods of origin, collection and taking, and proves them with fairy tales and legends.

On the twelfth questionnaire "A saint is not necessarily a fairy, and a fairy is not necessarily a saint". It is a kind of fate that saints don't cultivate immortality, so we can't say that there are no immortals just because saints don't cultivate immortality.

The thirteenth volume of Ji Yan emphasizes that learning immortals requires teachers. Huangdi, Laozi, Peng Zu, Anqi, etc. All are immortal, and all have biographies of teachers. He also said that longevity must make up for the loss, and health preservation lies in not hurting the vitality.

On seeking truth from the teacher and making progress in the fourteenth volume of diligence. It is advised that universities should be diligent in seeking teachers and carefully choose real teachers.

Miscellaneous Answer Sheet 15 discusses breaking the valley, cooling cold, cooling heat, taking medicine, expelling five soldiers, swallowing, seclusion, removing diseases, summoning gods, taking leap, divination, strengthening teeth, changing, guiding, listening, improving eyesight, involving, clearing epidemic diseases, saving thoughts and symbols.

Huangbaijuan 16 describes Atractylodes macrocephala. It is believed that everything in the world can change, so gold and silver can be refined. It is pointed out that the smelting of yellow and white must be taught by teachers and clean places must be chosen. Burning yellow and white is not to get rich, but to live forever. This paper also introduces several kinds of Atractylodes macrocephala in detail.

"Climbing the Mountain and Involved in Volume 17" describes the skills of traveling into the mountains. There are many ways to exorcise ghosts, snakes, dragons, poisonous spells, tigers and wolves, and enter the water, such as shouting at the symbol, watching reeds in the mirror, banning printing, hiding armor, chanting spells in vain, wearing medicine and taking medicine.

On the time and the ways to keep the truth and mystery in the eighteenth volume of Land Truth. Ge Hong said that "Tao begins with one", and "one" is famous in Sandiantian. Raising one can ward off evil spirits and achieve immortality.

Nineteen volumes of Taoist classics. Ge Hong read the books of his teacher Andrew and recorded 260 kinds of Taoist books. Most of these Taoist books have been lost, so we can get a glimpse of the situation before the Jin Dynasty.

"Solution" Volume 20 "Distinguishing between the True and False Immortals". The key is to seek a wise teacher, beware of mediocre teachers and fake teachers, and give examples. Ge Hong believes that only those who are familiar with alchemy are real teachers.

The basic content of the foreign article

"Waipian" expresses personnel, takes Confucianism as the Sect, and reflects the development track of Ge Hong's Confucianism and Taoism.

Nine articles, such as litigation, discuss the gains and losses of current politics, ridicule the secular, and talk about the law of governing the people.

Seven articles, such as "Minister's Day", commented on the concealment of personnel, and advocated hiding things and waiting for the time, self-denial and thinking of the monarch.

"Jundao" and other articles 14 exhorted the monarch Ren Xian to cultivate energy, love the people and abstain from sex, and monopolize power.

Xu Xue and the theory of worshipping religion were born.

"Communication" and other five articles about self-cultivation.

Seven papers, such as military adviser, are very expensive to write.

The article "Bao Bao" advocates that there is a gentleman's way.

Apollo and Guangpi are both metonymies, and they repeat the ideas of various articles.

The article "readme" is autobiographical and is the preface of the book.

Waipian discusses the gains and losses of current politics, criticizes secularism, describes the way of governing the people, and advocates benevolence and virtue, love for the people and abstinence. The Summary of Siku said it was "rich in rhetoric and profound in truth." Lu Xun praised him for "talking about the social state of the late Jin Dynasty".

Waipian also expounds the progressive view of literature, emphasizes the importance of ideological content and social function, and advocates that words will help to educate and pay equal attention to literature and morality. I believe that literature is developing, and today is better than ancient times. We should not only oppose respecting the past, but also the present. It is emphasized that literary criticism should pay attention to the author's style and personality, record and collect widely, and oppose extremes and dabbling.

In Bao Puzi, Ge Hong integrated metaphysics with Taoism, theology with Taoism, alchemy with alchemy, alchemy with spells, Confucianism with immortals, thus establishing a theoretical system of Taoist immortals.

version

The Inner Chapter of Bao Puzi was published in Song Dynasty and is now in Liaoning Provincial Library. Taoist scriptures are also ancient editions. Lu Fan's books are good for the singles published in Ming Dynasty. Sun Xingyan's Ping Jin Ting Ji is the best publication in Qing Dynasty. Yan Kejun compiled the lost text of 10 in Bao Puzi. Liang Tao Hongjing wrote 20 volumes of Notes on Bao Puzi, which has been lost. Wang Ming, a modern man, wrote Annotations on Bao Puzi (Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition), which is well-known. The popular version of this book has four editions: Yingming edition, Han Wei edition and Zhuzi collection.

Yan Kejun also compiled 10 volume "Bao Puzi Lost".