Zhao Mengfu [Zheng F incarnation] (1254-1322) was born in Xing Wu (now Huzhou, Zhejiang) and his ancestral home was Song Xue.

He is a grandson and a direct descendant of Zhao, the king of Qin.

His father, Zhao (also known as Zhao), was an assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance in the Song Dynasty and was sent to western Zhejiang. After the demise of the Song Dynasty, he returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. From the Yuan Dynasty to the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty (1286), Cheng Jufu, an imperial envoy, "sent a letter to search for relics and fled to the south of the Yangtze River", and Yuan Shizu appreciated his talent and appearance. Two years later, he was appointed as a straight bachelor in four categories. In the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292), he was the general manager of Jinan Road. In Zhenyuan year (1295), when Jinan Dao was in power, due to the death of Sai-jo, Chengzong needed to compile Shi-jo's Record, but Zhao Mengfu was recalled to Beijing. However, there were many contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, self-aware Zhao Meng turned to the disease for help. In the third year of Dade (1299), Zhao Mengfu was appointed as a scholar studying Confucianism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In the third year (13 10), Zhao Mengfu's fate changed. The Crown Prince likes Ba Li Libada very much and is very interested in him. Three years later (13 16), the official residence was first-class and famous all over the world. "

Zhao Mengfu, a great calligrapher, experienced a complicated and embarrassing life. As a adherent of the Southern Song Dynasty, he left many controversies in the history books. The fundamental reason for belittling Zhao Mengfu's book style is that he despises Zhao Mengfu. Brief introduction of Zhao Mengfu Zhao Mengfu is well-read, good at poetry, economy, industrial calligraphy, fine painting, good at epigraphy and appreciation. In particular, calligraphy and painting achieved the highest achievements in the Yuan Dynasty, creating a new style of painting, which was called "the crown of Yuan people". From the age of five, Zhao Mengfu began to learn calligraphy, and he kept reading and writing until his death. It can be said that his love for calligraphy has reached a soft spot. He is good at seal script, official script, original script, calligraphy and cursive script, especially at regular script and running script. His calligraphy style is elegant, coherent and skillful, and he is known as "Zhao Ti" internationally. With Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Ou Yangxun, they are also called "four masters" of regular script.

There are many books handed down from ancient times in Zhao Mengfu, including Thousand-Character Works, Ode to Luoshen, Danba Monument, Poem of Returning, Thirteen Postscripts of Lanting, Ode to the Red Wall, Tao Te Ching, and Tomb Inscription of Qiu E, etc. He is the author of Notes on Shangshu and Collected Works of Song Xuezhai (12).

Kai Shu Da Jia

Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy became popular because of familiarity, which is Dong Qichang's evaluation. However, as an entry standard training, it is still good.

Zhao Mengfu and his wife, Guan Daosheng, are both disciples of Mingben monk in Zhongfeng (1263- 1323). Proficient in music, good at identifying ancient artifacts, beautiful and elegant poetry, especially good at calligraphy and painting. His calligraphy and calligraphy are both good at cursive script, and regular script and running script have the deepest attainments and the widest influence. Zhao Mengfu was an influential calligrapher in the early Yuan Dynasty and was highly respected. According to Song Lian, a scholar, Zhao's calligraphy learned Lingling's Eight Knowledge in his early years, Zhong You and Fairy in his middle years and books in his later years. Wang Shimao said: "Most of Wen Min's books are from the two kings (the sum of Xi and Xian). If you are close, you will win the right army; If you have an elegant attitude, you will get a big order; This calligraphy tablet is cool, imitating Li Beihai's "Yuelu" and "Miluo". " In addition, he also visited the Dingding Monument, Tang Yushi Temple, Chu Suiliang and others in the Yuan and Wei Dynasties. In seal script, he studied Shi Guwen and cursed Zhu Wen; Hu, Zhong You; Learning cursive script and offering sacrifices can strive to inherit the tradition. As Wen Jia said, "Gong Wei's calligraphy is superior to the ancients, and they are all imitations. Yu Ji called him: "Development won the" Luo Shenfu "and won its bid. Running script view "the preface to the holy teachings", into its room. As for cursive script, I am full of "seventeen posts" and measure its shape. "He is an accomplished calligrapher who combines Jin and Tang calligraphy. Contemporary calligraphers hold him in high esteem, and some later generations listed him as one of the four masters of regular script "Yan, Liu, Ou and Zhao". Dong Qichang, a painter and calligrapher in Ming Dynasty, believed that his calligraphy was directly oriented to Jin people.

Absorb strengths.

Zhao's success in calligraphy is inseparable from his ability to learn from other people's long sentences. What is particularly valuable is that most calligraphers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were only good at lines and cursive scripts, while Zhao Mengfu was able to delve into various styles. Later generations, many people studied Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy, and Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy was very popular in Korea and Japan.

This book is profound in theory.

Zhao Mengfu has an important position and far-reaching influence in the history of calligraphy art in China. His contribution to calligraphy lies not only in his calligraphy works, but also in his calligraphy theory. He has many original ideas about calligraphy. He believes: "There are two ways to learn books, one is brushwork, and the other is glyph. Exquisite brushwork, although good and evil; The shape is wonderful, although it is still cooked. Learning books can solve this, and then you can tell books. " "It is good to learn books while pondering over ancient books and know what it means to use a pen." When he wrote the ancient calligraphy post, he pointed out a very meaningful fact: "In the past, people could become famous by carving a few lines in ancient times and studying hard. Kuang Lanting is the masterpiece of the right army, and he has learned a lot. Why not suffer others? " All these can give us important enlightenment.

His article is out of date and bypasses the study of Buddhism and Taoism. His paintings, landscapes take Dong Yuan and Li Cheng; Characters, pommel horse teacher, Li and Tang people; Bamboo, flowers and birds are all known for their mellow and elegant brushwork, painting stones with flying white and writing bamboo with calligraphy. He urged to change the courtyard style of the Southern Song Dynasty, claiming that "painting is expensive with ancient meaning, without which, work is useless". He chased the testimonies of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty from a distance, and the commentator said, "Someone made it lose its fiber in the Tang Dynasty; There is a hero of the Northern Song Dynasty who went there. " Created a new style of painting in Yuan Dynasty. He made many friends and learned from Gao, Qian Xuan, Li Yan and Guo Youzhi. Chen Lin, Tang Di, Zhu Derun, Ke, Huang, Wang Meng, etc. Can write poetry, with style and grace. Part-time seal cutting is called "round Zhu Wen"

Handed down books

There are many books handed down, such as Luo Shen Fu, Tao Te Ching, Danba Monument, Three Stories of Rebuilding the Xuandian, Huanglin Pavilion Classic, Eleven Postscripts of Lanting, Four-body Thousand-character Writing and so on. In the seventh year of Dade (1303), Yuan Zhen (1295) wrote the volume "Autumn Colors in Quehua", which was published in "Three Hundred Famous Paintings in the Forbidden City". Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburbs, written in Huang Qingyuan (13 12), is now in the Palace Museum. He is the author of ten volumes of Song Xuezhai's Collected Works (another volume is attached).

Kang Youwei once said, "Don't learn from Zhao Dong's idleness", which is a personal prejudice. Kang despised Zhao Weidi and became an official in Yuan Dynasty, which greatly belittled his calligraphy. The world only knows that Zhao's words are graceful and fluent, but they don't know that they are just external beauty. After 60 years old, their works are older and heavier, and there is no gentle and charming atmosphere. Ma Zonghuo, a close friend, said in Notes on the Book Forest: "Yuan was the first to write calligraphy, and he can write 10,000 words a day, which is famous all over the world. Tens of thousands of monks from Tianzhu came to ask for their books and returned to China to collect them. "

Zhao Mengfu experienced the change of Song and Yuan Dynasties. He was both an official and a hermit. Although he is a nobleman, he was born at the wrong time. As a teenager, the Southern Song Dynasty was about to fall, and he spent his time in rough and difficult years.

His father is high, and he is an assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. He has also been an envoy to western Zhejiang. He is good at poetry and has a rich collection of books, which has given Zhao Mengfu a good cultural influence. However, when Zhao Mengfu was eleven, his father died and his family went from bad to worse.

After the demise of the Song Dynasty, he returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. In the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty (1286), imperial envoys Cheng Jufu and Zhao Mengfu were recommended to Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu. When Zhao Mengfu first arrived in Beijing, he was immediately received by Yuan Shizu, and Yuan Shizu appreciated his talent and appearance. Two years later, he was appointed as a bachelor of Jixian from Sipin. In the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292), he served as the general manager of Jinan Road; During the Zhenyuan period (1295), when he was the general manager of Jin' an Road, due to the death of Yuan Shizu, Yuan Chengzong needed to compile A Record of the Sai-jo, but Zhao Mengfu was recalled to Beijing.

However, there were many contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, Zhao Mengfu, who had self-knowledge, asked for help because of illness, and was appointed as a straight bachelor in Jixian County.

In the third year of Dade (1299), Zhao Mengfu was appointed as a straight bachelor in Jixian County and promoted to a Confucian scholar in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

In the third year (13 10), Zhao Mengfu's fate changed. Under the influence of Wang Yue, the Prince became interested in him.

After three years' delay (13 16), Xia praised him as a "brilliant dynasty, famous all over the world" in Painting Book. Zhao Mengfu was the most outstanding scholar in Yuan Dynasty.

There are many books handed down from ancient times in Zhao Mengfu, including Thousand-Character Works, Ode to Luoshen, Biography of Ji An, Danba Monument, Poem of Return, Thirteen Postscripts of Lanting, Poem of Red Cliff, Tao Te Ching and Tomb Inscription of Qiu E, etc. He is the author of Notes on Shangshu and Collected Works of Song Xuezhai (12).

Meng Yi's works include Notes on Shangshu Qinyuan Leyuan, which makes it better not to pass on Lv Lv. Poetry and prose are beautiful and wonderful, which makes people want to float out of the dust. Seal cutting, brush, division, official script, truth, line and cursive script are the highest in ancient and modern times, hence the name of the world. There are monks in Tianzhu, and Wan Li came to ask for their books, which is a treasure of the country. His paintings of mountains and rivers, wood and stones, flowers, bamboo and horses are particularly exquisite. Yang Zai, a former historian, said that Meng Ke's talent was hidden by calligraphy and painting, and those who knew his calligraphy and painting didn't know his articles, and those who knew his articles didn't know his economics. People think they know what they are talking about. Zhong ren and Yi are famous for their calligraphy and painting.

Yuan Yue, a Yellow Man, written by Meng Yi, and A Brief Introduction to Zhao Mengfu, a Fairy Gui Xiang Born Jade, have been called Qing Qing. Sing slowly, knock on the elephant board and fall in love with the country. When has it been, red skirt and green sleeves, how much leisure. I think it should be the same. Spring Mountain is quiet and autumn water is Ying Ying. "

Meng Wei's Flowers on the Fairy Road, Qingxi, a leaf boat, and autumn scenery on both sides of Furong. Who is the girl who picks ling? She sings at dusk. I am worried about clouds, full of wind and rain, and wear lotus leaves to go home. "

The landscape, taking the method of Dong Yuan and Li Cheng, the figure, the pommel horse master Li and the method of the Tang Dynasty, and the ink bamboo and flowers and birds are all good at painting stones with flying white and writing bamboo with calligraphy. It broke through the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy and broke the "unification" of Ma Xia. The flowers and birds he painted became a model for the future. His paintings include Remains of Taiwan Province Province, Song Shuang Plain (USA), Quehua Autumn Color Map (Taiwan Province Province), Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburb (collected by the Palace Museum) and Red Lohan (collected by the Palace Museum). His Rider (collected by the Beijing Palace Museum) is characterized by harmonious characters, calm attitude and great charm.

Zhao Mengfu died in Xing Wu in June of the second year of Yingzong (1322). His son Zhao Yong and others buried him with Guan Furen in the southeast of Yanglintang, Hengli, Luoshe, Deqing County. 20 13 May, the State Council approved the announcement of "Zhao Mengfu Tomb" in Yuan Dynasty as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Zhao Mengfu's tomb in James is well preserved, with country roads extending in all directions, bamboo forests shaded and rivers and harbors surrounded. There are still two stone statues and a stone horse in front of the tomb, scattered beside the open-air houses, and some of them have been polluted by paint.

This tomb is the burial tomb of Zhao Mengfu and his wife Guan Daosheng. The cemetery faces south and is located in the "Longdong", with Jilong Mountain and Wangqin Mountain in the north, Jishan Mountain on the left, Chishan Mountain on the right, a winding river in the south and Tunshan and Zhangjiashan in the distance. It is a very typical materialization of "Kanyu" thought, which accords with the terrain of Taoism "Kanyu Yinzhai" and is the concentrated embodiment of Taoist thought of Zhao Mengfu, a Taoist in Crystal Palace. Zhao Mengfu cemetery is about 1.5 meters below, 3 meters long and 2.6 meters wide. The tomb is a sarcophagus, with two tombs, a stone horse and two stone gates in front of the tomb. 13 19 Guan Daosheng was buried here; 1322, Zhao Mengfu died and was buried with Guan Daosheng; In the autumn of this year, Zhao Mengfu named Wei Guogong, and the scale of the cemetery expanded; 19 15, Cheng Sen, editor-in-chief of the newly compiled county annals of Deqing County, added soil to repair the tombstone; 1992, the catacombs were discovered; 1August, 992, it was listed as a county-level cultural relics protection unit; 1993, the people of Deqing county restored the cemetery. 20 13, the surrounding area of the tomb is afforested again, the stone man and horse in front of the tomb are moved, and the muddy ground is paved with marble.

The marriage between Zhao Mengfu and Dongheng mainly occurred in two periods.

The first time was during the reign of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1274). The pioneer of Mongolian fighters, led by General Bo Yan, was stationed in Mahu Lake and set his sights on Lin 'an. 2 1 year-old Zhao Mengfu fled to the south of Deqing to escape the war, because his eldest mother Li was from Deqing. After many twists and turns, she settled in Dongheng, a remote village in Qian Qiu Township, Deqing County that winter. It took about 1 1 year before and after, and it was not until 1286 that she went north.

The second time occurred in Zhenyuan (1295). At this time, Zhao Mengfu had been an official in the Yuan Dynasty for nine years, and the official residence was from the fourth grade. Due to the death of Sai-jo, Emperor Chengzong needed to compile a memoir of Sai-jo, and Zhao Mengfu was recalled to Beijing. However, there were many contradictions within the Yuan court. Zhao Mengfu sought help because of illness, and was allowed to return to his hometown ten years later at the turn of summer and autumn. I stayed for four years this time. The two periods add up to 15 years.

After five years' delay (13 18), beriberi recurred in Guan Furen. After repeated requests by Zhao Mengfu, he was allowed to send his wife back to the south in April of the following year. In mid-May, when passing by Linqing, Shandong Province, Guan Furen died on the boat. Zhao Mengfu was very sad. The death of Guan Furen, who fell in love with him, gave Zhao Mengfu a great blow, and his official reputation was thoroughly seen through. In his later years, due to the death of his spouse, long journey and funeral, Zhao Mengfu's health declined sharply. He took Buddhism and Taoism as his aim, and took pleasure in writing scriptures, and wrote many paintings, calligraphy and inscriptions. He believes that "no one dies, such as empty and brilliant", so he spends it in plain. In June (1322), he died in Xing Wu. Before his death, he read and wrote, laughing and joking as usual. At the age of 69.

Key person

Amin Wang Shizhen once said: "Scholars painted from Dongpo to Song Xue." This sentence basically objectively reveals Zhao Mengfu's position in the history of China painting. Whether studying the history of China painting or China literati painting, Zhao Mengfu is an unavoidable key figure. If we say that the interest of Tang and Song painting lies in creating a literary environment. Then, Zhao Mengfu played a bridge role in it. If the literati painting movement before the Yuan Dynasty was mainly manifested in the preparation of public opinion, and the literati painting movement after the Yuan Dynasty gradually replaced formal painting with its successful practice and became the mainstream of painting, it was Zhao Mengfu who caused this change.

Carry forward the cause

As a great leader in the period of transformation and change, Zhao Mengfu has made outstanding achievements in the following aspects:

First of all, he put forward the slogan of "painting is expensive and has ancient meaning", which reversed the decline of painting circles since the Northern Song Dynasty and turned painting from complicated style to simplicity and naturalness.

The second is to put forward the slogan of "taking Yunshan as a teacher", emphasizing the painter's realistic basic skills and practical skills, and overcoming the bad habit of "ink play".

Thirdly, he put forward the slogan of "painting and calligraphy are of the same origin", and painted with calligraphy, which made the literati temperament of painting more intense and the charm of painting enhanced.

Fourthly, he put forward the slogan "How to write a distant worry without faking the pen of Dan Qing" to convey the meaning of painting, which deepened the inherent function of painting and covered a wider range.

Fifth, he has made great achievements in figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, horses and beasts, and his painting techniques are comprehensive and innovative.

Sixth, his paintings have the beauty of poems, books and seals, which complement each other.

Seventh, under the political situation of the unification of the North and the South and the Mongols' occupation of the Central Plains, he absorbed the strengths of the North and South paintings, revived the traditional painting art of the Central Plains, and maintained and continued its development.

Eighth, he can unite artists from ethnic minorities, including Gaohe Kanglizi Mountain, and prosper China culture.

aesthetical standard

Looking at Zhao Mengfu's paintings, combined with his related expositions, we can know that Zhao established the aesthetic standard of painting art thought in Yuan Dynasty by criticizing "modern people" and advocating "ancient meaning". This standard is not only reflected in painting, but also widely penetrated into poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting and other fields.

1. Advocate the ancient meaning

Every culture in history is prone to anomie. People always take history as a mirror and look for a cure from the ancient enlightenment, such as Confucius' self-denial and self-surrender, the return to simplicity of the seven sages of bamboo forest in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the ancient prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties. Attaching importance to tradition has become one of the characteristics of China culture. Zhao Mengfu's starting point of advocating "ancient meaning" is no exception. He took Jin and Tang Dynasties as a legal mirror and criticized the Southern Song Dynasty for being dangerous, weird, overbearing and obscene. Not only that, as a scholar-bureaucrat painter, he also opposed the ink play attitude of literati painting since the Northern Song Dynasty, which is very valuable. As a value principle, Zhao Mengfu not only maintained the individual interest of literati painting, but also abandoned the game attitude of literati painting. As a morphological principle, Zhao Mengfu not only created a unique form of expression of literati, but also made it worthy of the technical style of conventional painting, and carried out comprehensive practice in various painting themes, thus establishing the position of literati painting as a conventional painting in the painting world. It should be said that Zhao Mengfu made professional formal painting and amateur literati painting, which were originally opposite or parallel painting traditions, communicate and merge. Since then, a new era of painting with literati painters as the protagonist and the construction of literati painting schema as the theme has begun.

transform

What needs to be pointed out in particular is that Zhao Mengfu's landscape paintings not only combine Hook Shadow, Danqing and Ink Painting, but also emphasize pen and ink, learning from others and innovation, and also combine chivalry with rambling literati atmosphere, changing "sightseeing landscape" into "lyrical landscape"; Moreover, the harmony and unity of creation and freehand brushwork, poeticization and calligraphy in painting laid a solid foundation for the emergence of poetic and calligraphic literati paintings of the "four masters of the Yuan Dynasty" (Huang, Wang Meng, Ni Zan and Zhenwu).

These theories and practices pushed Zhao Mengfu to the position of a master of painting in Yuan Dynasty.

Many disciples

As a great master, not only his good friends Gao, his wife Guan Daosheng and his son were all influenced by his painting skills, but also his disciples Tang Di, Zhu Derun, Chen Lin, Yao Yanqing, grandson Wang Meng, and even Huang, Ni Zan at the end of the Yuan Dynasty inherited and carried forward Zhao Mengfu's aesthetic view to varying degrees, which made the literati painting in the Yuan Dynasty last for a long time and wrote a beautiful and strange chapter in the painting history of China. Together with his son and grandson, he made a "one horse map", which was called "three generations and one horse map" and became a much-told story. All three paintings were spread to the United States and collected by the Metropolitan Museum.

Painting and calligraphy poetry printing

"Draw first and then order this paper. It looks good from a distance." Zhao Mengfu's books, paintings, poems and seals were famous at home and abroad at that time, and even Japanese and Indians attached great importance to his works, which contributed to the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries at that time.

Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy works are related to Taoism, such as Ode to Luoshen, Classic of Tao Te Ching and Three Stories of Rebuilding the Xuandian. There are many famous paintings, including Zhen Xuan official map, Sanjiao Tu Tu, Xuanyuan Twain, Songshi Laozi Tu Tu and Xishan Xianguan Tu Tu. There is also Ten Pictures of Xuanyuan, which draws portraits of ten Taoist figures, including Guan Yinzi and Wen Zi, with biographies. The calligraphy and painting of this work is ancient. In the ninth year of Yuan Dade (1305), the seal road was carved in Hangzhou, and was later incorporated into the Ming Dynasty Taoist Collection. Poetic style and elegance. Part-time seal cutting, known as "round bead writing", includes Song Xue Zhaiji. In the sixth year of Yuanyou (13 19), Nan had to be sent back to his hometown. I have been to Songjiang North Road Hall, and the road number is deep.

In painting, landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, bamboo stones and pommel horses are omnipotent; Fine brushwork, freehand brushwork, turquoise, ink and wash, everything is fine. He occupies an important position in the history of calligraphy in China.

"Biography of the History of Yuan Dynasty" records: "Meng Yi's calligraphy is the highest in ancient and modern times, so the title of the book is the world." Yuan Xian's Collection of Xue Kunzhai said: "Zi Ang's seal cutting, Li, Zhen, Xing and Dian Cao are the first of the time, and small letters are the first of Zi Ang's books."

His book style is charming and elegant, with neat structure and skillful brushwork. He is called "Zhao Ti" by the world, and is also called "Four Masters" with Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Ou Yangxun. He is called the second generation of Wang Xizhi.

Zhao Mengfu, a great calligrapher, experienced a complicated and embarrassing life. As a adherent of the Southern Song Dynasty, he left many controversies in the history books. The fundamental reason for belittling Zhao Mengfu's book style is that he despises Zhao Mengfu.

Although many people criticize Zhao Mengfu's painting skills because of his official career, it is unfair to judge the artist's artistic level by non-artistic factors.