Author: Li Qiang.
Press: Science Press
ISBN:7030 14340X
Impression: 1
Paper: Offset Paper Publication Date: 2004- 1 1- 1
Word count: 189000
Pricing: 13.8 yuan Dangdang Price: 9.8 yuan.
abstract:
Based on a detailed description of the psychological distress of contemporary China people, this book analyzes the basic reasons for the aggravation of psychological distress of China people in the social transformation period from the macro-social level and the micro-individual level, and puts forward some forward-looking and operable social psychological intervention methods and individual self-adjustment strategies. It reflects the efforts and attempts of Chinese social psychologists to actively participate in social changes, study the causes of various psychological problems in the process of rapid social development, and seek solutions from a professional standpoint.
This book is suitable for all readers who care about the mental health of contemporary China people, especially intellectuals. In addition, it has important reference value for mental health workers, social workers, educators, mass media workers and policy researchers and decision makers in the party and government departments.
China people's national culture and psychological characteristics
Author: Yang Desen Source: Kunming International Psychotherapy Conference Literature Category: Ethnic Studies Date: March 65438+June Today, 2004/Comprehensive View: March 6456
A nation with a long history cannot do without its own national spirit. To revitalize a country and a nation, we must carry forward excellent traditional culture and national spirit. Every nation has its own nation that is different from other nations and passed down from generation to generation. It is formed by long-term * * * and social life, * * * and needs and interests, * * * and fate and ideals. So what is the essence of China traditional culture? What are the psychological characteristics or national character formed by most China people in this cultural tradition? Facing the new era of economic globalization, information technology and cultural integration in the 2 1 century, how will the national culture and psychological characteristics of China people develop and change when the country initially embarks on the road of prosperity?
1. China traditional culture and national character characteristics
Confucian culture has been dominant in China traditional culture for 2500 years. Confucian culture is the product of small-scale peasant economic production mode and feudal patriarchal social system, which emphasizes ethics, social responsibility, interpersonal relationship and group consciousness. It has played a beneficial role in maintaining family and social stability, standardizing behavior and cultivating talents. However, it suppresses individual freedom, lacks equality consciousness, scientific and democratic humanistic spirit and martial innovation consciousness.
Confucian culture emphasizes ethics, and there are different opinions about items and explanations. Taking benevolence as an example, there are at least dozens of explanations, even in the Analects of Confucius and in many places, with different meanings. Before the founding of the Republic of China, Confucian scholars also had the five permanent members of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith"; Eight virtues of "loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faithfulness, righteousness, harmony and peace" and four dimensions of "courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame"
Confucian culture has a wide influence on national character and value orientation through education. Based on the world, Confucianism accepts and pursues the following principles: joining the WTO to help the world, being proactive and paying attention to ethics:
Xiuqi Zhiping, Benevolence, Loyalty and Filial Piety;
Be ambitious and proud of your ancestors.
The inner saint and the outer king, Lide made meritorious deeds;
Strong and promising, man can conquer nature.
Another wonderful flower in China's traditional culture is Taoist culture, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi, which has coexisted with the Confucian culture of Confucius and Mencius for more than two thousand years. Although most of the rulers of past dynasties supported and used Confucian culture to achieve the goal of maintaining the patriarchal clan system and the rule of princes, and even advocated the ousting of a hundred schools of thought and the exclusive respect for Confucianism, Taoism, with its dialectical thinking, respect for individuality, detachment (denying the worship of authority and hierarchical attachment) and the natural philosophy of Taoism, is unique in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, such as standing out from the crowd and complementing Confucian orthodoxy.
Confucius once asked Laozi for advice. How did they discuss it? It is not recorded in historical documents. However, Chapter 18 of Lao Gan's "Tao Te Ching" puts forward: "The avenue is abandoned and there is benevolence; Wisdom comes out with great fallacies; Six parents are not harmonious and have dutiful sons; In osawa, there are loyal ministers. It is "directly opposing the Confucian thought of loyalty, filial piety and benevolence; "Chapter 19 goes on to say:" Abandoning wisdom will benefit the people a hundred times; "Desperate, the people are filial; Giving up profits skillfully, thieves have nothing, which is Laozi's denial of saints, benevolent people and cleverness. The retrogressive thinking and ignorant policies advocated by Laozi, such as "simplicity, less selfishness, less desire", complement each other with the Confucian pre-legalist king and advocating ancient customs.
Laozi put forward in Tao Te Ching: "Heaven is beneficial and harmless; The way of a saint, fight for it "(chapter 8 1). "So, knowing enough is not humiliating, and knowing that it is not dangerous can last for a long time." (Chapter 44) "Disaster is greater than discontent, and blame is greater than the enemy." (Chapter 46); "If the person who sees you is unknown, it is not obvious; Self-cutting is useless, and self-satisfaction is not long. " (Chapter 24), "If you are direct, if you are clumsy, if you argue. Calm wins mania, cold wins heat, and quietness is good for the world "(Chapter 45); "Knowing harmony is common, knowing common is bright" (Chapter 55), "Harmony with its light dust" (Chapter 56); "Make good use of people, for the next." (Chapter 68) "Where the strength is strong, the weakness is strong" (Chapter 76) "Weakness is better than strength" (Chapter 36) "It is a world trend to know men and keep women. Knowing its white, keeping its shame, is heaven's cover "(Chapter 28)" Tao often does nothing "(Chapter 37). These viewpoints, full of philosophical and dialectical thinking, can be summarized as the following principles of Taoist health preservation in China.
Benefit without harm, indisputable;
Not so selfish, content with Zhi Zhi;
Know peace and win with softness;
Quiet, let nature take its course.
This principle of health preservation is characterized by softness and suppleness. It inherits the maternal or feminine quality worship in matriarchal society, and integrates Tai Chi teaching, guiding, quiet work, sitting on the road and paying attention to diet and daily life, forming a special way of health preservation.
From the perspective of reverse thinking, the principle opposite to the above-mentioned Taoist life-saving principle is: "Do not do harm to others and yourself; Extremely selfish and desire, push your luck; Aggressive and willful; This is against nature. "The result of this will inevitably bring many contradictions and conflicts of human nature, mental distress and pain, which is self-evident, but those in power are often opinionated, so that they are exhausted.
China people are deeply influenced by the comprehensive education of traditional culture in China. When young people study, apply for a job, seek a foothold in society and realize their personal ideals, they all accept Confucian culture and adopt the value orientation of joining the WTO, being promising and contributing to society. However, when you retire in old age, your career fails, your wife and children are separated, you are terminally ill, mentally frustrated, and you are eager to relieve or get rid of mental pain and seek help, you tend to accept the Taoist way of keeping in good health or convert to Buddhism and other religions. The so-called "next time, this time."
The national character of China people has been described by some Chinese and foreign writers in the past century, and it is particularly meaningful to make a comparison between China and foreign countries or between China and the West. Some personality manifestations are the same, that is, the universal expression of human nature; There are also manifestations of ethnic differences. Ethnic differences formed in different social culture and value orientation, different lifestyles and different political and economic environments are the research objects that we pay more attention to. In modern times, foreign scholars concerned about this issue include Joseph Needham, Russell, Tom Enby, Fei Zhengqing, Smith, He Tianjue and Wei Lixian. And many of them have books and Chinese translations. They have a clear outsider's point of view, and they have different views on the traditional culture and national character of China people. China people are famous for their diligence, frugality, modesty, gentleness, respect for the old and love for the young, and family first. It is also pointed out that China people don't like hygiene (spitting everywhere), are not punctual, lack public morality, are fragmented, stick to the rules and do what they are told. China scholars, such as Yan Fu and Chen Duxiu, put forward the comparison between Chinese and western cultures and national psychological characteristics earlier, which made the differences of characteristics clear. Although this method of completely dividing the contrast characteristics is not completely in line with the objective reality, it is also thought-provoking enough (see article). And Lu Xun (The True Story of Ah Q). Scholars such as Lin Yutang (My Country and My People), Hu Shi, Pan Guangdan and Bai Yang (Ugly China People) also have many descriptions. Hu Shi put forward four disadvantages of national character, namely, poverty, disease (sick man of East Asia), ignorance (many illiterate people) and selfishness, referred to as "poverty, illness and stupidity" for short. In the past century, with the prosperity of the country and the development of people's economic life, education, health and sports, the old look has taken on a new look.
Yan Fu, a modern enlightenment thinker in China, made the following comparison between Chinese and Western cultures and mentality in his article "On the Extremes of World Change": "China values three cardinal guides, while the West values equality first; China kisses, while Westerners Shang Xian; China rules the world with filial piety, while the west rules the world with public: China respects the Lord and the west enriches the people; China is expensive and the same as the wind, and Westerners like the party to live in the country; China taboo, westerners mocked him. ..... Its connection is also that China is modest, while Westerners are comfortable; China is a writer, and westerners enjoy simplicity. ……"
Chen Duxiu published an article "On the Differences of Fundamental Thoughts between the East and the West" in the magazine "New Youth" in 19 15, which clearly pointed out that "the western nation takes the individual as the standard and the eastern nation takes the family as the standard. ..... The consequences of patriarchal clan system include four aspects: on the one hand, it damages the individual's independent and self-respecting personality; On the other hand, it stifles the freedom of individual will; On the other hand, it deprives individuals of equal legal rights; On the other hand, it develops dependence and steals personal productivity. ..... The western nation is based on the rule of law and strength, and the eastern nation is based on feelings and empty words. "
To sum up, under the influence of China culture, the traditional psychology of China people has the following characteristics:
1. Diligence and self-improvement.
Whether in developed countries in Europe and America, or in developing countries in Africa and Southeast Asia, China people are well known for their diligence and frugality. Among several ancient nations in the world, the Chinese nation is the only one that can stand in the east of Asia and prosper.
2. Seek common ground while reserving differences, be pragmatic, modest and neutral.
Since Qin Shihuang unified China, shared the same car and the same book, and adopted the unified measurement system, and Emperor Wu accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to oust a hundred schools of Confucianism, China people's mentality and behavior are still unique, seeking common ground and being pragmatic, closed and conservative, taking the golden mean, not going to extremes, not seeking innovation, not daring to stand out, and benefiting from humility and reconciliation.
Family comes first, but intimacy is different.
China people have the heaviest family values, and they have been taught from an early age to honor their parents, love their brothers, love their husband and wife, and be honest with their relatives and friends. Family members share weal and woe, honor and disgrace, and personal ideal is to honor ancestors and bless future generations. The head of the family must obey orders, and women and children must obey orders; Even for the group interests of family members, many personal interests are sacrificed. This concept of "kissing" has formed interdependent kinship, national feelings and homesickness, as well as social networks and nepotism, as well as the patriarchal clan system and the traditional pattern of family and the world in which human feelings are greater than national laws and rule by man is greater than rule by law.
4. Ethics is the key link, and honor and inferiority are orderly.
Confucian ethics education in Confucius and Mencius has long standardized the thoughts and behaviors of China people: the life development process of self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world; The mental health standard that the wise are not confused, the benevolent are not worried, and the brave are not afraid; The law of loyalty, filial piety and benevolence; It has been used and respected by rulers of past dynasties, making it difficult for ordinary people to commit crimes and make trouble, respecting the monarch and patriotism, respecting the father and loving the family, respecting teachers and respecting the old and loving the young. This traditional culture and national psychology of "staying at a respectful distance from others" lasted for thousands of years.
Second, the present and future of China's culture and national psychology
After nearly half a century of revolutionary struggle against imperialist aggression and feudal rule led by the * * * Production Party of China, especially the anti-fascist war in the Second World War and previous national liberation wars, the people of China have millions of troops and tens of millions of militia, the correct leadership of the * * * Production Party and wise leader Mao Zedong and his comrades-in-arms, and the workers, peasants and revolutionary intellectuals have organized themselves to unite and die bravely. Finally, we won the final victory. Since then, the people of China, who suffered humiliation and disaster for a hundred years, have stood up. 1949, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded.
Shortly after its founding, People's Republic of China (PRC) faced diplomatic isolation, economic blockade, armed intervention in the Taiwan Province Strait and the Korean War. One-sided: Learning from the experience of Soviet proletarian dictatorship headed by Stalin, studying Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, consciously or unconsciously absorbing the thoughts of Confucianism and Legalism in China's traditional culture, and forming China's new democratic and socialist political system. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was proposed that all citizens in the country should abide by social morality, that is, love the motherland, love the people, love labor, love science and care for social property. Since then, the school has put forward the standards for educated young people to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, and to be a "four haves" new person with ideals, morality, education and discipline. Always adhere to the policy of putting moral education first and ideological and political education as the leading factor.
The Cultural Revolution began with "breaking the four modernizations", and it was proposed to break the old ideas, culture, customs and habits of the exploiting classes (namely, the four modernizations). To "change the mental outlook of the whole society with the new ideas, new cultures, new customs and new habits of the proletariat", Kong Laoer was criticized by name until the "criticizing forests and criticizing holes" movement on the eve of the end of the Cultural Revolution. Mao Zedong thought that Lin Biao was "respecting the ceremony and opposing the law", and Lin Biao's thought was rooted in Confucianism. He found quotations from Confucian figures in Lin Biao's home, so he edited and printed the critical materials of Lin Biao and Confucius and Mencius. In this way, from the May Fourth Movement to the Cultural Revolution, a large-scale all-round attack was launched on the old culture and ideas of the Chinese nation, but the Cultural Revolution was the most harmful and far-reaching one. Under the guidance of the ultra-left trend of thought, the slogan of "fighting private practice" was put forward at that time. It is necessary to "fight against selfish interests for a while", "break out a revolution in the depths of the soul" and criticize the "theory of human nature". The ideal spiritual realm to be achieved is impartiality, with me and him; Righteousness is not beneficial (only revolution, not production), reason is not desirable (only revolutionary ideals without love in model operas). The methods adopted are: breaking without standing, fighting without harmony, commenting without arguing, falling without ceasing. It was not until the downfall of the Gang of Four that this farce came to an end. Set things right, in 1980s, academic circles once again set off a heated discussion about China traditional culture. It is unanimously recognized that Chinese cultural tradition has its essence, can stand the baptism of the struggle of the times and stages, and has its universality and tenacious vitality across times and nationalities.
From the end of World War II to the end of 1970s, Chinese mainland spared no effort to clean up old culture, old ideas, old customs and habits, criticize the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all the exploiting classes, reform education, literature and art, reform all superstructures that did not adapt to the socialist economic foundation, and criticize the reactionary academic authority of the bourgeoisie. Criticizing various reactionary viewpoints on the fronts of philosophy, history, political economy, education, literary works, literary theories, and natural science theories has caused ten years of catastrophe. When economic production was on the verge of collapse, Japanese and Asian "Four Little Dragons" (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan Province Province and Hong Kong) experienced economic take-off. These five countries and regions are deeply influenced by China's traditional culture, and three of them are China society. Then, did the economic take-off in these areas mainly benefit from the westernization and modernization of political, economic, cultural, educational, and scientific and technological systems, or did it mainly benefit from the development or revival of traditional oriental Confucian culture, as the neo-Confucianism believed? What is the internal relationship between material civilization and the development of spiritual civilization?
Overseas neo-Confucian scholars put forward that Confucian cultural traditions have the following functions in maintaining social stability and rapid economic growth. Namely:
1. Socialization in family units, that is, industries or enterprises that establish family and kinship relations, can cultivate honest, educated and skilled members; Make them have a sense of responsibility and serious attitude towards their own career and family career, and make contributions to families, enterprises and nations.
2. Carry forward the group consciousness. Carry forward the enterprising spirit of people-oriented and self-improvement, and attach importance to harmonious interpersonal relationships.
3. The concept of hierarchy has its naturalness and rationality in the political, military and economic structure.
4. The combination of harmonious relationship and hierarchical concept can enhance the rationality and fairness within the organization.
Confucian traditional culture is closed, conservative, exclusive, ultra-stable, and has the distinction of honor and inferiority, emphasizing individual social obligations, contributions and interpersonal harmony; Anti-feudal and anti-theocratic emerging bourgeoisie, developing market economy, advocating individual liberation, respecting human rights, freedom, equality and fraternity; Therefore, who is the main body to promote social progress and economic take-off, I am afraid it is the latter rather than the former.
We can learn from the advocacy of the Singapore government in recent years, and we have established social values through discussions in the mass media and the approval of the National Assembly, namely:
1. The country comes first, and society comes first.
2. family-based and community-based;
3. Care and support, respect for individuals;
4. Seek common ground while reserving differences and negotiate knowledge;
5. Racial harmony and religious tolerance.
From the late 1970s to the end of the 20th century. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, Chinese mainland has made great progress in economic construction, industry, agriculture, transportation and communication, and electric power construction, and its science and technology, education, culture, and health undertakings have developed with each passing day. At the same time, we will vigorously improve people's living standards, recuperate with the people, and let some people get rich first, with abundant commodities and stable prices. It is a once-in-a-century peace and prosperity. By the end of the 20th century, more than 20 million families had not got rid of poverty, while the vast majority of the population had made remarkable progress in material civilization, but under the impact of the tide of market economy, the construction of spiritual civilization was relatively backward. Compared with the people's commune era in the 1950s, with the improvement of people's life, social evils resurfaced, mainly superstitious activities, gambling activities, alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution, eating and drinking with public funds, corruption, theft and robbery, trafficking in women and children, counterfeit and shoddy goods and rampant commercial fraud. It was not until schools, administrative organs, public security, procuratorial organs and judicial organs all did business that armed smuggling in the army reached its peak. As a result, national leaders have put forward their opposition to money worship, extreme individualism, hedonism, anarchism and bourgeois liberalization, and advocated learning from Lei Feng's selfless contribution and the * * * capitalist warrior spirit of serving the people wholeheartedly.
In the primary stage of socialism in the coming period, what kind of ideals, moral standards and codes of conduct should be put forward for party member, state civil servants and ordinary citizens under the principle of giving priority to market economy and taking economic construction as the center? Is it required that everyone is a saint and everyone is Yao and Shun, or should we treat them differently and put forward different code of conduct requirements? How to guide and shape the new culture and new national character of China people in the 2 1 century?
The formation and development of personality and morality, at one end, is extremely self-interested, to the extent of harming others and benefiting themselves; Through the highest ideal personality realm of self-interest, self-interest and self-sacrifice, we can reach the other extreme of the axis. Everyone can make an overall evaluation of what they have done and find their own fixed-point coordinates (self-evaluation) on this horizontal axis. Society and others can give him a fixed-point coordinate (other evaluation). This coordinate point moves with the individual's growth history, social class status and economic class. Among businessmen, some are mercenary and regard money as their life; There are also people who are charitable and enthusiastic about social welfare undertakings, while most people's public servants and party member producers are self-denying and degenerate. But the collective average fixed-point coordinates of businessmen as a class are definitely different from those of all producers. However, poverty is not socialism, and there is not a simple linear correlation among political consciousness, personality level and economic status.
Treating benefit and righteousness, reason and desire (name, power, benefit, color, etc.) is also a relationship of unity of opposites. ) or benefit and righteousness, individual physiological needs, spiritual needs and social norms and requirements for behavior. Profits drive people to run around all day, seek survival and development, and promote the development of social productive forces. There must be some people who are insatiable, insatiable, fighting for power and profit, enjoying themselves, feasting, dreaming and pursuing sensory stimulation. China's traditional culture, on the other hand, standardizes social behavior with justice and principles, and advocates noble morality, ideal sentiment, noble moral conduct, indifference to fame and fortune, helping the people, doing for everyone, helping the poor, and benefiting the world. In the colorful market economy world, what people hear, say, do and think are sometimes diametrically opposed. Many people have a crisis of faith, lose their way and go their own way. Because god is dead, there is no need to repent; There is no need to reflect on the collapse of Kongjiadian: Chairman Mao is dead and there is no need to review.
2 1 century, on the basis of modern economic construction, that is, on the basis of objective material production and life practice, the development trend of China people's social culture and mentality should be predictable. On the one hand, it will include social ideals, values, ethical norms, ways of thinking, aesthetic tastes and psychological state formed in the life and history of the Chinese nation, on the other hand, it will absorb new value systems such as freedom, equality, democracy, legal system, scientific spirit and social fairness, justice and openness based on the premise of independent personality of Marx and Lenin. 2/kloc-the general trend of human cultural development in the 20th century will be the process of communication, complementary interaction, continuous integration, reconstruction and innovation between eastern and western cultures, different national psychology and social psychology.
Facing the 2 1 century, the exchange and integration of eastern and western cultures will accelerate. Should we speed up the introduction of western culture, or should we persist in retaining some fine traditions in eastern culture and dare to deny some dross in western culture? Some essence of oriental culture may be borrowed from western culture, so we have made our own contribution to the development of world culture.
The characteristics of western culture formed on the basis of commodity exchange and market economy require that in this commercial society based on individualism, everyone is equal, individual is free, individual is liberated and widely democratic. Adhering to the creed of "everyone for himself, God for all", in order to maximize the pursuit of personal freedom, marriage and family will gradually fade and disintegrate, and celibacy and unmarried cohabitation will gradually increase; In order to pursue personal freedom and extensive political democracy to the maximum, we advocate that the opposition parties and the broad masses of the people (taxpayers) should conduct regular public supervision over the government, demand that government actions be as fair, fair and open as possible, try to restrict the power of administrative officials, and effectively prevent them from abusing their powers and engaging in malpractices for personal gain; In order to pursue the greatest liberation of personality, they tend to reduce the punishment of law as much as possible, get rid of the shackles of morality, religion and discipline, do not accept the restrictions of customs or etiquette, and pursue the quality of life and enjoyment of life. They can also respect the freedom and social morality of others, but their sense of social obligation and social responsibility is relatively weak.
China's culture is based on the long-term small-scale peasant economy and market economy in Socialism with Chinese characteristics's primary stage, plus a century of imperialist aggression, 50 years of socialist construction, the failure of the people's commune movement and the Cultural Revolution movement, and the success of reform and opening up and economic construction. In the construction of spiritual civilization, we tend to strengthen group consciousness or collectivism, advocate patriotism, love family and social interests, advocate equality before the law, limit excessive differences in economic income and disparity between the rich and the poor, and do not pursue absolute equality. Perhaps it is more natural and reasonable to keep the tradition of hierarchical concept of respecting relatives properly. It does not advocate absolute freedom, opposes anarchism and bourgeois liberalization, emphasizes government authority and party leadership, and lacks effective supervision over power and is undergoing reform; In the election of political power and the openness of government affairs, democracy will gradually expand from the grassroots to the top; Do not advocate the complete liberation of personality, oppose indulgence and hedonism, advocate citizens to observe discipline, take the overall situation into account, have good social ethics, and continue to carry forward the spirit of hard work and thrift; Advocate the ideal of materialism and the spirit of serving the people wholeheartedly, and oppose extreme individualism and money worship.
In order to shape the social, cultural and psychological characteristics of China people in the 2 1 century, my personal prediction will focus on the following aspects:
Love your country, love your family and care about society;
Give consideration to justice and benefit, be polite and civilized;
Diligent and simple, brave and modest;
Be unconventional, respect your career, and enjoy yourself.
Among them, "love your country, love your family and care about society" inherits the Confucian tradition and takes group consciousness as the mainstream. "Giving consideration to justice and interests, being polite and civilized" is a code of conduct applicable to modern Chinese and western societies. Diligence, simplicity, courage and humility are still the inheritance and development of the Chinese nation's character, but thrift is more labor-conscious, and simplicity represents the personality quality of entering the living standard of a well-off society than thrift. On the basis of moderate interpersonal relations and international relations (peaceful diplomacy, never seeking hegemony), we should maintain the brave spirit of saving the nation and saving the survival by sharing common enemy in wartime, and prevent the feminization tendency in youth education, that is, being unconventional is the most lacking quality in China's cultural tradition, including advocating scientific and technological innovation and academic democracy, strengthening political democracy and civil liberties, overcoming the stubborn diseases of autocracy and conservatism, and strengthening legal system construction and discipline education; On the one hand, Jingye Lequn actively improves professional skills and professional ethics, on the other hand, it opposes extreme individualism, money worship and anarchism, maintains social stability and adheres to the socialist direction.
Every citizen has formed his own world outlook, life ideal, value orientation, thinking mode, behavior mode and aesthetic taste since his youth. On the one hand, ideological and political education, moral and ethical education, that is, the concern of spiritual civilization construction; On the other hand, it is also the focus of sociology, cultural anthropology, psychology, mental health education and scholars, and it is applied to health care and psychotherapy to reveal the essence of China's cultural tradition. Let's discuss this problem from the latter angle. Fools worry too much, or gain something, mistakes and shortcomings, welcome domestic and foreign experts to correct me.