I. Life story
Born in Jiangdong. The courtiers and ancestors of Emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty actively participated in the war and were named Hou of Jin 'an. Father Tao Zhenbao, a deep antidote, intervened in children's history and officially came to Jiangxia Xiaochang. Tao was a thinker, pharmacist, alchemist and writer in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in southern China, and participated in the revision of Compendium of Materia Medica. Teacher Bai passed away. One of the representatives of Maoshan Taoism in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Because I see through this muddled world, "although I am in Zhumen, I close my eyes and don't smell foreign things." I just want to review. He lives in seclusion in Qushan, but "whenever the country has good or bad luck, he always asks for teaching, and there are often several letters in the middle of the month, so people call him" the prime minister in the mountains. " "
Tao Hongjing was born in the Southern Dynasties. The descendant of the seventh ancestor, Emperor Taizong, was General Wu Zhennan in the Three Kingdoms period, and later was a senior minister in the Jin Dynasty. Grandpa Long Tao, good martial arts, antidote. Father Tao Zhenbao, whose real name is Guo Zhong, is an all-rounder in civil and military fields. I've been smart since I was a child. When I was ten years old, I watched Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals and decided to keep fit. When I was fifteen, I wrote Looking for Mountains.
At the age of 20, he was listed as a servant of the king, and then he was taught by the generals in Zuo Wei Hall. 36-year-old Liang Dai stood together and lived in seclusion in Huayang Cave, Qushan. Liang Wudi knew Tao Hongjing in his early years and wanted him to be an official after he proclaimed himself emperor. Tao drew another picture. Two cows, one grazing freely, the other holding a golden halter with a whip. Liang Wudi knew what it meant as soon as he saw it. Although he is not an official, he always writes letters and often discusses court affairs with him. He is called "Prime Minister in the Mountain". . It is this that prevented the death of the new Shi Tian knife. I like ko. Later generations regarded this as a model of the integration of Buddhism and Taoism in Qi and Liang Dynasties, but never analyzed the real reason why Tao Hongjing became a Buddha. Dr Wang Jiakui of Shandong University thinks that Tao Hongjing's behavior is not voluntary, but the need of maoshan taoist's survival. Tao Hongjing has a poem in memory of his good friend Shen Yue: "I have shed a few tears for more than ten years." Today, I will try my best to sprinkle autumn wind for you. "Wang Dong believes that this is Tao Hongjing's painful mentality under the guise of mourning after he was forced to be ordained. The Biography of Huayang in Song Dynasty contains 233 volumes of 32 kinds of pottery works, but most of them have been lost. Yes, there are Tu, Deng Yinji, Tao's Compendium of Materia Medica and Yang's Collection of Medicine Cases. From this point of view, Su Dongpo's perception of life is the same at all times, and a broad person like Tao Hongjing is no exception. Tao Hongjing's Healthy Picture Book is particularly wonderful. He has studied calendar, geography, medicine and so on. The ancient "Xing Yan Ming Dow" was compiled to supplement the new drugs used by famous doctors in Wei and Jin Dynasties. It became a seven-volume edition of Jin Ji Dan Huang Bai Fang, which included 730 kinds of drugs and established the classification of drugs that are still in use today. Represented by jade, vegetation, insects, animals, fruits, vegetables and rice, it has a certain influence on the development of Dani collections in Taiqing. Swear to Ashoka Tower in Yunxian County. Five precepts. The appendix says, "Huayang lived in seclusion, and the victorious Bodhisattva laid down his life. One of the disciples of the Buddha, the great emperor Shang Daojun, practiced Mahayana Six Degrees and the Three Classics of the Qing Dynasty. " . There is also Tao Shu's last wish: "Old clothes with hoop skirts, armbands, socks, crowns and towels, cymbals on the left elbow, cymbals on the right elbow and Luo Fu on the left armpit." Tie it around the waist, in front, and then tie it in a bun. Cover your head and feet with a big cassock. There are chariots and horses at the door, Taoist priests, Taoist priests, both left and right. "This is the meaning of Buddhism and Taoism.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism clashed, leaving a large number of historical documents, such as the Compendium of Materia Medica of Buddhism, the Compendium of Materia Medica of Zhang Yi, the History of the South, Liang Shu of Qi, and Shangqing Jing of Wang Fu. However, Tao Hongjing adopted a dual cultivation and integration attitude towards these two religions. However, The True Sutra, the True Sutra, Ming Shou has two answers: wandering immortals and Buddhist books, which hold that Buddhism and Taoism are all discussing the life and death of form and spirit. He said: "Now let's talk about its positive side. Everything is formed by quality, but it is material and spiritual. Form and spirit are one, and people are things; If form and spirit are separated, it is soul and ghost. Not separated from each other, but taken by Buddhism; It's also near, Xiandao depends on the situation. " The way to get rid of Buddhism is to ask God to leave the form and the garden will die. Everything is immortal, and neither is God. People think that the pain of life is caused by "the fatigue of god's form", so they fall into samsara. If we want to get rid of reincarnation, the form will not die, and the spirit can live forever. On the other hand, Taoism attaches great importance to "promoting the form and the sky", so that the form and the spirit can live forever and enter the realm of immortals. Tao Hongjing thinks: "If a person is valued, his life will be valued. It is the foundation of God's life, but form is God's property. " Man is a living god, and trust in God is a form. God's departure is death. "Therefore, Tao Hongjing pays attention to physical and mental cultivation, and pays equal attention to self-cultivation." The answer in Taiping Jing also says: "Immortals are refined, and variability is a matter of course." When you use it as a tool, it is soil, but it is different from soil. Although it was dry and not burned, it was still wet and rotten, but it was burned and not boiled, and it was quickly destroyed. Firepower is sufficient, the surface is solid, and rivers and mountains can be exhausted. This shape is immortal. Those who live leisurely and live forever, use medical stone to shape, use light to nourish the soul, use gas to nourish the quality, and use understanding. Legal and common, without hindrance or delay. If you want to gather, the clouds will drive the dragon, and if you want to leave, you will decompose and deteriorate; "No, no, no ... so everyone will engage in his profession, monasticism and enrollment. His achievements will be endless, his teaching skills will be comprehensive, and he will eventually die. This shows that Tao Hongjing advocated the "unity" of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in religious thought, but among these three schools, "immortals" ranked first.
Compared with Liang Zhen's Buddhist scriptures, Tao Hongjing's theory of form and spirit is obviously opposite.
In terms of religious teachings, Tao Hongjing also helped Buddhism and humanity in many ways. For example, the immortal lessons in the internal and external systems are very similar to the related contents in Buddhist scriptures, such as Biography of Liang Shu and Tao Hongjing, Taozhen Baiji Brick and Tile, Biography of Southern History and Tao Hongjing, and Hongjinji. It refers to his theory of "stealing" Buddhist scriptures, which is what it means.
Three. conclusion
Tao Hongjing lived in the Southern Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Qi and Liang Dynasties. Although his position was higher than that of the imperial clan of Liu and Song Dynasties, his relationship with the Emperor Qi and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was not harmonious. He is loyal to the destruction of alignment. His political career is not smooth, and he has never been a big official in his life. In the academic field, he has profound attainments in medicine, metallurgy, calendar calculation, art of war, calligraphy and so on. He can be said to be a learned man in the Southern Dynasties, and made a useful contribution to the development of medicine, metallurgy and astronomy in China. He read Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and advocated the unity of the three religions. He paid special attention to the elucidation of Taoism, inherited the Collection of Hong Guangming and founded the Maoshan School. He was the most influential figure of Taoism in the Southern Dynasties, and had a far-reaching influence on the development of Taoism in later generations.