Davidia involucrata, alias water pear, pigeon tree. It belongs to Orchidaceae, a national first-class protected plant, and is a haplotype plant which is a specialty of our country. Distributed in Zhenping, Shaanxi; Shennongjia and Xingshan in Hubei; Hunan Sangzhi; Guizhou Songtao, Fan Jingshan; Wushan, Nanchuan, Pingwu, Wenchuan and guanxian in Sichuan; Altitude of Suijiang and other places in Yunnan 1250-2200m.
Davidia involucrata is about 10 to 20 meters high and has a tall tree shape. It is a beautiful deciduous tree and a famous ornamental tree in the world. Davidia involucrata is in full bloom in April and May every year. There are two white bracts of different sizes under its head, which are oblong or oval in shape, 6-15cm long and 3-8cm wide, such as white silk, beautiful and peculiar in shape, like a dove spreading its wings; Its flower heads are like the heads of pigeons, so Davidia involucrata has the reputation of "China pigeon tree". Davidia involucrata has a fine wood structure and is not easy to deform and cut. It is a good material for wood carving. More importantly, Davidia involucrata is of great scientific value to the study of paleoflora and phylogeny. Davidia involucrata was discovered in China on 1869. Due to the excavation and planting of wild seedlings and the destruction of forests, the number is small and the distribution range is shrinking day by day, which is in danger of being replaced by other broad-leaved trees.
Rhododendron protozoa
Rhododendron macrophylla is a primitive and ancient plant type. It was first discovered in the virgin forest of Gaoligongshan Mountain in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province at an altitude of 19 100-2400 meters. At that time, Rhododendron macrophylla was over 280 years old and the tree was 25 meters high.
Rhododendron grandiflora is an evergreen tree with a height of 20-25 meters and a maximum diameter of 3.3 meters ... The brown bark is peeling off from left to right, which looks mottled and vicissitudes. Branchlets are stout, covered with short hairs, and leaves are thick and large, oval, oblong and inverted. There are hairs under the leaves, which gradually fall off when they grow up. February-March civilization, umbrella-shaped tidbits. The color of the flower is rosy and purplish, and the calyx is a linear disk with small dentate cracks on it. Stamens 16, extremely unequal in length, ovary 16 room, and villi. By June 65438+10, it had produced a long cylindrical wooden capsule with edges and dark brown fluff.
Rhododendron macrophylla belongs to dicotyledonous plants such as Cycas, Ericaceae and Ericaceae. There are more than 1300 species of Ericaceae in the world, which are distributed all over the world, but most of them are in subtropical mountainous areas. There are about 700 species in China, which are distributed all over the country, but most of them are in the southwest mountain forests, so this area is considered as the distribution center of rhododendrons in the world. Rhododendron not only ranks first among the three famous natural wild flowers in China-Rhododendron, Primula and Dracaena, but also is one of the most famous flowers in the world today, with the reputation of "two colors in flowers". Among more than 800 varieties in the world, there are more than 650 in China. Different kinds of azaleas have great differences in height and height. The height of small species is less than 1 m, and that of large species such as Rhododendron grandiflora is as high as several tens of meters.
Rhododendron grandiflora is so precious and rare that it is listed as a national sub-group protected plant.
Wild litchi
Litchi is known as the "fruit queen". China is the hometown of litchi, and it is also the first country to cultivate litchi. Wild litchi is mainly distributed in Bawangling, Macaque Ridge, Diaomaoshan, Jianfengling, Xuwen, Fengdao and Leizhou in Guangdong, Yaxian, Lingxiao, Changjiang, Baoting, Dongfang and Qiongzhong in Hainan.
Wild litchi is an evergreen tree with a height of 32 meters and a DBH 1.94 cm. Its branches and leaves are lush and full of vitality. Its bark is brown with yellowish brown spots. Its leaves are pinnately compound, alternate, grasslike, oval, entire, dark green at the top, pink and green at the bottom, and linear brown on the tender leaves. It is a cymose female inflorescence with smaller green and white flowers. The fruit is usually ovoid or ovoid, and the skin is dark red when it matures, with small tumor-like bodies on it. This species is oval, with dark brown seed coat, shiny top and white aril outside.
Litchi trees cultivated in China are generally only 5- 10 meters high, with smooth bark and dark green leaves. The flowers are small, with a little white in light green, which is not bright, but the fruit is particularly eye-catching. Every harvest season, many fruits are covered with branches, one ear and one string, such as jade and agate, which are tempting and coveted. Peel off the shell of the fruit, and what is revealed inside is fat and translucent meat balls, crystal clear as snow, dripping with sweet water. Eating a few will make you feel cool, sweet and sour, and make people feel excited.
Litchi is a kind of high-grade nourishing fruit with rich nutrition, which has the medicinal value of nourishing blood, reducing swelling, stimulating appetite and strengthening spleen. Its wood is also classified as a special commodity material, which is vertically staggered, compact in structure, hard and heavy in material, less in cracking, smooth in section, shiny and strong in corrosion resistance, and can be used as a material for making fine furniture and high-grade buildings.
Wild litchi belongs to dicotyledonous plants, Sapindaceae and Sapindaceae. It is listed as a national first-class protected plant.
dawn redwood
More than 40 years ago, everyone thought that Metasequoia glyptostroboides was extinct on the earth, and its appearance could only be known through fossils excavated in ancient strata.
In the early 1940s, China scholars first discovered several strange trees in Modaoxi, Wanxian County, Sichuan Province. They are more than 30 meters high, 7 meters in diameter at breast height, with huge roots, straight trunks and vitality, and the age of trees is over 400 years. At that time, due to insufficient information, it was impossible to make an appraisal. In the two years after 194 1, people studied and identified the branches, leaves, flowers and seeds of this tree, and named it Metasequoia glyptostroboides. This is a descendant of Metasequoia glyptostroboides endemic to China.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides is a deciduous tree of Taxodiaceae, with a height of 30-40 meters. Its trunk is straight and its lateral branches extend horizontally. The trunk is planted alternately in the north-south direction and the east-west direction, and the lower part is long and the upper part is short, stretching layer by layer, like a steeple. Linear flat leaves, planted on the left and right branchlets. Leaves can change color with the seasons: in spring, leaves are light green; In summer, the leaves are green and lovely; In autumn, the leaves turn yellow and the peaks are covered with gold; Leaves turn red in winter, redder after frost, and then wither.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides blooms in late February. The flowers are unisexual, and the female and male plants are the same. The cones are solitary in biennial branches or leaf axils, with about 20 stamens opposite. Female cones are solitary at the top of biennial poles, and Huaxian County has short stalks. They are composed of 22 -28 bract scales and pearl scales, which are also alternately opposite, each with 5-9 ovules. After pollination, nearly round cones are formed. Seeds flattened into obovate. The cones are dark brown when they are hot, and the maturity period is 1 1 month.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides is not only a precious living fossil, but also a leader among trees. It is an excellent greening tree species with strong vitality, wide adaptability and rapid growth. Its economic value is very high, the wood is purplish red, thin and soft, and it is a good material for shipbuilding, construction, paper making and making furniture and farm tools.
Metasequoia belongs to gymnosperms, conifers and cedars. It is a first-class protected plant in China.
Wangtianshu Huaxia
Wangtianshu is not only the tallest tree in the tropical rain forest, but also the tallest broad-leaved tree in China. China is mainly distributed in Mengla, Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, Hekou, Maguan and other counties in the southeast, as well as southwest Guangxi.
Wangtianshu is an evergreen tree, with a height of more than 60 meters, a DBH of about 1.3 meters and a maximum height of 3 meters. The trunk is round and straight, and there is not even a small branch as high as 30 meters. Its bark is brown or dark brown. Evergreen herbs, alternate, elliptic or lanceolate, pointed or acuminate at the front, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base. There are pinnate veins on the leaves, almost parallel. The veins on the back of the leaves are prominent and there are many thin and dense hairs.
Torreya grandis mostly grows in mountain canyons between 350 meters and 1 100 meters above sea level, and on the slopes on both sides, with a distribution area of only 20 square kilometers. Its distribution area is located in the valley area open to the south in the tropical monsoon climate zone, and it is in a state of high temperature, high humidity, calm wind and frost-free all the year round. Wang Tianshu likes to grow on lateritic red soil, sandy soil and calcareous soil. In Yunnan, it is accompanied by Cephalotaxus fortunei, Acer truncatum, Dou Shi and other trees in Guangxi.
Straight trunk, excellent wood, very hard, good processability, not afraid of corrosion, not afraid of pests. It is an excellent timber tree species and an ideal material for manufacturing advanced furniture, musical instruments and bridges. Its wood is also rich in gum, and its flowers contain perfume oil, which are also important industrial raw materials.
Cephalotaxus fortunei belongs to dicotyledonous and borneol spices in taxonomy. Cephalotaxus fortunei can be used as a symbolic tree species in tropical rain forest because of its independent community type and natural landscape. Although the tree is tall, it bears little fruit. In addition, the phenomenon of fruit drop caused by pests and diseases is very serious, which leads to seeds falling to the ground, sprouting or rotting quickly, short life and difficult to collect. Therefore, the number of wild plants is very rare and has been listed as a national first-class protected plant.
walnut
Walnut, also known as walnut and peach, is a very old cultivated fruit tree. Walnut kernel is a famous dried fruit, together with hazelnut, cashew nut and almond, it is called the four largest dried fruits in the world. China is not only rich in walnuts, but also the hometown of walnuts.
Walnut is a deciduous tree of Juglandaceae, with a height of 30 meters, a broad crown and lush foliage. Its bark is gray-white, but it is gray-green and smooth when it is young. In old age, it has many shallow longitudinal cracks and thick branches. Odd pinnate compound leaves, 5- 1 1 leaflets, oblong, entire. Flowering in early summer, unisexual, monoecious and catkin drooping. Drupe is oval or spherical, with vertical and horizontal sides and high and low patterns. Seeds are rich in oil.
Walnut is produced in the Yellow River valley and south of China. It likes sunny sparse forests, mild and humid atmosphere and deep loose, fertile and humid soil. Cold-tolerant, cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, but not hot and humid, salt-tolerant, and shade-tolerant. In the forest with high canopy density, the seedlings are very small and grow poorly. In the natural distribution area, they grow in the lower part of shady slopes or the bottom of canyons in the middle and low mountain areas between 1400 m and 1700 m above sea level.
Walnut has been regarded as a rare tonic since ancient times. Besides containing a lot of fat and protein, it also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, carotene, thiamine, nicotinic acid and other vitamins. Seeds, septa, peels and leaves can all be used as medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used as a medicine for warming lung and tonifying kidney. It is warm and sweet, and is mainly used to treat deficiency cold, asthma and cough, kidney deficiency and low back pain. In addition, the core wood is tough, smooth and beautiful, which is a good hardwood material and can be used as the wood part of high-end furniture, weapons and vehicles. Tannin can be extracted from walnut bark, tannins can be extracted from bark and exocarp, roots can be used as dyes, and even hard and broken shells can show their magical power in industry. Activated carbon made of it can adsorb all kinds of toxic substances and is an indispensable material in gas masks.
Walnut belongs to dicotyledonous plants, Juglans and Juglandaceae. It is listed as a first-class protected plant in China. Due to the destruction of human economic activities such as deforestation, the wild distribution area of walnut is shrinking day by day and is on the verge of extinction.
snow lotus
Tianshan Mountain is located in the northwest frontier of China, with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters. Bogda, the main peak, is 5445 meters high. The top of the mountain is covered with snow all year round, which is particularly spectacular. Saussurea involucrata is a famous plant in Tianshan Mountain. It likes to be born near the snowy mountain with steep mountains, sandy gravel and wet sand, so it is named Xuelian.
Saussurea involucrata is a perennial herb, and the aboveground plants are very short, only 15 cm -24 cm high. During the flowering season in July every year, Saussurea involucrata produces a large and bright disk at the top of the stem, surrounded by yellowish hemispherical bracts. The whole flower looks like an aquatic lotus, which is more beautiful against the white snow. When the clouds and snow covered, it quietly closed again. The scent of Saussurea involucrata is attractive, and it can float to tens of meters when the wind is downwind. Shortly after flowering in August, Saussurea involucrata quickly produced oblong achenes with longitudinal edges. Their roots are very long and can fully absorb nutrients and water; The white fluff on their bodies can protect them from cold and heat, and can also reflect strong ultraviolet rays from the mountains to reduce the harm to them.
Saussurea involucrata grows very slowly in the harsh conditions of high mountains, and it takes at least 4 -5 years to bear fruit. However, due to the short growth period, they can germinate, grow, blossom and bear fruit quickly in a short time, which is also the result of their long-term adaptation to the environment.
Saussurea involucrata is a precious medicinal material, and its whole beads can be used as medicine after drying. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Saussurea involucrata is flat in nature and slightly bitter in taste, and has the functions of dispelling cold and dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, strengthening tendons and supporting yang, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. Folk medicine is used to treat cough due to lung cold, lumbago due to kidney deficiency, irregular menstruation, measles discomfort, traumatic injury, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, impotence, mountain discomfort and other diseases.
Saussurea involucrata can be propagated by seeds, but when the seeds are ripe, it has begun to snow in high temperature and cold areas, which brings trouble to seed collection. Moreover, Saussurea involucrata seeds have low germination rate, difficult reproduction, slow growth and difficult artificial cultivation.
Botany is studying artificial propagation to obtain various useful products.
flower of wintersweet
The distribution area of Chimonanthus praecox is extremely narrow, only distributed in the western part of Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province.
Chimonanthus praecox is a deciduous shrub with a height of about 1 -3 meters. There are big branches and small branches on the tree. Branches are bifurcated and branchlets are opposite. One-year-old shoots are yellow-green, and turn to grayish brown in the second year. In winter, tree buds are wrapped by the base of petiole. Chimonanthus praecox leaves are oval, opposite, entire, and without stippling. The leaves of Chimonanthus praecox began to fall off in late June of 65438+ 10 every year, and did not grow again until late March to early April of the following year.
Chimonanthus praecox is a special kind of Chimonanthus praecox, which is different from most members of Chimonanthaceae who bloom in late winter and December, and only in the middle and late May and early summer every year. The flowers of Chimonanthus praecox usually bloom first and grow alone at the top of the shoots. These flowers are white and big. Flowers solitary, bisexual, calyx petaloid. There are many perianth segments, stamens 18-19, inserted at the top of fleshy receptacle, and filaments are very short. Carpels are mostly free, inserted in pot-shaped receptacle, with superior ovary and 1 ~ 2 ovules per room. The flowering period of Chimonanthus praecox is also very long, and it does not fade until the beginning of June. The fruit ripens from late September of 10 to early October of 10. Every aggregate fruit has a fruit receptacle, which shrinks near the top like a string of seeds, and contains a slender oval brown fruit. The fruit is flat or angular, covered with branches and swaying in the wind, making it a precious ornamental tree.
Chimonanthus praecox likes to grow in subtropical local evergreen broad-leaved forest or evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest on the hillside or valley at an altitude of 600-1 100 meters. Belonging to relatively shade-tolerant tree species, the climate is cool and humid, and it will grow badly or even wither under strong sunlight. It is not drought-tolerant and barren, but it is relatively cold-tolerant, especially for Castanopsis carlesii with more mountains and streams.
Chimonanthus is a dicotyledonous plant, Chimonanthaceae. Its flowers are large and beautiful, with high ornamental value, and are listed as national first-class protected plants. Due to deforestation, the habitat is deteriorating and the distribution area is shrinking, so it is necessary to further strengthen the protection work to avoid making it in an endangered state.