The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-202 BC)
During the Chu-Han War, the world was in chaos at the end of Qin Dynasty, separatist forces appeared everywhere, and Liu Bang and Xiang Yu also rose at this time. Xiang Liang found the descendants of the King of Chu, made him Chu Huaiwang (later Emperor Chu Yi), and sent troops to attack the Qin Dynasty.
Liu bang obeyed the counselor's arrangement and invaded Guanzhong for the first time in 65438+February 2007 BC. Zi Ying, king of Qin, surrendered, and Liu Bang entered Xianyang and Qin Dou. Liu Bang failed to realize the agreement that "the one who enters the customs first is king", because his own strength was not as good as Xiang Yu's, he withdrew his troops and took the lead. Since then, Xiang Yu gradually came to power, ruled by his own powerful force and enfeoffed the princes. Chu Huaiwang was established as the righteous emperor, calling himself "the overlord of Chu". He sealed Liu Bang in Shu and named Liu Bang Han. At that time, China had 18 vassals and 1 Yidi. Soon, Liu bang reorganized the army to attack Xiang Yu in his fief, which was not dominant in the early stage. However, although Liu Bang's military talent can't be compared with Xiang Yu's, Liu Bang is good at employing people, and he used Xiao He, Sean and Chen Ping's counselors for him. More importantly, he got Han Xin, a general who was not reused by Xiang Yu. It was his excellent military ability that turned the situation around. In the final battle of Gaixia, Liu Bang won the victory of Xiang Yu. After Xiang Yu refused the proposal of his subordinates to make a comeback, he committed suicide by the Wujiang River, ending the Chu-Han War. Liu bang
On February 28th, 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and designated the country as Han. In June, the capital Chang 'an, the Western Han Dynasty was born.
Rest and recuperation (202 years ago 14 1 year)
Sharing interest with the people is also the policy of "land to the tiller" that we often say in history.
The policy of rest and recuperation means that after the great turmoil or long-term war, the rulers do not waste people's money and impose harsh laws, but adopt a policy of lenient punishment and thin taxes to safeguard people's strength and multiply population, so as to achieve the purpose of restoring and developing the economy and stabilizing their rule. Since Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, after several emperors (Hui Di, Lv Hou, Wendi and Jingdi), the policy of recuperation has been implemented for 60 or 70 years. The result is "all rivers run into the sea, and the national strength is considerable." Ban Gu said, "Han Xing, clean up your troubles and share the interest with the people; As for filial piety, it is a combination of courtesy and frugality; Xiao Jing follows the industry. Between 50 and 60 years, as for changing customs, CoCo Lee is mellow. "
After Emperor Gaozu proclaimed himself emperor by doing nothing, in view of the experience of Qin's death, he adopted the Taoist thoughts of "governing the elderly by Huang" and "governing by doing nothing".
First of all, the "county system" was adopted, and counties and feudal countries coexisted. The emperor separated the vassal state from the kingdom, in which the vassal state only enjoyed the tax in the fief and had no military and political power, and was under the jurisdiction of the county, while the kingdom had independent political and military power. In addition, pay attention to building water conservancy internally, reduce taxes, and create conditions for restoring agricultural development; Externally, pro-Huns, and maintaining peace in the border areas. This series of policies in the Han Dynasty generally maintained peace for a period of time, but also caused a series of problems. The domestic policy of light tax and light tax has made some local forces grow stronger and formed land annexation. Externally, Xiongnu frequently invaded Japan, threatening peace in border areas.
When Emperor Gaozu carried out these policies, he also had doubts about the princes with different surnames who had made great contributions to the dispute between Chu and Han. At this time, Han Xin was executed by Xiao He and Lv Hou, and then Peng Yue, Ying Bu and others were eliminated one after another. Almost all the princes with different surnames disappeared and were replaced by princes with Liu surname. Liu bang said a word to everyone in the White Horse Alliance: "If Liu is not king, the world will attack him."
Liu Bang was injured and died in the rebellion against Ying Bu. That was before 195.
After the death of Emperor Gaozu Lv Hou, the regime was gradually controlled by Emperor Gaozu Lv Hou. After Hui Di's death, Lv Hou established two puppet emperors, gradually weakening the Liu family, and made Lv Hou king, who was in power for eight years. It was not until Lv Hou's death that Zhou Bo and Chen Ping seized the imperial power and killed Lu Chan and others that this situation was eliminated.
After Lv Hou's death, because Zhu Lu mastered the military power, the heroes were more dissatisfied with Lv Hou's authoritarian power, and Qiu and Prime Minister plotted to seize the military power of Lv Hou. Because Emperor Gaozu had only two sons left, and the courtiers took Zhao, the queen mother of Huainan, as their soil, and the queen mother's family was well-off, the puppet emperor established by Lv Hou was not his own, so Emperor Wendi of China was welcomed as the emperor. He lightened the burden and punishment of the people, and his son Jing Di continued this policy after he succeeded to the throne, so this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery" in history. Wenjing No.2 Imperial Capital is an admirer of Taoist thought, and advocates inaction and recuperation. During this period, the country developed steadily and its national strength was greatly enhanced.
But during the reign of Emperor Jingdi, he listened to Chao Cuo's advice and cut the governors. In a hurry, the result was the "rebellion between the Seven Kingdoms and Wu Chu", which was the only turmoil in this period and lasted less than a year. The result was taken down by Zhou Yafu, the son of Zhou Bo. After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, the imperial court tried to deprive the governors of their power and strengthen centralization.
Great Han Dynasty (14 1 year -48 years)
Foreign war
The mid-Western Han Dynasty was the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Jing, Che succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As soon as he came to power, he changed the strategy of "governing by doing nothing", attacked the Xiongnu three times, expelled the Xiongnu to Mobei, opened the western regions, and produced the "Silk Road"; Internally, the "order to push the favor" was implemented to weaken the strength of the princes; And held a "salt and iron conference" to nationalize the salt and iron production. However, Liang Wudi's foreign war also comes at a price. After attacking Xiongnu three times, Liang Wudi continued to attack Xiongnu, which made the Xiongnu border suffer again. In the period of Emperor Wu, the state's tax revenue increased again, and at the same time, the punishment was intensified, which led to some riots in the later period of Emperor Wu. The cost is very high, so we set up officials who are "lose-lose" and "level off" to compete with the people for profits. In addition, Confucianism has become an inherent cultural trend in China.
After Liu Che's death, Liu Fuling and Liu Sicheng inherited their inheritance. When they were in power, the economy of Han was the most prosperous, the politics was the most stable, the culture was the most prosperous, the science and technology were the most developed, the territory was the most vast, and the comprehensive national strength ranked first in the world, which was called Wu Zhisheng in history.
Liang Wudi published a famous imperial edict in his later years, which also expressed Liang Wudi's profound reflection on himself. The country gradually became stable, so that although Liang Wudi lost the State of Qin, it did not lose it.
Decline and extinction (48 BC-9 AD)
The decline of yuan cheng
Emperor Xuandi died at the age of 43, and Prince Hanyuan ascended the throne. After Yuan Di, the consolidation of gentry prevailed, the centralization gradually weakened and the social crisis deepened. In addition, Emperor Han Chengdi was addicted to the gentle countryside. Wang's power is growing. Since Wang Feng, a relative of the Queen Mother, Wang's sons and nephews have all served as generals of Fu, and Wang's power in the imperial court has been consolidated day by day.
Beat by Ai Ping
After the death of Emperor Han Cheng, Emperor Zhao joined forces with the Prince to crowd out the king. The prince ascended the throne in memory of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Put the mourning grandmother, Empress Fu, and the biological mother, Empress Ding, into the palace. Seeing that the tide was gone, Mang suggested to the Queen Mother to give in temporarily. Therefore, Wang Mang resigned and returned to Xinye Xinxiang to seal the country.
Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty ignored the platform, which gradually weakened the Han Dynasty. Dong Xian, a pet slave in the allusion of "the addiction of broken sleeves", was worshipped as an assistant government at the age of 22.
After the death of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, the king was restored. At this time, Wang Mang gradually intervened in state affairs as a gentleman. Finally, he killed Xiaoping and abandoned his son. On June 9, 65438+1October 10 officially proclaimed himself emperor, changed the Han Dynasty into a new one, and the Western Han Dynasty died.
Chronology of events in the western Han dynasty /view/20338.htm