They often gather under the bamboo forest in Yang Shan (now Xiuwu, Henan) and enjoy themselves freely, so they are called the seven sages of bamboo forest in the world. Most of them advocate the knowledge of Zhuang zi and Zhuang zi, and they are informal and open-minded. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong and Dan Tao successively took refuge in the Sima family, served as senior officials and became confidants of the regime. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives of article creation. For example, Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source", based on Lao Zi and Zhuangzi's devotion to nature, explained that he could not be an official, and publicly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. This article is very famous; Another example is Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems of "Yong Huai", which implicitly exposes the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group and satirizes the hypocritical ethical code people by means of comparison and sustenance. Therefore, through the article creation of the seven sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests.
Ji kang
Ji Kang (223 ~ 263) was a writer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. One of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Word uncle night. Proper fruit County (now Su County, Anhui Province) people. He lost his father in his early years and his family was poor, but he was still inspirational and diligent, and he was proficient in literature, metaphysics and music. He married Cao Cao's great-granddaughter Changle Pavilion. He used to be a doctor in No.3 middle school, known as "Jizhong No.3 middle school" in history. Si Mazhao wanted to win over Ji Kang, but Ji Kang tended to be on the royal side in the political struggle at that time and took an uncooperative attitude towards Sima Shi, so he was quite jealous. Zhong Hui, Si Mazhao's confidant, wanted to make friends with Ji Kang, but he was given a cold shoulder. Since then, he has made a feud. Ji Kang's friend Lu An was falsely accused by his brother as unfilial. Ji Kang came forward to defend Lu, and Zhong Hui advised him to take the opportunity to get rid of Lu and Ji. One of the evidences is "breaking up with Shanjuyuan". At that time, 3000 Thai students asked for pardon of Ji Kang and were willing to worship him as a teacher, but they were rejected. When he died, Ji Kang looked as cool as a cucumber. Play "Guangling San" and die calmly.
In the philosophy of life, his proposition is: not Tang Wu, but thin Zhou Li, the more famous, the more natural. Fierce and unrestrained.
Interestingly, before Ji Kang was executed, the most reassuring arrangement for his children was to let them take refuge in Dan Tao (Juyuan Mountain). After Ji Kang's death, Dan Tao took good care of and raised his children. Deduct a story of "gentlemen are harmonious but different".
Ruan Ji-Ni Wei (Report: Ruan Xian)
First, family background and early ambition.
Ruan Ji was born in Wei (present-day Henan). Born in Jian 'an 15. Father Ruan Yu, a poet and essayist, is one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Cao Cao was a personal servant. At that time, he and Chen Lin were mostly responsible for writing military documents. Ruan Ji's father died when he was three years old. However, due to the long-term friendship between Cao Shi and his mother, he deeply sympathized with Ruan Ji and took care of her. Ruan Ji studied hard when he was young, and took Yan Hui, Min Ziqian and other ancient scholars as an example. Besides, he also practices martial arts. However, Ruan Ji, a teenager, was also tainted with some flashy childe's style. At that time, there were a group of close grandchildren, which was quite flashy. How did Yan, Luo Yang connect to create a sensational effect? Ruan Ji is close to their age and inevitably influenced by some ethos, but Ruan Ji never gave up.
Ruan Ji despises many people. The so-called ceremonial people are mainly people who take refuge in Sima's father and son. Most of these people are literati. They are not good at etiquette, inherit the legacy of Ma and his son, advocate that "only the law is for repair, only the etiquette is for grams", and use ethics as a tool to consolidate the right of usurpation and bind the hands and feet of political opponents. This etiquette is a political means for Sima Group to cooperate with its bloody massacre policy to crack down on dissidents. When dealing with these etiquette people, Ruan Ji is most famous for his blue eyes.
Pei Kai hung it up, took out a basket, and looked at it straight drunk ... Ji Xi hung it up, making a supercilious look and rejoicing; I'm glad my brother Kang heard about it, but it was the wine that lent me the piano. I'm glad, but I saw it.
It is said that after Ji Kang's mother died, Ji Kang's brother Ji came to offer condolences, but because Ji was an official in the DPRK, that is, a man of etiquette in Ruan Ji's eyes, he ignored the proper etiquette during the funeral and gave Ji a dirty look. Later, Ji Kang came with wine and a piano. He was overjoyed and immediately turned from white eyes to blue eyes. From this story, we can not only find Ruan Ji's contempt for people with etiquette, but also clearly see that he is not restricted by etiquette, and so is Ji Kang. He won't hide his emotions because of mourning, but let others know clearly what he doesn't like. I think this is also a special phenomenon of that era. Ruan Ji's hatred for polite people is not only manifested in his blue eyes, but also in his fu.
Second, medicine and wine.
Ruan Ji doesn't seem to take medicine, and it is rarely mentioned in his works. Only in the seventieth song of "Yong Huai" wrote: "There is nothing wrong with picking herbs, which is inconsistent with the will of the gods." It's confusing to force this, which makes me hesitate for a long time. "From here on, he even sometimes wavered in his belief in immortals, which made him feel confused and hesitant. His confidence and enthusiasm for taking medicine was not as good as Ji Kang's. Ruan Ji doesn't take medicine, but he quite means "the rest is wine." "He's drinking, drinking, drinking. Wherever he is, as long as there is wine, he will get drunk. Ruan Ji is addicted to alcohol, and his starting point is the same as Ji Kang's taking medicine. He hopes to get rid of reality and resolve contradictions in this way. Ruan Ji escaped from Sima Group several times under the cover of drunkenness. Personally speaking, taking medicine is a very troublesome thing. There are many rules to collect medicine and make prescriptions first. The steps should not be slightly disordered, otherwise it may be poisoned or even killed. People who are not careful and impatient should not take it casually. Ruan Ji's character is simple and unrestrained, and he can't adapt to this fine and dangerous senior enjoyment. He would rather drink much simpler wine. Politically, Ruan Ji's attitude is weak. He saw that the general trend of Cao Wei's royal family had gone, and Sima's ruling had become an unchangeable reality. He knew it was too slim to take medicine, and he wanted to live under the rule of R. He didn't want to go along with it, and he lacked the courage to challenge Sima Group politically or draw a line. So for Ruan Ji, getting drunk was the best way to get rid of political difficulties.
Here are a few short stories about Ruan Ji's drinking.
Ruan Ji buried his mother, steamed a fat skin, drank two cups, and then came up with a plan and bluntly said, "I am poor!" " "There is a number one, because vomiting blood, waste a meal for a long time.
From this story, we can see Ruan Ji's violation of etiquette. After his mother died, he not only insisted on playing chess, but also ate meat and drank wine. Although he did this on purpose, I feel that he is also in pain. As far as I'm concerned, he can burst into tears and should be happy after crying, because Ruan Ji worships Lao Zi and Zhuangzi very much. After his wife died, Zhuangzi not only didn't feel sad, but also freed his wife from the world. So I think he can follow Zhuangzi's example and improve it. In this way, he will not only achieve his goal, but also need not suppress his inner pain.
Ruan Gong's young woman next door is beautiful and should be a drinker. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drink their wives' wine, and Ruan sleeps beside his wife when he is drunk. At first, they were suspicious, but they had no intention of waiting for him.
I think this was very rare in the society at that time. Lying beside a young woman after being drunk, in the previous society, under the bondage of giving and receiving ideas, such a situation is also unacceptable to the world. (4) Military women are talented, but they die unmarried, but they don't know their fathers and brothers. They go and cry and return with all their grief. If such a thing happens in modern times, I'm afraid it's still hard to accept! A man who didn't know the deceased came to offer his condolences and cried bitterly. We will definitely think that he is crazy, otherwise he will make trouble. It is really rare for Ruan Ji to do what he thinks is worth doing, regardless of other people's eyes. However, it makes me wonder why I pretended to be so strong when my mother died, but I felt very sad about the death of a girl I didn't know. I think this is not only against etiquette, but also against human nature.
Third, literary achievements.
Zhengshi literature appeared in the late Three Kingdoms period, and people used to use it to represent the literature of the whole period in the late Wei Dynasty. The most important writers in Zhengshi literature are Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. Ruan Ji is not only a poet, but also an essayist and a fu writer. His poetic achievements are mainly eighty-two poems chanting for the bosom. As far as the content is concerned, "worrying about life" and "irony" occupy a great weight in homesick poems. In addition to these two contents, there are descriptions of life, ambition, missing friends and living in seclusion. The art of chanting poems has two remarkable characteristics: implicit implication and natural elegance. Implication is directly related to the concealment of many words. In order to avoid serious practical consequences, Ruan Ji made his poems vague and obscure. This moral is completely consistent with his style of "speaking mysteriously" and "covering people with his mouth" in life. Therefore, the implication of poems chanting for the bosom is a product of the reality of the times and a reflection of Ruan Ji's own ideological style and attitude. From the perspective of artistic creation, implication is a style. Its advantage is that it can avoid dullness and straightforwardness, increase the depth of poetry and give readers room for association and aftertaste. In the history of poetry, object-chanting poetry occupies a very important position. Ruan Ji's poems chanting for the memory are not as good as Jian 'an's poems in reflecting social reality, but they surpass their predecessors in the depth of personal lyric, the description of inner twists and turns, and the use of metaphor. It is one of the representative excellent five-character poems in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are ten relatively complete Ruan Ji essays today. His most important prose work should be Biography of Mr. Adult, which is close to Fu in writing and developed in a dialogue way. Although famous, it is not really a biography. Generally speaking, Ruan Ji is an important poet and essayist in the history of China literature. In particular, he made outstanding contributions to the development of five-character poems.
Four. conclusion
After preparing for Ruan Ji, I feel that many people like Ruan Ji have contradictions between their hearts and real life in the big environment at that time. Maybe Ruan Ji wanted to burst into tears when he heard the news of his mother's death, but because of the contradictory character created by the environment at that time, he expressed his inner grief by vomiting blood. I think, since he is so brave to express his feelings, why not just cry? But then again, I also admire Ruan Ji's courage to challenge the times, the government and the society. Even with such an open social atmosphere, I don't think there will be many people like Ruan Ji and Ji Kang! I think after the preparation of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, my impression of them is no longer naked depravity, but has more and deeper levels, all of which are understood in this report. Although I don't have the courage to challenge the society like them, I am moved by their unique sexiness!
Wang Rong-Zi Ling
I. Life
1, born in a rich family.
Wang Rong was born in Linxi, Langya, Shandong Province. The Wang family is quite famous in Linxi. From his kin, Wang Yan, Wang Cheng, Wang Dao, Wang Dun and other figures emerged one after another, who dominated the political stage of the Eastern and Western Jin regimes, and were called the "Eight Kings", that is, the "Eight Fees" of Shanxi Fei. The royal family is also very close to the Fei family, and their daughter married. Wang Rong's grandfather was the envoy of Liangzhou in Wei State, and he lived in a comfortable family environment since childhood. Therefore, under such influence, we can learn more or less about his personality during his growth.
2. Prodigy-Wang Rong
When Wang Rong was seven years old, he tried to swim with the children. When he saw the plum trees on the roadside covered with branches, the children scrambled to pick them, but they refused to move. People asked him, "The roadside trees are covered with branches, which is bound to be bitter for plum trees." Accept it and believe it. Elegant. four
Since then, Wang Rong has been called a "child prodigy". Another thing happened when Wang Rong was seven years old. According to everybody, Newspeak Wei Mingdi beat all the soldiers of the tiger away in Xuanwu field, and all the people were watching. Wang Rong was seven years old, and he looked at it. The tiger climbed onto the bar and roared, and his voice shocked the audience. They are easy to overthrow the servant, Zhan Ran didn't move, also have no fear. From these two articles and Wang Rong's description, we can know that Wang Rong is really a clever boy. Although the effect may be exaggerated, we can also know that Wang Rong was really a clever boy since he was a child, which can be described as brilliant. It is recorded in Biography of the Book of Jin that Wang Rong's eyes are bright and can't dazzle. When Fei Kai saw it, he was greatly surprised and said, "His eyes are as rotten as stones and like Xia Dian." This means that his eyes are radiant.
Wang Junchong and Pei Shu have been together for a long time. After a while, the guest asked Zhong, "What about the second boy?" Zhong Yue said, "Pei Gong's wisdom is short. In the next 20 years, these two sages are ministers of the Ministry, and there will be no delay in Jill's time. " Appreciate articles. six
What this article records is that Wang Rong and Fekai became important figures in the political arena of the Western Jin Dynasty as expected, and it can also be seen that their childhood achievements were extraordinary.
Second, the seven sages in the bamboo forest
1, add seven sages
Among the seven sages, Wang Rong is the youngest. He is twenty-nine years younger than Dan Tao, twenty-four years younger than Ruan Ji and eleven years younger than Ji Kang.
Wang: "I have lived with Ji Kang for twenty years, but I haven't seen any pleasure." Virtue. 16
As you can know, when Ji Kang was tortured to death, Wang Rong was twenty-nine years old, while Wang Rong knew Ji Kang at the age of nine and had close contacts at the same time. Wang Rong met Ruan Ji when he was fifteen. His father Wang Hun is an official. He and Ruan Ji are colleagues and close friends. I also live in Shang's official residence with my father. Every time Ruan Ji visits Wang Hun, he will say a few words and go to Wang Rong's room. It took a long time to talk about it. Ruan Ji said to Wang Hun, "Jun Chong and Jun Qing can't be compared, and neither can you. Talking to Arong is much more interesting than talking to you. " Nevertheless, Wang Rong is quite different from Ruan Ji and Ji Kang in temperament and ambition.
2. vulgarity among the seven sages.
Ji, Ruan, Shan and Liu retired after drinking in the bamboo forest. The infantry said, "vulgar things are back, what a disappointment!" " Wang Xiao said, "If you care, can you recover and overcome evil?" Pie carving. four
In this article, we can know that compared with these predecessors, Wang Rong and Wang Rong lacked the temperament and grace of their thinkers and writers. On the contrary, he was full of secular ambitions, so Ruan Ji ridiculed him as a vulgar thing. But Wang Rong also retorted, "Who else can spoil your fun with people like you?"? We can know Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and so on. It doesn't matter what these people do. Perhaps we can know that Wang Rong may not be such a person in character. Under the background of growing up, Wang Rong is a rich man with ideals and ambitions. He wants to be promoted to a higher position, so we can know how many family backgrounds have influenced Wang Rong.
Three. Join the WTO
1, official career, ups and downs with the world
Born into a noble family, with a deep family background, he was regarded as a child prodigy since he was a child, with ambition to be an official, and naturally entered the officialdom. In the second year of Wei Ganlu (AD 257), Wang Rong was twenty-four years old, and was contended by Si Mazhao as the official of the Prime Minister. Basically, it was Zhong Hui, the former red man of Si Mazhao, who was the representative of the school of understanding, that is, Ji Kang, who was on the road to death, who was one of the seven sages.
2. Look at Wang Rong from an official standpoint.
There is no need to be too surprised about Wang Rong's official career, because from the background of Wang Rong's growth, Wang Rong, who was born in an official family, can be said to have heard a lot of his father's thoughts since childhood. At the same time, it can be said that he has seen too many so-called official changes in temperature, so Wang Rong has his own special regimen in this ups and downs of the sea of officials, and because of this, so is Wang Rong's thought of avoiding disasters.
Fourth, all virtues and filial piety come first.
1, mother's sorrow
Wang Rong and more than suffered huge losses at the same time, both of which are called filial piety. King chicken bone bed, crying for gifts. Emperor Wu called Liu Zhongxiong and said, "Are the kings of the provinces harmonious or not? Worrying about it makes people worry! " Zhong Xiong said: "Although He Hao prepared a gift, his spirit was not damaged; Although Wang Rong didn't prepare a gift, he mourned and destroyed his bones. I am filial in peace, and Wang Rong is filial in death; Your majesty should be worried not about you, but about Rong. " Virtue. 17
From this record, we can see that, although the funeral was followed, compared with Wang Rong, Wang Rong was more sad in spirit. Although Wang Rong's grief may not conform to the ceremony, it does not mean that he is not sad enough. On the contrary, he is spiritually superior. It is a great spiritual sadness, that is to say, his sadness has reached the point where he can't express it with action or even cry. Maybe he is a little sad, but we can know from the records in The Living Story that it is really too much.
2, framing the pseudonym and real name of the world.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, we can know that because of the influence of the Nine Grades Official Law and because there are many literati who want to be promoted, many people have so-called false filial piety, false kindness, false sadness and false truth, and they have gained the reputation of the world as one of the ways to be promoted. Therefore, we can know that Wang Rong is not artificial at all. He did not put down his feelings insincerely, not for the sake of secular vision.
Wang Rong lost thousands of children, and Shan Jian went to that province. Wang was heartbroken and simply said, "Why are children holding things in their arms?" Wang: "saints forget their feelings and are the least affectionate;" Love is in my generation. " Jane's words are even more embarrassing. Mourn the past. four
We can see that Wang Rong is an emotional person. No matter for the newborn son, although it is impossible for the newborn son to have so-called feelings for Wang Rong, Wang Rong still has deep feelings for his son, which shows that Wang Rong is an emotional person.
Fifth, frugality
(1) Being stingy.
Wang is stingy. He married from his son, married alone, and later became more responsible. Thrifty articles. 2
Wang Rong has a good plum. He sells it, fearing that people will get their seeds and keep drilling its core. Thrift. four
Wang Rong's daughter is suitable for Pei Wei. She borrowed tens of thousands of dollars. She returned it, but she didn't say anything about it She paid back the money, but she was also relieved. Thrift. five
Situ Wang Rong, who is both expensive and rich, is a priest of the district government and belongs to the genus Hydra. He is very close to the ground, and every time he and his wife are in candlelight, he will make plans. Thrift. three
From these four records, we can know that Wang Rong is very stingy.
Six, to preserve our sanity of the old bureaucrats
In the ninth year of Yuankang (AD 299), Wang Rong was sixty-six. Because the Empress Dowager Jia wanted to monopolize the power, the incident of abolishing the Prince happened, but Wang Rong, who was a teacher, remained silent all the time. In the second year, the prince of Zhao Sima Lun and others got up and killed their families. At this time, dozens of senior court officials who were regarded as family companions were also implicated and killed. Wang Rong's son-in-law Shangshu Zuo Fu is also one of them, and Wang Rong is also implicated. However, due to his reason, he just resigned and his life was not in danger. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Jin royal family faced an unprecedented crisis. Although Wang Rong is also involved in this political whirlpool, he is following the example of Apollo, an ancient gentleman, trying to avoid being involved in this storm and playing with snakes.
Wang Rong had a successful career, a lofty position and a great responsibility to the country. However, he made no contribution to the affairs of the state, but simply evaded glory and flattery. For Wang Rong, it is a pity that his political ambition when he was in power failed to contribute to the country and the people because he blindly avoided disasters. But I think this may also be a way to survive in troubled times! As far as seven sages of bamboo forest are concerned, Wang Rong is somewhat ashamed of the word "sage". Because Wang Rong was an official in Dan Tao, although Dan Tao was commented as a "second minister" by later generations, he did his duty as an official, selecting talents and appointing people, which was beneficial to the people. In such an era, many people were officials in the DPRK just to enjoy the splendor and wealth, and his willingness to work for the people's well-being was really touching, which at least brought a glimmer of light to the dark period of Wei and Jin dynasties. Therefore, by contrast, I appreciate and agree with Dan Tao's way.
Liu Ling-the Qing Dynasty
I. Life
Liu Ling is the most unknown figure in Biography of the Seven Sages, and neither his date of birth nor his son's name has been handed down. His name is Bolun, and he is from Pei County, Jiangsu Province.
Liu Ling is six feet long and looks very drunk. Easy and careless, civil engineering is in ruins in Rong Zhi. 13.
He is only 1.40 meters high. He is not only short, but also extremely ugly. But his temperament is heroic, broad-minded and informal. I don't socialize with people at ordinary times, I'm taciturn, and I don't care about the world at all. He just had a good time with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, and met them talking and laughing, so he joined the ranks of the Seven Sages.
Second, official career
In terms of official position, he joined the army as Jianwei. It is said that during the Taishi period, he submitted his opinion for the first time, advocating the theory of "inaction", but it was dismissed as useless. At that time, all his peers got high positions, and only he was removed from office. Only Liu Ling, who became an official, became more and more drunk every day and finally died of alcoholism. On the contrary, in the troubled times when literati were often killed, he was able to live and die, which can be described as "great fortune in misfortune."
Third, in the name of wine.
His family is poor, but he doesn't care, but he drinks like a dog.
According to Biography of the Book of Jin, he often rode a deer cart with a pot of wine in his hand, ordered his servant to run after the cart with a hoe, and said, "If I get drunk, bury me on the spot." He is an alcoholic, which shows that he is a degenerate.
Once, he got drunk and quarreled with the people in the town. The other party rolled up his sleeves angrily and prepared to punch him. Liu Ling said quietly, "My body is as thin as a chicken rib. Where can I put my brother's fist?" "Hearing this, the other party laughed and finally put his fist down.
Liu Ling was ill and thirsty, so she asked his wife for wine. The woman donated wine and destroyed the utensil, sobbing, "You drank too much. If you are not a doctor, you should stop it! " Ling said, "Very good. I can't help it. I hope ghosts and gods swear by themselves. There can be wine and meat. " The woman said, "I respect my life." Give wine and meat to God, please swear. Ling knelt down and made a wish, "Sheng, she was named after wine; One glass of wine, one welcome, five games. Be careful not to listen to women. " I introduced wine into the meat, but I was already drunk. "Ren Sheng article. three
On one occasion, he had a severe alcohol attack and asked his wife to bring wine. His wife cried and spilled the rest of the wine on the ground and broke the bottle. She advised him tearfully, "You drink too much. This is not the way to keep fit. Please stop! " "Liu Ling replied," good! But I can't stop drinking myself. I must swear out before God. I will trouble you to prepare wine and meat for God. " His wife believed it and obeyed his orders. So Liu Ling offered wine and meat to the altar and knelt down and said, "Born as Liu Ling, named after wine; One glass of wine, one welcome, five games. Be careful not to listen to women. " Say that finish, holding wine and meat, the result is drunk again. )
From this incident of cheating wine and meat, we can see that his funny, intelligent and bohemian side is not only people, but also ghosts and gods.
As for drinking, all the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest like to drink, but Liu Ling is famous for drinking alone, which shows that he can drink a lot. Like Ruan Ji, his drinking may be forced by dark politics and dirty society, but he can really indulge in the chaotic world of wine country, unlike Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, who are full of resentment and even vomit blood after drinking. The way he drinks is also extremely heroic. Alcoholism naturally brings debauchery in behavior.
Fourth, heaven and earth are houses, and houses are clothes.
Liu Ling is an alcoholic, and his thoughts are very close to those of Zhuangzi. Liu Ling often indulges in drinking, regardless of etiquette, and does whatever he wants. I learned something from Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, such as debauchery, absurdity, cynicism, lack of knowledge and courage, and being drunk all day. He is so naked that he often undresses and drinks at home.
"Liu Lingheng drinking or undressing in the house. Everyone laughed at it. Ling said, "I take heaven and earth as my building and my room as my clothing. Why did you come into my house? " "As a birthday. six
(The guest comes into the room to look for him. If someone comes to laugh at him and Liu Ling's boasting, he will proudly say, "Heaven and earth are my house, and the interior is my underwear. Why did you get into my crotch? " In addition, he also showed this situation in his famous article Ode to Wine Virtue.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) ode to wine and virtue
Liu Ling wrote a ode to wine virtue, which was from her heart. Living in dirty troubled times, but unable to save the society at that time, Liu Ling had to indulge in extravagant activities. At the same time, through drunken words and deeds, she expressed her hatred of hypocritical ethics and her inner pursuit of natural innocence.
Some adults regard heaven and earth as time, ten thousand periods are a moment, the sun and the moon are a moment, the eight droughts are a court, there is no trace, and the curtain is on the ground, which means this. Hold the bottle when you stop, and the pot when you move. Only wine is business, how to drink it is business, and how to know the rest.
A gentleman named Chu Shi got wind of me and talked about it, but he gnashed his teeth with anger and talked about etiquette, which was the beginning of right and wrong. So, Mr. Fang held the trough, washed the mash with a cup, crouched on the basket, bent his pillow in a bad mood, carefree, happy and ceramic.
When you are drunk, you wake up. After listening to the electro-acoustics, I turned a blind eye to the shape of Mount Tai, unaware of the cold and heat, the feeling of lust, overlooking everything, how to disturb like duckweed in Jianghan, how to wait for the side to win like an ankle and a moth to throw herself into the fire. Ode to wine and virtue
The main idea of this article is: "There is a so-called adult gentleman who takes the universe as his home and thinks that 10 thousand years is only a blink of an eye." He can go wherever he wants, whether it's ok or not. Only wine is his pleasure, and he doesn't look at other pleasures. Hearing his comments, the gentry such as your son and Chu Shi didn't glare at him or criticize him politely. But Mr. Wang continued to pick up the glass in his hand, brushed off the turbid wine that fell on his beard and got drunk. He doesn't feel cold or hot, and he has no desire for profit. He regarded all the miscellaneous things in the world as duckweeds drifting on the river. 」
This outlook on life is nothing more than Lao Zi and Zhuangzi's idea of "all fortunes are made, one dies and one lives". The Book of Jin told him: "Although he is dizzy, his machine should not be broken. I have never been interested in literary style, but I wrote a ode to wine and virtue. In the article, he used the so-called "Mr. Adult" to entrust his pursuit of spiritual freedom, and attacked Chu Shi, a nobleman's son and gentry in hypocritical secular ethics. The full text is full of unrestrained satire.
Although Ruan Ji hated that society, he had to live in the bureaucratic society of Wei, especially with the autocratic Sima family, which made him full of anguish. It became a sharp and happy curse (Biography of Mr. Adult). On the other hand, Liu Ling was not satisfied with officialdom from the beginning, and was not accepted by bureaucratic society. Therefore, his contempt for the owners in Ode to Wine Virtue is full of ridicule and ridicule.
Ruanxian
First, life anecdotes
Ruan Xian, whose real name is Zhong Rong, is a native of Chen Liuwei (near Kaifeng, Henan Province), and his younger brother, Wudu, is the son of Taishou Xi. His father Ruan is the satrap of Wudu. Among the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, there are few historical materials about Ruan Xian, so it is difficult to study Ruan Xian. After consulting some books, we can see that Ruan Xian has two very important characteristics: one is arbitrary and the other is proficient in phonology.
Ruan Zhongrong lives in the south with the infantry, and Zhu Ruan lives in the north. Rich in the north and poor in the south. On July 7, Bei Ruansheng was drying clothes, all gauze Luo Jinqi; Zhong Rong hung a big cloth calf with a pole in the atrium. People are still strange, answer: "I can't avoid customs and talk to you!" " "Ren Shengpian. 10
On July 7th, there is the custom of drying clothes. Ruan Xian was born in a poor family, so he hung long-legged calf nose pants in the courtyard (shorts and clothes worn by the poor, and celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties liked to wear calf nose pants in summer, indicating free and easy), which naturally showed that Ruan Xian Renda was informal, but it also showed that although Ruan Xian was poor, the status of superior family and cremation did not decrease. Ruan xian did not avoid customs, but he did something different. At this time, he was actually only a teenager, but his style was comparable to Ruan Ji, and that Ruan Ji, who was famous for "crying at the end of the road", was his uncle. Together, they are called "big and small Ruan". Although there is a generation gap between uncles and nephews, they are informal and often travel together like friends, and their unruly lifestyles are indeed different.
Like Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian despised etiquette all his life. On the one hand, of course, it is because they advocate the theory of Laozi and Zhuangzi and despise all kinds of so-called red tape; On the other hand, it is also a practical protest against the contemporary dignitaries. Because the political mainstream at this time is dominated by etiquette, advocating "ruling the world with filial piety", which is different from Cao Cao's "being heartless and unfilial, but having the skill of ruling the country with soldiers", and using the abandoned etiquette as an excuse to consolidate power. Ruan Ji once said angrily, "Is ethical code for our generation?" Ruan Xian also rode a donkey in mourning to chase a Xianbei handmaid who secretly loved him during his mother's funeral.
Ruanzhong was honored to have a humble maid from her aunt's family. Her mother mourned and wanted to move far away and stay in Yunchu as a maid. Send it and leave. Zhong Rong, wearing heavy clothes, chased the donkey and rode very tired, saying, "You must not lose the race!" " "That is, the mother of remote collection. Ren Dan tablets. 15
This traditional etiquette system beyond ancient times is actually a great irony to the dignity of etiquette. Because the etiquette at that time had lost its original meaning.
At that time, etiquette was very strict, and Ruan Xian's indulgence, drinking and having fun hindered his career more or less.
Ruan people can drink, and they can gather in the world. They don't need to use a proper cup, but hold the wine in the big altar and sit around drinking. Sometimes a group of pigs come to drink and go straight to the table to drink together. Ren Dan tablets. 12
After reading this article, in fact, pigs are the life of all things in the world, so why should they be ranked high and low? Think about Zhong Rong's grand occasion of drinking with a group of pigs in an urn, and you can also appreciate his heroic spirit of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me". Moreover, Ruan Xian's "big" is arbitrary and arbitrary, which is different from Ruan Ji's "big" because of his helplessness to secular etiquette. These are their two differences.
However, in the famous religious society, these behaviors have a positive effect on impacting etiquette and liberating personality. Because some etiquette people at that time were mean and dishonest, and the informality of celebrities just exposed and protested the hypocrisy of etiquette. Therefore, informality is only one aspect of its performance, and it is also another aspect.