All measures taken to protect life or body ",including all measures taken to prevent and treat diseases and maintain and improve health. In modern Chinese, "sanitation" is also used as an adjective, meaning "cleanliness", which is also one of the measures to keep healthy.
The academic research on "health" has made great achievements, but the fly in the ointment is that most of them regard it as a new term in modern times, focusing on the emergence of the modern term "health" and the process of its introduction into China, without a comprehensive investigation of the meaning of "health" in the traditional society of China. In fact, "hygiene" in traditional culture is the basis of modern and even modern concept of "hygiene".
The author thinks that in the traditional cultural context of China, "health" has four meanings: health preservation, medicine (medical treatment), health saving lives and saving lives.
Some important achievements have been made in the study of the word "health". During the period of the Republic of China, Peng's "A New Talk for the Blind and the Blind Horse" and "Hygiene and Hygiene Administration" were his works. In recent years, Shen Guowei has written A History of Vocabulary Exchange between Modern China and Japan: Formation and Acceptance of New Chinese, and Feng Tianyu has written The Origin of New Words-Cultural Interaction between China, the West and Japan and the Formation of Modern Chinese Terms. There are also some monographs on "hygiene", such as from "cleanliness" to "hygiene"-the colonial government's transformation of Taiwan Province society in terms of cleanliness, written by Taiwan Province scholar Liu, and Why didn't hygiene defend life-alternative hygiene, ego and disease in the Republic of China written by Lei Xianglin. Some foreign scholars have also studied "Hygiene", such as Modernity of Japanese Hygiene by Li Zhongcan, 1868- 1905, Modernity of Hygiene: the Significance of Health and Disease in Treatment-China Harbor by Ruth Rogas, Health History of Japan by Fujikura Koichi, and Kawahara. Recently, after reading a lot of Japanese works, Dr. Yu Xinzhong, who just returned from Japanese studies, wrote a paper "A Preliminary Study on the Evolution of the Concept of Hygiene in the Late Qing Dynasty", which is also an important research achievement on "Hygiene". Looking at the above achievements, most of them focus on the emergence of the modern term "health" and the process of its introduction into China, without a comprehensive investigation of the significance of "health" in the traditional society of China. In fact, "hygiene" in traditional culture is the basis of modern and even modern concept of "hygiene". Therefore, an in-depth study of the concept of "hygiene" in traditional culture is of great significance for studying the evolution of the concept of "hygiene".
According to Advanced Chinese Dictionary, "Wei" is a verb and a cognitive word, which is traditionally used as "Wei". "Wei" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the same word, which means "standing guard on the avenue (line)", so its original meaning is "defending and protecting". "Sheng" is a verb, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with newly born plants above and ground or soil below, so its original meaning is "plants grow out of soil" and "grow". When the part of speech of "sound" becomes a noun, its meaning is the expression or carrier of "sound". Obviously, "health" as a phrase is a verb-object structure, in which "life" is a noun, namely "life" or "body". So "hygiene" literally means "maintaining life" or "protecting the body". However, when "health" is used as a noun, its meaning is changed to "the act of saving life or protecting the body" or "all measures taken to save life or protect the body", including all measures taken to prevent and treat diseases and maintain and improve health. In modern Chinese, "sanitation" is also used as an adjective, meaning "cleanliness", which is also one of the measures to keep healthy. This is the literal meaning and extended meaning of "health". In fact, in different historical stages and different contexts, the meaning of "health" is very different. Here is just a brief analysis of the meaning of "keeping in good health" in China traditional culture.
The dictionary "Hygiene" produced "Zhuangzi Geng Sang Chu". "Zhuangzi Geng Sang Chu" has a description of "health preserving sutra":
I just want to smell the classics of hygiene. Lao Tzu said: Can we embrace the hygiene classics? Can you not lose it? Can you know good or bad without divination? Can you stop? Can you do that? Can you give up others and ask yourself? Can it be amazing? Can it be embarrassing? Can you be a son? My son complains all day, holding his hand all day, ignoring his virtue, watching him ignore it all day, doing things he doesn't know, doing things he doesn't know, and doing things he does with it. This is a health class.
Li Yi in the Jin Dynasty understood "life" as "keeping his life and following his way" in Zhuangzi's Collection. Guo Xiang in Jin Dynasty and Lu Deming in Tang Dynasty all quoted Li Yi's meaning. In Song Dynasty, Wang Kan pointed out in The New Biography of Southern China's True Classics Geng Sangchu: "A health-preserving person can keep his life, and if he can keep his life, he will live forever, so he is called the health-preserving classics. ..... In Qi Xie, following fate is the so-called way of life, so following fate is also a health class. " Whether we understand "health" as "observing life and Tao" or "observing life" and "living forever", in the traditional context of China, the original meaning of "health" is "observing life and keeping fit". The Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, published for the first time in the 1920s, is known as the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. It interprets "health preservation" as "life preservation", which shows once again that the significance of "health preservation" in China's traditional culture has not changed significantly for thousands of years.
Specifically, in the context of China's traditional culture, "health" has the following meanings:
1, "healthy". That is to say, "save the truth and cherish the yuan", prevent diseases, maintain health and prolong life through food, medicine, clothing, transportation, abstinence, meditation and nourishment. For example, "this medicine is clear but not cold, warm but not suffocating ... It can avoid plague in spring, heatstroke in summer, malaria and dysentery in autumn, and cold poison in winter, and it is also a wonderful medicine for immortals to keep healthy." "Life is fun, fun is idle, the heart is useless and the face is beautiful. Health is wonderful, and everything else can be deleted. " "The wound on the ancient clothes, also have details? The system of the first king, mourning, one with mourning, one with life. " "Health should nip in the bud, dispel previous doubts, turn that dream into a dream, moan, and make a poem. I am humbled by my concern for the people, and I will be ill for seven years. When I am a teacher, I will protect my morality instead of abolishing the rules. "
When "health" is used as "keeping in good health", it often appears in the following context: (1) as opposed to "hurting life", that is, health protects life, not hurting life. For example, "this is hygienic and harmless to life"; (2) As opposed to "medicine", that is, "hygiene" often refers to the prevention of diseases, and "medicine" refers to the treatment of diseases. For example, "senior celebrities can often cure diseases, not just hygiene", that is, senior celebrities often master medical technology and can cure diseases, not just prevent diseases; (3) In some cases, it refers to physical maintenance, which is often opposite to "nourishing nature" or "nourishing heart". For example, "In the Jin and Song Dynasties, Gao Shi became an official late, and he didn't want to be an official. He built a buddhist nun called Yunmao, and his poems are magnificent and elegant. " Another example is: "Taking more hot and dry medicine will also make people's blood prevail and restless, which is not only sanitary, but also nourishing the heart."
2. "Medicine" and "medical treatment". That is to say, "people's diseases cause people's death" and "treat the living" by using medicine stones. For example, "Yu Zhixun, as written by a good doctor, not only shows the technique of hygiene, but also avoids its cause", "Treating the wind first cures the spleen, and treating the disease first cures the qi". "The rich don't know the way to keep fit, don't ask the way to keep fit, and the poor don't know the way to keep fit."
When "keeping in good health" is used as "medicine" and "medical treatment", it often appears in the following contexts: (1) is opposite to "keeping in good health". For example, "millet and the like belong to health preservation, and medical stone and the like belong to health preservation." (2) Commonly used as drug names and titles. For example, it is the title of Fang, Ji Baoji, Fang and other works. It is the name of the medicine in the statement of Health Soup, Jiuyao Health Guqi Pill and Longhu Health Cream. (3) It is sometimes used as the name of a medical place, such as "Father is honest, has a good medical skill, opens a health pavilion, and applies medicine to treat diseases".
3. "Health saves lives". When "health" is defined as "protecting its life", its concept is abstract and broad, including almost all aspects such as "health preservation", "disease prevention", "avoiding harm", "life preservation", "life extension" and "treatment". This usage is most widely used in traditional China. Here are a few examples: "Generally speaking, taste is to nourish essence, valley is to nourish shape, medical stone is to treat diseases, with essence as the foundation, followed by nourishing shape, and treating diseases is the next step ... covering the health experience." "I know that I can take medicine after I get sick. If I can prevent myself before I get sick, Guo will be given a health-preserving skill when he meets a fairy." "People are very heavy, born as human beings, and they are in urgent need of health care. The review of medicines should not be misused, and Shennongjia also wrote." "Parents' thoughts about wives, or from them, can't get it if they want to see it, and almost all people are worried and angry, and they are sick and safe, and they are healthy."
4. "Save the world, save the people" and "health care workers". As the saying goes, "practicing medicine leads to life, while Confucianism leads to life". Therefore, "not a good doctor, but a good doctor" has become the pursuit of Confucian doctors since Fan Zhongyan. Traditionally, doctors have the mission of "saving lives" and "saving the world", and kings have the kingly principle of "saving the world and saving people", so kings often use "medicine" to save the world, and doctors often use "surgery" to help the people. Therefore, "health" is often manifested as "saving the world and saving the people". Here are a few examples: "When I come home, my children and grandchildren are happy, the hive is harvested, the birds are fed, the city dust is mixed, my medicine can is hung up, and the benevolence of hygiene is given to the state." "Ancestors have hospitals, and there are peripheral counties in medicine. In the name of learning, Gai wants to gather people to learn, and after repeated attempts, he grants one party health care. Therefore, people think that it is a kind of Chinese medicine, and people in the world will benefit from it ... Then everyone in the world will not suffer from death, and the field of benevolence and longevity is one of the ends of Wang Renzheng. " The epidemic situation is prevalent. If you don't ask the young and the old, if you take a sip, all diseases will not be born. It is really a treasure of health preservation. ""When taking care of patients and caring for patients, those who love others with kindness are not good doctors. Therefore, if they don't try to use them in time, they are willing to become good doctors and realize their ambitions. "
(The material cited in this article is mainly Wen's Sikuquanshu.)
The concept of modern public health
With the development of social economy and the transformation of medical model, the concept and connotation of public health have developed greatly.
The simplest definition of modern public health is "3P", which means promotion, prevention and protection. Many countries still agree with Acheson's definition of public health (1988), that is, public health is a science and art, and through the organized efforts of society, it can prevent diseases, promote health and prolong life.
Both the new medical model and the national health policy clearly point out that health work needs extensive social participation, and it is necessary to carry out general health and strengthen cooperation and participation among departments, that is, to bring relevant departments into the public health system, such as family planning, drug and food inspection, environmental protection, etc. , form an organic whole.
The narrow definition of public health system holds that the manpower, equipment and budget of institutions in the system are planned and allocated to realize their health functions and health objectives. Specifically, the public health system includes health administrative institutions at all levels, disease control institutions, health supervision institutions, and maternal and child health care institutions. Community health service institutions and public health research institutions.
The function of public health is to improve people's health, prevent diseases, control infections, prolong life, and provide a safe lifestyle and a safe and healthy living environment. It can be said that people's basic necessities of life, health, old age, illness and death all belong to the category of public health.