At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, political corruption, Mongolian rulers fought for power and profits, and the broad masses of the people, including the Han nationality, were oppressed as never before, and the state treasury became increasingly empty.
135 1 year, the imperial court recruited hundreds of thousands of peasants and soldiers to control the Yellow River flood. "Governing the river" and "exchanging money" became the fuse of the popular rebellion, which led to the outbreak of the Red Scarf Army uprising.
135 1 May, the Red Scarf Army uprising led by Han and Han broke out. The following year, Guo Zixing responded, rallied and captured Haozhou. Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang, a poor farmer in Haozhou, went to Guo Zixing at the invitation of Tanghe, made a meritorious military service, was valued and trusted by Guo Zixing, and married Ma Shi, the adopted daughter of Guo Zixing. After that, Zhu Yuanzhang left Haozhou to develop his own power. 1355, Liu Futong made Han Liner emperor, with the title of Dasong and Longfeng, and was called Wang Xiaoming, with its capital in Bozhou. After his death, Zhu Yuanzhang took over the Guo Department and served as Deputy Marshal Zuo. 1356, led the troops to occupy Qing Ji, renamed Yingtianfu, and captured some surrounding military sites, thus gaining a foothold. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a high wall, accumulating grain widely, and being king slowly". 1360, Chen Youliang's troops suffered a great blow through the Poyang Lake water war. 136 1 year, Wang Xiaoming made Zhu Yuanzhang Duke of Wu. 1363, Chen Youliang's influence was completely eliminated. 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang claimed to be the King of Wu, and was called the King of West Wu in history, which was different from Zhang Shicheng, the King of Pingjiang. 1366, drowned, and Zhu Yuanzhang changed the following year to the first year of Wu. 1367, Pingjiang fell, Zhang Shicheng committed suicide, and then Fang Guozhen, Zhejiang was destroyed. 1368 On the fourth day of the first month (January 23rd, Gregorian calendar), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, established the Ming Dynasty, changed to Hongwu, and then carried out the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition. In the same year, he captured Dadu and Yuan Shundi fled to the north. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has continued to wipe out Ming Yu's earthquake forces in Sichuan and Liang Wang, while the Yuan Dynasty was holed up in Yunnan. He went deep into Mobei and attacked Beiyuan. This is the beginning of the world.
Ming dynasty (1368- 1644)
Wu Hong Zhi Zhi
After the establishment of the Ming dynasty, on the one hand, it reduced the burden on farmers, resumed social and economic production, and punished corrupt officials, and achieved certain results. Li Jia system was established in Ming Dynasty, and the collection of tax and labor and the maintenance of local public security were carried out in coordination with the implementation of the Yellow Book of Tax Service and the Atlas of Fish Scales. At this time, the economy has advanced by leaps and bounds, and the population of the whole country has increased greatly. At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to northern Mongolia for many times and won many wars. Finally, the Northern Yuan court was destroyed in the fishing sea, and the unity of the country was maintained.
Zhu Yuanzhang's personality is extreme. In order to consolidate centralized rule, he followed the example of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang and wantonly slaughtered heroes. Zhu Yuanzhang built two prisons, namely "Hulan Party Prison" and "Hulan Party Prison". The total number of prisoners in this prison exceeds100000. Many heroes were killed unjustly, and many innocent officials and people were implicated in genocide. Ma Huanghou's generosity and virtue have repeatedly advised and recommended many people to save many lives, but Ma Huanghou is the only one who can stop Zhu Yuanzhang from taking up the butcher's knife. This left Zhu Yuanzhang with a lot of notoriety. Zhu Yuanzhang's extreme personality maintained the stability of the central government to a great extent, but it also laid the groundwork for the war in Jingnan in the future.
Battle of Jingnan
Ming Chengzu Judy
Zhu Yuanzhang made scholars princes to strengthen the frontier defense and defend the throne. Among the vassal kings, the northern vassal king is stronger and mainly undertakes the frontier defense task of Mongolia. Especially Rebecca, Judy and Wang Jin have the greatest influence. It poses a great threat to imperial power.
After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne, which was written for Hui Zong. He immediately conspired with his trusted ministers, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, to cut down the princes. The kings of Zhou, Dai, Qi, Xiang and Min were either abolished or killed. At the same time, in the name of border defense, the elite prince was transferred to prepare to cut off the prince. As a result, at Yao's suggestion, the prince of Yan launched the battle of Jingnan in the name of one party and finally occupied Nanjing. His whereabouts are unknown in the Miyagi fire. Judy's victory ended the battle of Jingnan. Judy removed the title of Wen Jian and continued to use the title of "Hongwu", that is, the fourth year of Wenjian was changed to the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu, and the next year was changed to Yongle. At the same time, he ordered the restoration of all laws and official systems changed by the Wen Dynasty. In the first year of Yongle, Judy became emperor of the Ming Dynasty (the name of the temple was changed in the reign of Emperor Taizong in Renzong, and in September of the seventeenth year of Jiajing).
Yongle Shi Sheng
After Judy ascended the throne, her martial arts flourished. She first attacked Annan and then attacked Mobei Mongolia to avoid future troubles. In the field of culture, Cheng Zu ordered the compilation of Yongle Dadian. It will be completed in three years. There are 22,877 volumes of Yongle Dadian, including 60 volumes of illustrations and catalogues, 1 1095 volumes, and 78,000 kinds of books are cited, with more than 370 million words, without abridgement. In the third year of Yongle, Zheng He went to the Western Ocean in an unprecedented way, which expanded the influence of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty renamed Beiping as Beijing and set up a yamen in imperial academy, Beijing. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), the palace was built in Beijing. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), he toured Beijing, set up six departments and Douchayuan in Beijing, and was the late queen Xu Liling in Beijing, showing signs of moving the capital. After more than ten years of operation, Beijing has initially prospered. 14 16, Judy announced the idea of moving the capital and was recognized. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, Beijing was built on a large scale. Yongle was built in the eighteenth year, and the capital was officially moved in the nineteenth year. During Judy's reign, history called Yongle Shi Sheng.
Cheng Zu suppressed dissidents forcefully, and Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai and other old ministers were all killed. Among them, Fang Xiaoru's Bamboo Ancestors and Jing Qing's Hung Man Copy are the most tragic. In addition, he also set up another spy organization-East Factory. Factory hygiene system was established in Ming Dynasty.
Benevolence and publicity
After Zhu Di, Zhu Gaochi and Zhu Zhanji adopted the policy of relaxing state rule and supporting the people. In the early Ming Dynasty, after the restoration and development of Hongwu, Wen Jian and Yongle dynasties, the social economy was prosperous. Renzong "stopped shopping, rehabilitated injustice and abuse, and donated all the property to benefit the people." When Xuanzong proclaimed himself emperor, he implemented the policy of attaching importance to agriculture to relieve famine and punish greed. During the period of Ren Xuan, Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu and Yang Rong, great cabinet scholars, were in charge of state affairs and made great achievements. During their reign, they became a period of clean government, economic development and social stability in history. Later generations called it "the rule of benevolence and propaganda", which was opposite to the "the rule of culture and scenery" in the Western Han Dynasty.
The change of civil engineering and the change of seizing the door
In the tenth year of Xuande (1435), Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, aged 9, succeeded to the throne. With the assistance of Empress Dowager Cixi and ministers Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu and Yang Rong (Sanyang), the Ming Dynasty continued to advance steadily along the route of the Ren Xuan period. In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), the empress dowager died, and Sanyang also withdrew from the political arena, so Wang Zhen, the eunuch favored by Yingzong, became more overbearing and began to be authoritarian.
Ming Yingzong
In the early years of orthodoxy, the Mongolian Walla Department became more and more powerful, and often caused troubles at the border of the Ming Dynasty. The Warra leader also went south to attack the Ming Dynasty in July of the 14th year of Orthodox (1449). Wang Zhen enlisted 500,000 troops with Yingzong. After the army left Beijing, the soldiers were tired of food. At the beginning of August, the army arrived in Datong. Wang Zhen had to report the rout of the front line, afraid to fight again, and ordered him to return. When Li returned to the civil fort, he was caught up by the Walla army, and more than half of the soldiers were killed or injured. He either followed the prince, died or was captured. However, Yingzong failed to break through and was captured, and Wang Zhen was also killed by guard general Fan Zhongyan. This is the change of the civil fort.
After the news of the change of the civil fort reached the capital, the DPRK was in chaos. A minister's request to move the capital to Nanjing was refuted by Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War. On the other hand, Zhu Qiyu, the younger brother of Yingzong, was enthroned by the minister for the change of Zongdai and Jingtai. At the same time, Yu Qian actively prepared for the war. In October of the same year, the Walla army pushed Beijing to the city gate and placed Yingzong in the pass outside Deshengmen. The Wara army failed to attack, the Ming army fled in defeat, and the Ming army won the battle of Beijing.
I also saw that it was meaningless to continue kidnapping Yingzong, but I released Yingzong in August of the following year. However, Daizong first refused to send envoys to welcome him, put Yingzong under house arrest in Nangong, and abolished Crown Prince Zhu Jianshen (son of Yingzong, later Xianzong) as the release king, and made his son Zhu play it by ear as the prince. 16, Xu Youzhen, the vice capital of Imperial Capital, led an army into the Nangong at night, winning the support of Yingzong to seize the gate (Donghuamen) and reset it. He also killed Yu Qian and Wang Wen, a university student, and framed him for wanting Xiang Wang's son to be emperor. This is the change of seizing the door, also known as "the restoration of Nangong".
Xianzong period
Eight years after the restoration of Yingzong, he died and his son Zhu Jianshen acceded to the throne for Ming Xianzong. In the second year of Chenghua, Yu Qian died and his son was crowned as an official. In the eleventh year of Chenghua, Emperor Zong was restored. He can observe people's feelings and make great efforts to govern, just like a wise king. Ryukyu, Hami, Siam, Toulufan, Samarkand and other countries have paid tribute. However, the good times did not last long. Xianzong indulged in the harem all day long, and was happy with Wan Guifei, who was 18 years older than him, and prized eunuchs such as Wang Zhi and Liang Fang. They squandered the state treasury, which led to the confusion of state affairs. In the imperial court, ministers are in power and the political situation is bleak. Xianzong also established Huang Zhuang, which was the first land merger in the Ming Dynasty. In addition, Xianzong also initiated the system that the emperor directly issued imperial edicts to seal officials, so as to serve officials. As a result, propaganda officials flooded and fraud became the norm. It was not until the period of Xiaozong that all these officials were abolished. Wang Zhi, the eunuch, was favored by Xianzong, and he was arrogant. He set up a spy organization-West Factory, killing ordinary people and officials, and the public was furious. In the eighteenth year of Chenghua (1482), Wang Zhi was demoted for impeaching officials.
In the early days of Chenghua, the Ming Dynasty was invaded from time to time by the gradually powerful Jianzhou Jurchen, plundering a lot of property every year, and the people were miserable. Emperor Chenghua repeatedly appealed to Dongshan, the founder of Jianzhou. In the third year of Chenghua, the Ming court lured Dong Shan to cut Dong Shan, and Zhao Fu led an army of 50,000 to attack the state, with the intention of cultivating the court and smashing the nest. North Korea was ordered by Emperor Chenghua to cooperate with the Ming army. In this battle, the Nuzhen who lost the leader Dong Shan was defeated and tens of thousands of troops were beheaded. Since then, it has never recovered.
Hongzhi zhongxing
After Xianzong's death, Zhu Youtang, Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty, acceded to the throne. Filial piety was born in Xiao Han, so during the reign of filial piety, it "re-emerged from ordinary politics, in a word", which changed the situation that the traitor was in power since the reign of the British emperor. Filial piety is known as the "master of ZTE" and makes great efforts to govern, so it is called Hongzhi Zhongxing. Although eunuch Li Guang was favored in his later years, he immediately turned over a new leaf, and historians of past dynasties spoke highly of him. During the reign of Xiaozong, a group of treacherous court officials and redundant staff left by Xianzong were arrested and punished. And select the best talents and entrust them with the heavy responsibility of ministers. Filial piety is diligent in political affairs and visits the DPRK twice a day. Filial piety is strict with eunuchs, and the secret service can only be cautious in punishment. Filial piety practices thrift, does not build large buildings and reduces taxes. Single-minded, I have no concubines except Queen Zhang in my life. Under its governance, Hongzhi dynasty had a clean bureaucracy, and Ren Xian was able to restrain bureaucrats, be diligent and love the people, advocate economy, share weal and woe with the people, and make the people rich.
Wuzong period
In May of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi, Xiaozong died of illness. Fifteen-year-old Prince Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne and reformed Yuan for the sake of Wu Zong. Wu zong is proficient in Buddhism and Sanskrit, and can treat corporal with courtesy, but he is greedy for pleasure. Liu Jin, Ma Yongcheng, Gu Dayong, Wei Bin, Zhang Yong, Qiu Ju, Gao Feng, Luo Xiang and other eight eunuchs in the Eastern Palace colluded with each other to form the "Eight Tigers". Liu Jin's autocratic power also aroused the dissatisfaction of one of the other "seven tigers" in North Korea. In the end, Liu Jin was executed by Ling Chi.
In October of the 12th year of Zhengde, the little prince Tatar of Mongolia led 50,000 people to invade the border on a large scale, and Emperor Zhengde personally defeated the little prince. History says that the result of the "Yingzhou Victory" campaign was that the Tatars "invaded the border the next year and dared not go deep."
Since Wu Zong's wandering idleness led to fierce land annexation, class contradictions and contradictions within the ruling clique deepened, and accidents occurred frequently, such as Zhu Jian's uprising in Anhua, Ningxia, Liu Liu and Liu Qi's uprising in Zhili, and Zhu's uprising in Xining, Jiangxi, etc. In the fifteenth year of Zheng De's reign, Wu Zong fell into the water and fell ill while boating in Qingjiangpu (Huai 'an, Jiangsu) in Nanzhili. In the sixteenth year of Zheng De (152 1), Wu Zong died in March.
Jiajing period
Wu zong has no children and no brothers. After his death, Zhu Houzong, the eldest son of the king, was promoted by Xiaozong's younger brother for Mingshizong. Sejong acceded to the throne,
Jiajingdi
It seems that something should be done to get rid of eunuchs everywhere, rectify taxes and save money. However, the ceremony event seriously damaged the state affairs: Sejong requested to summon his biological fathers Huang Kao and Xiao Huang Zongbo Kao. But Yang Yanhe, the cabinet record, and Mao Cheng, the minister of rites, insisted that some ministers catered to the emperor's wishes. Finally, Sejong honored his biological father, Gong Rui Renyuan Hiromu Chunsheng, as emperor, and the name of the temple was Zong Rui. In this way, the god of Zong Rui was promoted to the ancestral temple and climbed up to Wuzong (in the first year of Qin Long, Zong Rui Tang Ming was awarded). Great etiquette caused an uproar, and opponents of courtiers were all attacked, or dismissed from office or imprisoned. Reception staff 180 people, died with the staff 17 people. Since the "Renyin Palace Change" in the twenty-first year of Jiajing (1542), Sejong has no longer regarded the DPRK. Since then, I have been a vassal of Yan Song dictatorship for more than 20 years.
During the Jiajing period, the northern Tatars occupied Hetao, and the Ming Dynasty was weak. In Jiajing 1550, Tatar leader Anda Khan invaded and plundered in the suburbs of Beijing and then went west. The Ming army lost in pursuit, which is the change of Geng Xu. During Mu Zongshi, the Ming Dynasty established good relations with Mongolia, and Anda was named King Shunyi. In the southern coastal areas, Japanese pirates are rampant, and people's lives and production have been seriously damaged. However, Qi Jiguang, Hu Zongxian and Judah destroyed it.
Qin Long New Deal
After Sejong's death, Prince Zhu Zaihou acceded to the throne, and for the sake of Ming Muzong, he was changed to Qin Long. During his six years in office, he appointed such talented ministers as Gao Gong, Xu Jie and Zhang.
Qin Long's famous ministers gathered and reached a land peace agreement with Mongolia, known as Andagong in history; Opening up maritime non-governmental trade, known as Qin Long switch in history; As a result of these two measures, the Ming Dynasty reappeared the trend of rejuvenation, which was called Qin Long New Deal in history and laid the foundation for Wanli's rejuvenation.
zhang juzheng reform
In the sixth year in Qin Long, Ming Muzong died of a sudden stroke. His son Zhu Yijun succeeded to the throne and was renamed Emperor Wanli. Being young, she was regent by the Queen Mother. Gao Gong, an important official, was dismissed for confronting Feng Bao, the eunuch trusted by the Queen Mother, and Zhang received support.
During Zhang Fuzheng's ten years, he carried out reforms. In internal affairs, he put forward the principle of "respecting sovereignty, instructors, rewarding and punishing, giving orders", implemented the examination law, abolished redundant officials and staff in government agencies, and reorganized postal and civil servants. Economically, clear the whole country's land, curb the powerful landlords, reform the tax system, implement the whip law, and reduce the burden on farmers. During the Hongwu period, there were 8507632 hectares of cultivated land in China. To 1502, reduced to 4228058 hectares. After nine years of management by Zhang, Wanli reached 7,013,976 hectares. Militarily, strengthen the rectification of military equipment, put down the riots in the southwest, and reuse the anti-Japanese famous Qi Jiguang Prime Minister Ji, Chang and Bao for training to make the border safe. Zhang also opened Pan Jixun to control the Yellow River and turn floods into water conservancy. At the same time, severely punish corrupt officials and reduce redundant staff. After Zhang's political reform, the early years of Wanli presented a scene of peace and prosperity, which was called the resurgence of Wanli in history.
Wan Li Zhongxing
In the early days after Zhang's death, Emperor Wanli was still interested in political affairs, but he soon began to ignore political affairs. After Wanli 14 years, Zongshen began not to go to court continuously. After the New Year's Day in the seventeenth year of Wanli, Zongshen was exempted from New Year's greetings on the grounds of solar eclipse. Since then, Zongshen has never seen the DPRK on New Year's Day. The lack of officials is very serious, because all sects do not care about state affairs. Yuan Keli, the ambassador, took advantage of the opportunity of Jingde Gate in Lei Zhen to attack the state affairs, and was demoted to a common people by the furious emperor Zongshen. Sects are above, officials are below, and the government is completely idle. There are many parties in bureaucracy, such as Party, Propaganda Party, Kunming Party, Qi Party and Zhejiang Party. But the topic of discussion is not how to improve state affairs, but just the personnel layout. Then it is for these reasons that folk industry and commerce and culture have developed greatly. The Wanli period was the most developed period of the Ming Dynasty, where the so-called seeds of capitalism flourished.
Wanli Dynasty, including assisting Lee's Korea to resist Japanese invasion, pacifying the chaos of sacrifice in Ningxia, and pacifying the chaos in Yang Yinglong, Guizhou, all won.
In the forty-six years of Wanli (16 18), the late Jin Khan Nurhachi denounced the "seven great hatreds" and vowed to betray the Ming Dynasty. The following year, he defeated the Ming army in the battle of Salhu, and Ming turned to the strategic defense of Houjin. In forty-eight years of Wanli, Zongshen died of illness.
Revelation period
In the first year of Taichang (1620), Guangzong died. Zhu Youxiao, the eldest son, succeeded to the throne as Ming Xizong, and was renamed as the Apocalypse. Xizong's cultural level is not high, and he likes carpentry. Eunuch Wei Zhongxian took advantage of the situation, formed gangs and made a mess, which made the Ming society even darker.
The so-called Wei Zhongxian Rebellion was caused by the Party, Zhejiang Party, Qi Party and Lu Party, which dominated the civil service groups in the Ming Dynasty, for their own interests. The emperor tried to unite a few officials from North Korea and China through the palace to fight for power from the cabinet controlled by Lindong Party. The struggle ended with the death of the Apocalypse Emperor. After the death of Emperor Apocalypse, Emperor Chongzhen began to use officials from Lindong. 1627 10, Wei Zhongxian was transferred by the emperor to Fengyang to guard the imperial tomb, and Wei Zhongxian hanged himself.
Chongzhen period
In the seventh year of the apocalypse, Xizong died. King Xin's younger brother succeeded him as Sizong (Ming 'an Zongchu was renamed Sizong, later changed to Sizong, and Zongzong was renamed as Chongzhen). After he ascended the throne, he was determined to reform state affairs. He first ordered the suspension of the construction of the shrine and forced the Hakkas to move outside the palace. When the time was right, Emperor Chongzhen ordered Wei Zhongxian to guard Fengyang Mausoleum. On his way to Wei Zhongxian, he learned that Emperor Chongzhen sent a royal guard to arrest him and hanged himself with his cronies Li. Emperor Chongzhen hung his head in Hejian's hometown. At the same time, the guests were taken to Huan Yi Branch for execution. Other eunuchs were also demoted or executed. Although the autocratic power of the eunuch party ended, the struggle between the parties in the DPRK and China continued, and Emperor Chongzhen began to be disappointed in the political affairs. In order to revive national politics, he began to strengthen centralization, tried to control officials and appointed eunuchs to carry out his innovative will.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/626, Nurhachi died, and Yuan Chonghuan sent monks to make peace, which was strongly opposed by Yuan Keli, then the left assistant minister of the Ministry of War. 1629 (the second year of Chongzhen) 10, after the Jin Dynasty, Huang Taiji, led by Mongols, passed through xifengkou and broke through the Great Wall from Longjing Pass, and captured four fortresses, namely Zunhua, Luanzhou, Yongping and Qian 'an, which matched the imperial city. Due to personnel changes, the imperial court once lost control of the border guards in western Liaoning, the 3rd Battalion guarding the Imperial Capital was intimidated by the late Jin Dynasty, and the gardens, pavilions and pavilions outside Beijing were completely ravaged by the invaders. In February of the same year, Emperor Chongzhen ordered all military forces to enter Beijing.
1630 (the third year of Chongzhen), the emperor executed Yuan Chonghuan, who was in charge of military affairs in Liaodong, on the charge of "invalid entrustment, relying solely on deception, stealing rice from the city, and suspecting being handsome". In the same year, the late Jin army arrived outside Beijing, which shocked the Ming Dynasty. Qin Liangyu, the female company commander of Chongqing, stepped forward and led the "White Pole Soldiers" to take the initiative to attack the Eight Banners Army. Outside Yongdingmen, Huang Taiji sent Dourgen's department to face Qin Liangyu's department. In this campaign, with the cooperation of veterans such as Sun Chengzong, Qin Liangyu led the white armed soldiers to defeat the iron-toed cavalry. Later, Qin Liangyu successfully sneaked into the camp of the late King Khan Huang Taiji on a snowy night. Huang taiji was forced to give up Luanzhou, Yongping, Qian 'an and Zunhua, but failed.
1640, the Song and Jin Wars broke out in Ming and Qing Dynasties. 1642, Hong Chengchou was captured in Songshan and Zu Dashou surrendered in Jinzhou. The battle of Jinsong marked the complete collapse of the Ming Dynasty's defense system in Liaodong, and Ningyuan became an isolated city outside the customs.
164 1 year, Li Zicheng captured Luoyang and killed Zhu. 16431October, Li Zicheng invaded Tongguan, 1 1 month occupied Xi 'an. The peasant army led by Zhang first conquered Huguang area, then conquered Sichuan and established the regime of Daxi. 1644, Li Zicheng established Dashun regime in Xi' an, with the title of Yongchang. 1644 (the seventeenth year of Chongzhen) In March, the peasant army captured Datong, Fu Xuan and Juyongguan. 18, the peasant army conquered the outer city of Beijing. The next morning, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan Park in Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty perished.
Nanming period (1644- 1662)
Hong Guang period
1April 2, 6441day, Li Zicheng personally led the troops in a stone war with Wu Sangui outside Shanhaiguan. However, due to the Qing army's participation in the war, Li Zicheng was defeated and then abandoned Beijing to retreat to Xi 'an. On the second day of May, Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty went to Beijing. On the 8th, the emperor shunzhi of Qing Dynasty entered Beijing, and Beijing became the capital of Qing Dynasty. In Nanjing, there were formal grass-roots government institutions in the Ming Dynasty. On the third day of May, 1644, Zhu Yousong, the cousin of Emperor Chongzhen, was promoted to state supervisor. Twelve days later, Zhu Yousong proclaimed himself Emperor Anzong, and the following year was the first year of Hong Guang. Hong Guang's government is constantly fighting among itself, and eunuchs are authoritarian, so it implements the wrong national policy of "uniting Lu Ping's mouth". Emperor Hong Guang did not care about political affairs, and indulged in debauchery. At this time, the peasant army killed each other and failed again and again when fighting the Qing army. In the first month of the first year of Hong Guang, the Qing army broke through Tongguan and Li Zicheng retreated to Hubei. In March of the first year of Hong Guang, Dourgen shifted his military center of gravity eastward and ordered many troops to attack Nanming from the south. The Qing army soon arrived in Yangzhou City guarded by Shi Kefa. Shi Kefa kept it for seven days and seven nights. The city was broken and Shi Kefa was killed. The Qing army then carried out a full ten-day massacre in Yangzhou, which was called Yangzhou on the 10th, with 800,000 victims. Then the Qing army crossed the river and attacked Nanjing. Emperor Hong Guang was captured and escorted to Beijing, and was killed in Chaicheng outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing the following year. After the Qing army occupied Nanjing, it successively conquered Suzhou, Hangzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou and other parts of the south of the Yangtze River. In June of the first year of Hong Guang, the Qing army ordered that within ten days, all Han people in the occupied areas of the Qing army should imitate Manchu decorations to shave their hair and change clothes, and "keep their hair, keep it", which triggered strong resistance from Han people. People in the south of the Yangtze River revolted against the Qing Dynasty, especially in Jiading and Jiangyin. There were three butchers in Jiading and eighty-one days in Jiangyin, but they were brutally suppressed by the Qing army. The rulers of the Qing dynasty brutally shaved their hair and changed clothes, during which the total number of victims exceeded one million.
Longwu and Shaowu periods
After the collapse of the Hong Guang regime, Zhu Yihai, king of Lu, supervised the country in Shaoxing, and Zhu, king of Tang, proclaimed himself emperor in Fuzhou, with the title of longwu. Emperor Longwu was the most successful emperor in Nanming. He made great efforts to govern, cared about the sufferings of the people and washed away the shortcomings of his predecessors. The basic national policy was changed to "Royal Lu", but it was shelved by the successor Zheng Group and was subject to Zheng Zhilong everywhere. 1646 (the second year of Longwu) In February, the Qing army began to conquer Fujian and Zhejiang. In June, King Lu was defeated and fled to the sea under the protection of Zhang Huangyan. In August, when Emperor Longwu was fighting with the Qing army pursuers, he was shot to death by disorderly arrows in the lobby of Tingzhou City yamen. On the fifth day of November, Zhu Yuyu, the brother of Emperor Wu of the Long Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Guangzhou and changed to Shaowu for the sake of literate Sect. Captured by the Qing army, he died of hunger strike only 4/kloc-0 days later. 1 1 month 15, Zheng zhilong went north to Fuzhou to clear up despite Zheng Chenggong's hard persuasion.
Li Yong period
After Emperor Changwu was killed, Gui Wang Zhu Youlang proclaimed himself emperor in Zhaoqing on1October 10, and in that year1October18, with the following year as the first year of the perpetual calendar. The Li Yong regime and the defeated remnants such as Zhang and Li Zicheng jointly fought against the Qing Dynasty and once recovered the whole territory of Hunan. Zheng Chenggong insisted on anti-Qing activities in the southeast coastal areas, and once conquered Zhang Quan and Er Fu, regarding Li Yong as the new moon. In the second year of Li Yong, Li Yong appointed Zhu Shugui of Ning to supervise the national army. Three years after the Li Yong incident, the Qing army was besieged and Hunan fell again. In four years, the Qing army conquered Guangzhou and Guilin. Li Yong was forced to retreat to Nanning.
In the fifth year of Li Yong, Sun Kewang welcomed Emperor Li Yong into the Anlong Hospital in Guizhou. Soon, the Nanming Army took the remnants of the Great Western Army as the main body and launched a comprehensive counterattack against the Qing Army. Li Dingguo led 80,000 troops out of Hunan, won a great victory in Jingzhou and recovered most of Hunan. Then he went south to Guangxi and won a great victory in Guilin, killing Kong Youde, the king of Ding Qingnan, and recovering the whole province of Guangxi; Then he went north to Hunan and won a great victory in Hengzhou, killing Ni Kan, the prince of Qing Jin Jing, which shocked the world. At the same time, Liu Wenxiu also attacked Sichuan, won great victories in Suzhou and Xixi, and recovered southern and eastern Sichuan. Sun Kewang also personally led the army to win the victory in Chenzhou, Hunan. Zhang Huangyan, Zheng Chenggong and other anti-Qing troops in the southeast coast also took the opportunity to launch an offensive, and successively won a series of victories, such as Cizao victory, Qian Shan victory, Xiaoyingling victory, Jiangdong Bridge victory, martial arts victory and Haicheng victory, and accepted the title of Li Yong.
Later, Liu Wenxiu was defeated in Sichuan and defeated by Wu Sangui in the battle of Baoning. Sun Kewang was jealous of Li Dingguo's great achievements in Guilin and Hengzhou, and forced Li Dingguo to leave, but he was defeated in the battle of Baoqing. Zheng Chenggong on the southeast coast also lost in the battle of Zhangzhou. Therefore, the Ming army failed to expand its achievements in Sichuan, Hunan and Fujian, and fell into a stalemate with the Qing army. After that, Li Dingguo contacted him and led troops into Guangdong twice on 1653 and 1654, and agreed to meet Zheng Huishi in Guangzhou to recover Guangdong in one fell swoop. However, Zheng Jun repeatedly stood up and the plague spread, which led to the failure of Zhaoqing Campaign and Xinhui Campaign. However, Zheng Chenggong's army was not idle. 1656 Zheng Jun won a total victory in Quanzhou Bay, 1657 won a total victory in Huguoling.
In the tenth year of Li Yong (1656), Sun Kewang conspired to usurp the throne, which triggered civil strife in Nanming. Li Dingguo took Li Yong to Yunnan, defeated Sun Kewang the following year, and Sun Kewang fell into poverty. After the fall of Sun Kewang, southwest military information was provided to the Qing court. In April of the 12th year of Li Yong (1658), the main forces of the Qing army attacked Guizhou from Hunan, Sichuan and Guangxi. At the end of the year, Wu Sangui invaded Yunnan, and in the first month of the following year, he went down to Kunming and entered Yunnan. Emperor Li Yong fled in panic and entered Myanmar. Li Dingguo led the whole army to ambush Mopanshan in an attempt to wipe out the enemy pursuers. As a result, the secret agent failed to win a total victory, and the elite of the Nanming army was lost. This is a bloody battle in Mopanshan.
At this time, Zheng Chenggong led more than 100,000 troops to the Northern Expedition while the Qing army attacked the southwest, and successively won a series of victories in Guanding, Guazhou and Zhenjiang. Once the enemy arrived at the gates of Nanjing and recovered the four houses in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, Zheng Jun was tricked by the Qing army, eventually failed and retreated to Xiamen. The Qing army sent troops to besiege Xiamen in an attempt to annihilate Zheng Chenggong in one fell swoop. However, Zheng Chenggong calmly fought and won the victory of Xiamen Sea Street. He destroyed the Eight Banners led by Dasu and the green camp Navy, and shot Qing the emperor shunzhi at Siming Port in Xiamen, thus stabilizing the situation in the southeast coast.
At this time, the Qing army entered Myanmar, forcing the Burmese government to hand over the emperor Li Yong. In March of the 15th year of Li Yong, Zheng Chenggong sent his son Zheng Jing to stay in Jinsha to attack Taiwan Province Province occupied by the Netherlands. Struggled hard in September and returned to Taiwan in February of the following year. In April of the 16th year of Li Yong, Li Yong was strangled by Wu Sangui in Kunming, Yunnan, and Nanming perished.
Ming and Zheng Dynasties (1662- 1683)
After Li Yong was killed, only thirteen families of Kuidong and Zheng Chenggong began to strangle him in the Golden House of Taipeng on 1662. 1664, thirteen Quidditch families failed to fight against the Qing Dynasty, and the leader Li Laiheng set himself on fire. Li Yong/KLOC-After Zheng Chenggong's death in May, June, Zheng Jing came to Taiwan from Xiamen to take over and continued to use the Li Yong number. On the surface, he still regards Zhu Shugui, the king of tranquility, as the official Xinyue family, and welcomes Zhu Shugui to Taiwan from Fujian the following year. 1663, Manchu and Holland jointly attacked Jinmen and Xiamen, and the two islands fell one after another. The Ming and Zheng forces retreated to Taiwan Province, and with their help, they helped the local people, contacted vendors, promoted learning, recruited talents, established systems and ruled the territory. When the San Francisco Rebellion broke out in A.D. 1673, Zheng Jing accepted the request of Geng, king of Jingnan, and led his army westward to March on Fujian. After recovering Xiamen, Zheng Jing took over Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Chaozhou, and then captured Huizhou, Guangdong. Later, Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, Guangdong, and Geng, the king of Jingnan, Fujian, were successively pacified by the Qing army, and Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, Yunnan, was also defeated. Zheng Jing troops rout, can only hold Xiamen. 1680, Wan Zhengse, the general of the Qing army, sent people to lobby Zhu Tiangui, the deputy commander of Zheng Jun's navy (formerly Geng Department), to lead 300 warships, and more than 20,000 soldiers were cleared. 168 1 year Zheng Jing gave it to Zheng Jing, who was critically ill and named Zheng Kecang as his successor. Feng Xifan poisoned Zheng Kecang, took her husband Zheng Keshuang and monopolized the power. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty took advantage of the civil strife of the Zheng regime in the Ming Dynasty, and took Shi Lang, the rebel, as the prefect of the navy, and began to conquer Taiwan Province Province. 1683, Shi Lang defeated Liu Guoxuan to conquer Penghu, which caused great military pressure on Taiwan Province. As a result, Zheng Keshuang shaved his hair, Zhu Shugui, the quiet king, committed suicide with his five concubines, and the last anti-Qing force in the country was destroyed.
I recommend you to see the official history of those things in the Ming Dynasty, which is very detailed.
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The brilliant victory of the Ming Dynasty over European colonists