Huang San's statement
(1) Suirenshi, Fuxi, Shennong
(2) Fuxi, Nuwa and Shennong
(3) Fuxi, Zhu Rong and Shennong.
(4) Fuxi, Shennong, * * *
5] Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi
(6) The Emperor, the Yellow Emperor and Tai Huang (Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor)
The latter view was popularized because of the influence of Shangshu, and Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi became the three oldest emperors in China.
In addition, Huang San, together with the Emperor, Huangdi and Ren Huang, is called the Three Gods in Hanshu Weishu. Later, in Taoism, Huang San was divided into three groups: the third-grade emperor was human; In Huang San, people face snakes or dragons; In post-Huang San, Fuxi was the queen, Nuwa was the queen and Shennong was the queen.
Huang San's position Taoist gods ranking: Sanqing, Yusi Confucian gods ranking: Tian, Zu (three emperors and five emperors), Sheng (the most holy Confucius, the most holy Mencius, and the most holy Guan Yu) Some mythological novels and folklore gods ranking: Hong Jun. Pangu and Huang San. Sanqing and Yusi Taoism have no Pangu and Hong Jun. In fairy tales and folklore, some legends say that Pangu, Hong Jun and Yuan Shi Tian Zun are the same person, while others say that Pangu is his brother and Hong Jun is his brother. After the fall of Pangu, Yuan deified to Sanqing and respected him as a teacher. Nu Wa's position is sometimes above Huang San, sometimes within Huang San, and sometimes below Huang San. It is said that there are three reasons: first, in myths and legends, Nu Wa incarnates everything and has a high status above Huang San; Second, the legendary Fuxi and Nuwa are both brother and sister and husband and wife, and they belong to the same family. When listing in Huang San, sometimes both are selected, and sometimes only one person is selected as the representative, which is in Huang San; Thirdly, the prominent position of Shangshu (a pseudo Shangshu) in Confucian classics has made the views advocated by Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi Huang San recognized by most people, while Nu Wa is in matriarchal society, followed by paternal society, and men are respected, so she is under Huang San. The first volume of Yiwenhui quoted Xú Zhēng's "March 5 Calendar": "The number of days is extremely large, the number of places is extremely deep and Pangu is extremely long. Then there is Huang San. " Volume 78 of Taiping Yu Lan quotes the cloud of Chunqiu Wei: "Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang and nine brothers are divided into Kyushu and the world." There are nine clouds in Wang Jia's Collection Notes in the Jin Dynasty: "There is a big maple tree in the country", "There is a big stone room in the east of the tree, which can accommodate ten thousand people, and there are statues carved on the wall: thirteen emperors, eleven emperors and nine heads in Ren Huang, all of which are dragons." This covers the mythical Huang San. The rest say that there are many Huang Sans, such as Biography of Shangshu (Chen Shouqi series in Qing Dynasty), with Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong as Huang San; Han and others compiled White Tiger Tong with Fuxi, Shennong, Suiren or Fuxi, Shennong and Zhu Rong. Fuxi, Shennong and Nuwa were Huang San in the Spring and Autumn War. Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi are Huang San in Jin Huangfu Mi's The Emperor's Century. Tang Sima Zhen, Historical Records? To supplement Huang San's biography, Fuxi, Nu Wa and Shennong are considered as Huang San, and so on. See the five emperors. Huang San refers to Suiren, Fuxi and Shennong, and the Five Emperors refer to Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku and Yaoshun. Their story goes like this: the earliest primitive people who used flint to make fire did not know how to use fire. Everything is eaten raw, not counting the fruits of plants. Even wild animals are eaten alive, even with blood in their hair. Later, the use of fire was invented (traces of fire have been found on the Peking man site in Zhoukoudian, indicating that the use of fire was known at that time). The phenomenon of fire has existed in nature for a long time. The volcano erupted and there was fire. When thunder and lightning strike, the forest will catch fire. But primitive people began to see fire, and instead of using it, they were scared to death. Later, I occasionally picked up a wild animal that was killed by fire and took it to taste. It tastes delicious. After many experiments, people gradually learned to eat with fire and tried to keep the fire burning all the year round. After a long time, people drilled hard and sharp wood on another hard piece of wood and drilled out Mars. Others beat flint (flint) to knock out the fire. This shows that workers can make fires (according to archaeological data, Neanderthals already know how to make artificial fires). Who invented it? Working people, of course, but in legend, it is said that it is a person named "Suiren". Artificial lighting is a great invention. Since then, people can eat cooked food at any time, and the variety of food has also increased. It is said that Suiren also taught people to fish. It turns out that fish, turtles, clams, clams and the like are raw and cannot be eaten. If you have a way to make a fire, you can cook them and eat them. I wonder how long Fuxi spent fishing and hunting. People began to weave nets with ropes and hunt with nets, and invented bows and arrows, which were much better than hunting with sticks and stone tools. Not only the animals on the ground, but also the birds in the sky and the fish in the water can be photographed and captured. Most of the birds and animals caught are alive and can't be eaten for a while. You can also keep it until the next time, so people learn to keep it again. This kind of work of weaving nets, hunting and raising animals is the experience accumulated by people in their work. Legend has it that the people who invented these things were "Fu" or "Dong's". Shennong tasted grass One day, when Shennong was collecting exotic flowers and herbs, he tasted a kind of grass leaf, which made him thirsty and dizzy, so he put down his herbal bag and rested against a big tree. A gust of wind seems to smell a fresh fragrance, but I don't know where it comes from. Looking up, I saw some leaves falling from the tree, Ran Ran. The leaves are green, and I'm curious. So I picked one up and put it in my mouth to chew slowly. I think it is bitter, but it tastes sweet, so I just chew it. After eating, I feel more fragrant, my tongue is rhythmic, my spirit is uplifted, my dizziness is reduced, my mouth is numb, and I feel strange. So I picked up a few more leaves and looked at them carefully. Their leaf shapes, veins and edges are different from ordinary trees, so I picked some buds and flowers and went home. Later, Shennong named the tree "Tea", which was the earliest discovery of tea. Since then, tea trees have been gradually discovered, collected and introduced, and used as medicines, sacrifices, vegetables and drinks. The second is that it was given by the gods and discovered by Shennong. At that time, Shennong treated people, not only to climb mountains and clams to collect medicinal materials, but also to decoct and try to take these medicinal materials, and personally experience and identify the performance of medicinal materials. One day, Shennong collected a large bag of herbs, divided them into several piles according to the known properties, set up an iron pot under the big tree, put it into the stream, and made a fire to boil water. When the water boiled, Shennong opened the lid and turned to get the herbs. Suddenly, he saw a few leaves falling from the pot and immediately smelled a fragrance floating out of the pot. Shennong approached curiously and looked carefully. I saw a few leaves floating on the water, and the soup in the water gradually turned yellow-green, and the fragrance slowly distributed with the rise of steam. He scooped some juice from the bowl, but it felt bitter and fragrant. After drinking, the aftertaste is mellow and sweet, the mouth is not thirsty, people are not tired, their minds are clearer, and they don't feel happy. So I picked up the leaves from the pot and observed them carefully. There seems to be no such tree beside the pot, and I thought, "The gods must miss me for being old and kind. Take medicine to cure the pain and give me jade leaves to help all beings. " Since then, while continuing to study the efficacy of this leaf, I have set foot in the mountains to find this leaf. One day, Shennong finally found several wild tea trees on a hill not far away. Their leaves are exactly the same as those that fell into the pot. Juice is yellow-green, and tastes the same. Shennong was overjoyed, so he named it "tea" and boiled its leaves to taste. It is found that it really has the functions of quenching thirst, promoting fluid production, refreshing the brain, diuresis and detoxification. So besides herbs, it is considered as a panacea for health. It is said that this kind of "tea" discovered by Shennong in those days is what people call tea today. About 4000 years ago, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou. Many clans and tribes live along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China. The Yellow Emperor is one of the most famous tribal leaders in legend. Tribes headed by the Yellow Emperor first lived near Jishui in the northwest of China, and later moved to Zhuolu (now around Zhuolu and Huailai in Hebei Province), where they began to develop animal husbandry and agriculture and settled down. Yan Di, another tribal leader who was contemporary with the Yellow Emperor, originally lived near Jiang Shui in northwest China. It is said that they are close relatives of the Yellow Emperor. The Yan Di family gradually declined, while the Huangdi family flourished. At that time, there was a leader of the Jiu Li nationality named Ch and Y not u (Ch and Y not u), who was very strong. Legend has it that Chiyou has eighty-one brothers, all of whom are beasts, with bronze heads and iron foreheads, eating sand and stones, and they are extremely fierce. They also made swords, halberds, crossbows and various weapons, and often led his tribe to invade other tribes. Once, Chiyou occupied the position of Emperor Yan, and Emperor Yan rose up to resist, but he was no match for Chiyou and was defeated by Chiyou. Emperor Yan had no choice but to flee to Zhuolu and ask the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor had long wanted to get rid of the scourge of various tribes, so he joined forces with various tribes to prepare for a decisive battle with Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu. There are many myths and legends about this war. It is said that the Yellow Emperor domesticated bears, barbarians (pronounced pí), barbarians (pronounced pí), raccoons (pronounced xiū), and others? (sound chū) Six kinds of wild animals, tigers, were released to help in the war (some people think that the legendary six kinds of wild animals are actually six clans named after wild animals). Although Chiyou's soldiers were brave, they could not resist the Yellow Emperor's army and this group of fierce tigers and beasts, and were defeated and fled. When the Yellow Emperor led his troops to win the battle, it was dark, foggy, jittery and thunderous, and the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor could not catch up at all. It turned out that Chiyou invited "Fengbo Rain Master" to help. Not to be outdone, the Yellow Emperor asked the goddess to help him dispel the wind and rain. In an instant, the wind stopped raining and the sky was clear. Wanli finally defeated Chiyou. There is also a legend that Chiyou used witchcraft to create a fog, which made the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor lose their way. The Yellow Emperor took the "south guide car" as the guide and led the soldiers to pursue Chiyou in the direction of escape. As a result, Chiyou was arrested and killed. These myths reflect that the war is very fierce. The tribes were very happy to see that the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou. The Yellow Emperor was supported by many tribes. However, the Yan Di family and the Huangdi family also clashed. The two sides fought a battle in Hanquan (now southeast of Zhuolu County, Hebei Province), and Yan Di failed. From then on, the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the tribal alliance in the Central Plains. In the legendary era of the Yellow Emperor, there were many inventions, such as building palaces, making cars, building ships and making five-color clothes. Of course, none of these were invented by one person, but later people put them on the account of the Yellow Emperor. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor had a wife named Zukun (sound léi) who personally took part in labor. It turns out that silkworms are only wild, and people don't know the use of silkworms. Ancestors taught women to raise silkworms, reel silk and weave silk. From then on, there was silk and silk. The Yellow Emperor also had a historian, Cang Xie, who created ancient Chinese characters. We haven't seen the words of that period, and we can't find them. Legends in ancient China highly praised the Yellow Emperor, and later generations believed that the Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and he was the descendant of the Yellow Emperor. Because Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are close relatives and later merged together, we often call ourselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor. In order to commemorate this legendary ancestor, later generations also built a "Huangdi Mausoleum" on Qiaoshan, north of huangling county, Shaanxi. According to legend, Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, was named Levin and lived in the Five Emperors (now near Puyang, Henan). He is resourceful in Minhui and enjoys high prestige among the people. He ruled a much larger territory, stretching from Hebei in the north to Nanling in the south, Gansu in the west and some islands in the East China Sea in the east. It is described in the ancient history book that every time you visit, you are warmly received by the tribal people. But Zhuan Xu did something unreasonable. There is such a law he made: it is stipulated that women must avoid men on the road; If you don't do this, you will be dragged to the crossroads and beaten. Although this rule is a legend, it shows that during that period in Zhuan Xu, due to the change of production mode, men became the dominant force in the clan, and women's status was lower than that of men. Patriarchal clan society replaced matriarchal clan society, and the authority of men in society was established. Contemporary with Zhuan Xu, there was a tribal leader named Gong. Legend has it that he is a red-haired two-headed snake and his mount is two dragons. It is said that Gong surnamed Jiang is a descendant of Emperor Yan. His tribe is in today's northern Henan. He attached great importance to farming, especially water conservancy work, and invented the method of building dikes to store water. At that time, human beings were mainly engaged in agricultural production, and the use of water was very important. * * * Gong is another person who has contributed to the development of agricultural production after Shennong. * * * The worker has a son named Houtu, who is also very proficient in agriculture. In order to develop agricultural production and do a good job in water conservancy, they inspected the land situation of the tribe together and found that some places were too high and it was very laborious to irrigate the land. Some places are too low to be flooded easily. For these reasons, it is very unfavorable to agricultural production. Therefore, Gong made a plan to transport soil from the height of the land to cushion the height, thinking that digging low to cushion the height can expand the cultivated area and level the height, which is beneficial to the development of water conservancy irrigation and agricultural production. Zhuan Xu Department disapproves of Gong's practice. Zhuan Xu believes that the highest authority in the tribe is himself, and the whole tribe should only obey his orders, and the Gong family can't make their own decisions. He objected to carrying out his plan on the grounds that it would make heaven angry. As a result, there was a fierce struggle between Zhuan Xu and the Gong family. On the surface, it is a dispute between water and soil, but in fact it is a dispute over tribal leadership. To say that these two people are stronger, * * * Gong is stronger; As far as wit is concerned, he is inferior to Zhuan Xu. Zhuan Xu used ghosts and gods to incite tribal people, telling them not to believe the Gong family. At that time, people didn't know much about nature and believed in ghosts and gods. Many people have been taken in by Zhuan Xu. They thought that leveling Gong's land would really offend ghosts and gods and cause disaster, so Zhuan Xu won the support of most people. * * * Gong can't get the understanding and support of the people, but he firmly believes that his plan is correct and resolutely refuses to compromise. For the benefit of people all over the world, he is determined to sacrifice himself and devote his life to his career. He came to Buzhou Mountain (now Kunlun Mountain) and wanted to knock down the peak of Buzhou Mountain to show his strong determination. * * * Gong drove the dragon into mid-air and slammed into the island. Fog time, a loud noise, I saw that Zhoushan was not suddenly hit by Gong, and suddenly the middle was broken, and the whole mountain boomed and collapsed. Great changes have taken place between heaven and earth. In the sky, the sun, moon and stars have all changed their positions. On earth, mountains and rivers move and rivers change. It turns out that this mountain is a pillar between heaven and earth, and the Tianzhu is broken, which makes the rope tied to the ground collapse, only to see the earth collapse to the southeast. The sky falls to the northwest. Because the sky falls to the northwest, the sun, the moon and the stars rise from the east and land in the west every day; Because the earth collapses to the southeast, all the waters of the great rivers rush eastward and flow into the eastern sea. * * * Gong's heroic behavior has always been respected by people. After his death, people regarded him as a water god, and his son Hou Di was also regarded as a social god. Later, people vowed that "the sky is above the earth" and talked about him, which shows people's respect for them. The legend about * * * Gong contending with Zhuan Xu for the throne and bumping into Zhoushan without fighting, has been circulating for more than two thousand years. The myth mentioned above shows that at that time, our ancestors didn't know how to explain various natural phenomena and didn't understand and master the laws of nature, so they were so helpless in front of nature, so they attributed all kinds of doubts to the existence of God, and natural forces were visualized and personalized. So we created myths and legends, praised the heroes in our minds, and created legends such as Pangu, Nuwa and Huangdi. As for the legendary Gong, of course, it is not necessarily true. But his fearless spirit of being brave and strong and willing to sacrifice himself to transform mountains and rivers is worthy of our admiration. Although the myths and legends mentioned above are the imagination and artistic processing of later generations, they reflect some aspects of primitive society, which are close to the truth of history to some extent, just like deifying tribal leaders, reflecting that the leaders who used to serve the tribes have become forces above society. The primitive society began to have stage differentiation. There are few stories about Di Ku. According to legend, Di Ku began to assist Zhuan Xu at the age of fifteen and acceded to the throne in his thirties. Di Ku is selfless and observant. He can be strict with himself when he is in office, so everyone believes in him. Di Ku lived 70 years and died at the age of 105. After Yao Shun gave way to the Yellow Emperor, there were three famous tribal alliance leaders. They were Yao, Shun and Yu. They were once the leaders of a tribe and were later elected as the leaders of the tribal alliance. At that time, the leaders of tribal alliances had to consult with tribal leaders on any major issues. Yao is old and wants to find someone to take over. On one occasion, he called the leaders of four tribes to discuss. After listening to Yao's words, he said, "Your son is a wise man and is very suitable to inherit your position." Yao said seriously, "No, this boy has a bad moral character and likes to quarrel with others." Another man named Dog Dou said, "The workers in charge of water conservancy have done a good job." Yao shook his head and said, "* * * Men are articulate and respectful on the surface, but they are different at heart." I feel uncomfortable with these people. "The discussion was fruitless, and Yao continued to look for a successor. On one occasion, he called the leaders of four tribes to discuss and let everyone recommend them. The unanimous suggestion of the meeting was to avoid it. Yao nodded and said, "Oh! I also heard that this person is very nice. Can you elaborate on his deeds? "Everyone explained Shun's situation: Shun's father is a completely confused person, and people call him (g s 466 u, meaning blind old man). Shun's biological mother died long ago, and her stepmother was very bad. Stepmother's younger brother is called Xiang, but he is too proud to say so, but he dotes on him. Shun lives in such a family and is very kind to his parents and brothers. So everyone thinks that Shun is a person with good virtue. Yao was very happy and decided to go and see Shun first. He married his two daughters and built a granary for Shun and gave him many cattle and sheep. When the stepmother and her younger brother met, they were both envious and jealous. They played tricks and tried to assassinate Shun again and again. Once, Shun was asked to repair the top of the granary. When Shun climbed to the top of the barn with a ladder, he set the ladder on fire and tried to burn Shun to death. Shun saw a fire on the top of the warehouse and wanted to find a ladder. The ladder was gone. Fortunately, Shun wears two hats to keep out the sun. With a hat in his hands, he jumped down like a winged bird. The hat fluttered in the wind and landed gently on the ground, not hurt at all. And a unwilling, let shun to go. After Shun jumped into the well, Hexiang threw earth and stone on the ground and filled the well, trying to bury Shun alive. Unexpectedly, after going down the well, I dug a hole by the well, got out and went home safely. Not knowing that Shun had escaped from danger, Xiang returned home triumphantly and said to him, "My brother must be dead this time. I came up with this wonderful plan. Now we can divide our brother's property. " After that, he walked to the house where Shun lived, but as soon as he entered the room, Shun was sitting by the bed playing the piano. The elephant was secretly surprised and said shyly, "Oh, I miss you so much! Shun also pretended as if nothing had happened and said, "You came at the right time. "。 I have a lot of things to do, I just need your help to take care of them. "Later, Shun was still as kind to his parents and younger brother as in the past, and he dared not plot against Shun again. Yao listened to the story of Shun introduced by everyone, and after investigation, he thought that Shun was really a very good and capable person, so he gave up the position of leader to Shun. This abdication is called "abdication" in history. In fact, during the clan commune, tribal leaders were old, and it was not uncommon to elect new leaders. After Shun ascended the throne, he was also diligent and thrifty, working like an ordinary person, and was deeply trusted by everyone. A few years later, Yao died, and Shun wanted to give the position of the leader of the tribal alliance to Yao's son Dani, but everyone disagreed. Shun has just officially become a leader.