Seal cutting is a unique traditional art with a long history of two or three thousand years. Seal cutting, as the name implies, is a seal carved with seal script, and it is a practical work of art, also called "seal", "seal" or "seal". These names vary from time to time. As early as Shang Dynasty, people used knives to carve characters on tortoise shells (that is, what we now call Oracle Bone Inscriptions). These characters have sharp blades, beautiful brushwork and high level of "lettering". Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty, seal cutting was called "seal". After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, it was stipulated that the "seal" was used exclusively by the emperor, and the seals used by ministers and people were collectively called "seal". This resulted in emperors calling it "seal" or "treasure", officials calling it "seal", generals calling it "seal" and people calling it "seal". The word "seal" in seal cutting was written as "Zhen" in ancient times, next to the word jade. All the concave and convex patterns carved on jade are called "truth". Later, bamboo and silk became popular writing tools, so the shape of seal script was changed from "jade" to "bamboo". In fact, in ancient times, anything that belongs to jade carving, stone carving, bamboo carving and bronze carving can be called "seal cutting", and seal cutting is only a small part of it. When he arrived at Qin Shihuang, he comprehensively sorted out the national calligraphy styles, which were divided into eight styles. The words on the printing surface were called "copying and printing"; When Wang Mang decided to write six books, he called it "Miao Zhuan", and from then on, he clearly determined that Zhuan Shu was the font used for seal cutting. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the preferences of literati, although the seal system was changed, it was still printed with seal script. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that a large number of Indian people came out that seal cutting became an art form based on seal script, expressing density and separation on the printing surface by carving, and seal cutting also changed from carving in a broad sense to the knowledge of printing in a narrow sense. Some people directly refer to this knowledge of printing as "engraving", "iron pen", "iron book" and "engraving stamp".

Why do you want to engrave the seal?

? Seal, writing and power. Throughout the ages, the seal is a symbol of power and identity; It is the embodiment of responsibility and credit, and it is also the favorite thing for literati to play with.

? Chinese seal, a rock layer that has been deposited for thousands of years, can only show a world between squares with antique seal characters. . . .

? 1. You can put a name stamp on yourself as a representative of your unique personality. Because you, me, him and everyone in the world are unique. Each seal cutting seal is also unique. This is a truly personalized thing. Only hand-carved seals can be truly unique, and machine-carved regular script seals are different from this "seal".

? 2. You can carve a couple seal for yourself and your lover. Match the two seals, and let the seal become the token of your eternal love. Beads are sealed and always romantic, and the side section (the sealed side) can be engraved with the words "hold your hand and grow old with your son". If you like it best.

? You can carve a book stamp for yourself. In this way, you can put your mark on every carefully selected book.

? 4. You can carve a seal for your friends, colleagues, classmates and comrades ... On your birthday, when you leave, when you want to thank someone ... Many times, you want to choose a gift for others. You want the gift to be elegant, refined, meaningful, memorable, valued and liked by the other party. And everyone's most familiar and favorite word is their own name. You give him a medal, he won't dislike it, and he won't be unhappy when he receives it. The profound friendship you want to express is self-evident.

? 5, you can put what you like and like. You have a song, a sentence, a motto, a motto and so on. You think it will benefit you immensely. Let it accompany you, spur your progress and growth and promote your success!

? 6. You can carve seals for the companies and shops you run. It can reflect the China characteristics of your career and the profound traditional culture of China.

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How to appreciate the level of seal cutting?

? The beauty of seal cutting lies in seal cutting, knife cutting and composition.

? Seal cutting is not simply to carve the seal script on a stone, and everything will be fine. Each seal must be specially designed, and the characters have a certain echo relationship with characters, strokes and even borders. As a highly professional art, seal cutting has many factors to consider when evaluating the level of a seal, such as tradition, genre, composition, knife method, etc., which often puzzles ordinary people. The simple way is to look at the basic skills. The cut marks of the engraved seal are not very rough, and it is easy to be engraved. Second, see if the overall picture is coordinated. Just like appreciating oil painting, the whole picture should be contrasted and coordinated, giving people a sense of beauty. Within a small square inch, it is full of simplicity of time and richness of space. After several years of changes, it still exudes warm luster and quaint charm, which is fascinating.

? With the development of time and the difference of space, China's writing contains moving and diverse styles, especially Oracle bones, Zhong Ding, bronzes, inscriptions, simple books and so on. We can get a glimpse of the origin of calligraphy, but if we look at another small object, we will have a clearer understanding and unexpected gains, and that is the seal that China people are familiar with.

? Seal cutting should be based on epigraphy and calligraphy knowledge, so that seals can be arranged and used reasonably within the radius and the artistry of Chinese characters can be improved to the extreme. Seal script is mainly based on lines, with even and neat strokes, symmetrical and harmonious structure, flexibility, legal increase and decrease, and orderly shift. It is both graphics and art. Through the skillful skills of seal engravers in dividing the ink and lettering, the carved words can present various artistic conception and charm between square inches. Small seals appear one after another. Scarlet seals cover white paper, taking care of Danqing Xuan ink, making calligraphy and painting colorful in color and composition, and making "book", "painting" and "seal" inseparable. This combination of calligraphy and seal cutting has its own uniqueness, which not only complements calligraphy and painting, but also becomes an independent appreciation.

What's the difference between manual seal cutting and machine cutting?

? Many netizens usually ask the difference between manual seal cutting and machine seal cutting when consulting. Here I offer several ways to distinguish:

? First of all, the fonts displayed by manual seal cutting are generally rhythmic and the lines are simple and natural, while the characters carved by machine seal cutting are relatively rigid. The effect of the carved words is to completely copy the font template, but the lines are even and have no artistic value at all;

? Secondly, the edge of the seal cut by hand is vivid, the fonts echo each other and the structure is natural. Good seal cutting itself is a rare work of art, while machine seal cutting is stereotyped, well-behaved and rigid. Hand-cut seals are rhythmic and natural, and simple seal cutting will have some Yanbian effect, while machine-cut seals usually have no broken edges;

? Hand seal cutting is an ancient art in China. It has a unique charm, and is on an equal footing with poetry, calligraphy and painting. Now it is also equal to pen, ink, paper, inkstone and seal. Hand-carved seals have unique artistic value, which is unmatched by computer seal cutting. Carving is more than just printing words. Handmade seal is an art, and computer engraving is just a symbol, which has no artistic collection value.

? The value of manual seal cutting will be absolutely different because of the level and reputation of the seal cutter.

What is the margin of the seal?

? Generally speaking, the edge of a seal refers to the characters and patterns engraved on the four sides of the seal body. When stamping, you can easily identify the direction by using the margin. On the one hand, whether the margin is engraved or not, there are many options for the content of the margin, which can only engrave the lunar year of seal cutting, lyrical, inspirational and blessing words, and even some special patterns or the name of the printer.

Common knowledge and precautions of calligraphy/painting and calligraphy stamping:

First, the artistic function of the seal

? The seal on calligraphy works is an indispensable part of calligraphy works. Without a seal, it is not a complete calligraphy work.

? The seal was originally a token, which played the role of verification. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, calligraphers gradually realized the artistic function of seals and attached importance to them in their calligraphy works, which led to the emergence of the art of combining book and seal. Books and seals set each other off and become interesting, which not only adds color to calligraphy works, enlivens the atmosphere and plays the role of "icing on the cake", but also adjusts the center of gravity, makes up for the lack of layout and plays a stable and balanced role in works. Calligraphy works are signed and sealed to show solemnity and prevent forgery; Covered with elegant and meaningful leisure chapters, you can also pin your ambitions and interests in the book. Therefore, calligraphers have always attached great importance to the use of seals, even their own seal cutting, so that the combination of seals and books has a more beautiful and stronger artistic appeal.

Second, several seals commonly used in calligraphy works

(1) name stamp

? The name stamp is the signature stamp of the inscription. Some names are linked together, while others are separated. The inscription is stamped with the word "one surname" as positive, and a surname can also be used. The name of the printed paragraph; The word, and then use the name stamp. If money has a surname, you can use a name stamp. If money has no surname or no signature, you should use a name stamp to identify the author. The ancients used chapters and paid attention to etiquette; Anyone who is humble and young should be honored by books and should use a name seal; Words and seals used between peers; If the elders want to give it to the humble and young, they can use another stamp. On the contrary, it is ridiculous and generous. Zhang Daqian, a modern painter, believes that the shape of the name stamp is "square is the best, round is ok, and the waist is naturally not."

Famous seals are generally divided into Zhu Wen (Yang Wen) and Bai Wen (Yin Wen). When a calligraphy work is stamped with two seals, it is best to have one Zhu and one white, and the two seals are appropriate in size. When multiple chapters are used at the end of a paragraph, the order is that the name chapter comes first, and the words and numbers chapter comes last.

(2) Idle chapter

? Leisure articles are also called layout articles, including introduction articles, border articles, corner articles and waist articles.

? 1, chapter I

? The first chapter is a chapter printed in the upper right corner of calligraphy works, also known as "conformal chapter", which is carved out of the shape of stone. Generally, it should not be square, but translucent, rectangular, circular, semi-circular, conformal gourd-shaped, natural and shaw-shaped. Whether to quote the first chapter of calligraphy works depends on the need. If the first paragraph is too neat, it needs to be "deformed"; The seal at the end of the paragraph is too heavy and needs to be "upgraded"; The distribution of seals on the works is monotonous and needs to be "adjusted". At this time, we should consider the first chapter.

? The introduction chapter can be divided into the following categories according to the content:

(1) The seal of Ramadan? The seal of fasting in the world began with the imperial seal of Li Biduan's bedroom in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, this trend became more and more popular, and almost everyone in calligraphers had the seal of fasting. Wen Zhiming, a calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, said, "Many of my bookstores are printed." Zhai Hao is usually called Zhai, Tang, Shi, Lou, Ge, Guan, Xuan, An and so on. , such as Zhai, Tang, Shi, Lou, Ting, Lai Qin Ting, Yu Shang Xuan, An Le Tian and so on.

(2) Yazhang? That is, auspicious words in ancient times are rich in meaning and full of elegance, or they can compile philosophical and thought-provoking idioms and epigrams, or record their hobbies and aspirations. There are many elegant chapters that encourage people to learn, such as "cutting", "learning from others", "liking books", "being diligent", "learning from the past", "learning from others", "enjoying reading", "being eager to learn makes people understand" and "getting it by accident over time". Those who express their feelings, such as relying on morality, being clear-minded, having fun, having fun in hardships, cherishing shade, being willing to be a scalper, being pure and ice-clear, being indifferent to nature, being square and so on. There are also expressions of pen and ink interest, splashing ink, using a pen, fragrant fields, spiritual interest, hiding from people, clinging, pursuing with hands, and working in inkstone fields. Some people wish good luck, such as "Wish", "Changle", "Beauty is not old", "Lucky Day", "Longevity" and "Eternal Life".

(3) annual ticket? Used to record the year of calligraphy works, such as Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin or 1989, 1990, 1980, 1990.

(4) Month stamp? The lunar calendar is used to record calligraphy works, such as last spring, such as the moon, silkworm moon and so on.

What is a book stamp?

? 1, edge seal?

? Edge-blocking seal refers to a seal covering one side of a calligraphy work, which plays the role of edge-blocking and gas gathering.

2. Corner sealing

? A seal on the corner of a calligraphy work is called a corner seal. Take the one in the upper right corner as the "response" and the two corners as the "betting angle". Stop the side chapter and take only one side; Corner sealing can control both sides, and close to the corner plays the role of "blocking the edge and sealing the corner", "filling the void" and adjusting and stabilizing the picture.

3, the middle chapter

Long calligraphy works, such as banners, can only be stamped with an introductory stamp on the upper right, so that there is a gap in the middle. They can be stamped with a waist stamp, and the content is mostly the calligrapher's native place, or they can be printed in a Xiao shape by the calligrapher's zodiac. The middle chapter is smaller than the first chapter and the famous chapter at the end of the paragraph, and the three chapters cannot be covered by a straight line.

The leisure chapter mentioned above is actually not "idle". If printed properly, the clock can not only play the role of pen and ink, but also play a role that pen and ink can not play. As Pan Tianshou, a modern painter, said, "Opening a chapter, pressing a corner chapter and a famous chapter can play the role of making the color changes on the screen echo, breaking the flat plate and stabilizing the balance."

(3) Collecting seals

? Collection identification stamp is a kind of stamp for appreciation collectors. According to records, the seal collection also began in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed after the Song Dynasty. Tang Taizong wrote the word "Zhenguan" with Lian Zhuyin, and Tang Xuanzong wrote the word "Kaiyuan" with Lian Zhuyin, both of which were royal Tibetan calligraphy and painting. Later collections have many names, such as collection, keeping secrets, examination and approval, appreciation and reading. The seal for collection should be based on the size of the calligraphy and painting to avoid damaging the calligraphy and painting. For the sake of their immortality, some collectors often destroy the map when they stamp it, so be careful.

Third, the art of seal

? The seal on calligraphy works is not stamped at will, but has certain rules. Improper stamping will not only add icing on the cake, but will be self-defeating and destroy the artistic effect of the whole work. Therefore, how to seal it needs to be taken seriously and carefully considered. Usually you can grasp the following points:

? 1, the right size

? The size of the seal should match the size of the work and be equal to the inscription. It can be smaller, but not larger than the inscription. If the words are small and the paper is tight, you can use small joint bead printing to show consideration. When using two seals of different sizes in a work, in order to stabilize and avoid the shortcomings of top-heaviness, the seal at the top should be small and the seal at the bottom should be large. If several people cooperate, their seals should be the same size.

? 2. The quantity should be small

Number of seals, ancient singular. There is a seal "use one without two, use three without four, and cover an odd number, which means supporting yang and suppressing yin." The number of prints should not be too much, too much will be messy and even usurp the host's role. If a work has several printing methods, it is necessary to choose different printing methods to avoid similarities.

? 3, the location is right

? When printing, pay attention to the position. There is always truth, falsehood and density in a work. The secret place is not compact enough and can be filled with a seal; If the sparse place feels empty, it can be enriched by seals, just like moving a small "weight" to make the picture balanced and ironed. The name at the end of the paragraph and the position of the font size stamp should be arranged accurately If there is a space under the title, put it under the department; If there is no blank, it should be left instead of right. The sealing at the end of the paragraph should be kept at an appropriate interval to avoid crowding and looseness. A work uses preface and corner seal at the same time, so avoid putting it aside. The corner pressing chapter should be placed in the lower left corner, diagonal to the leading chapter.

4. Weight balance

As far as printing color is concerned, ink is lighter and white is heavier. For works with elegant ink color, Zhu should be used to maintain the harmony between the two; The works with strong ink color should be printed in white, so that the red ink color and the black ink color form a strong contrast, which makes each other interesting. If a work is printed several times, the printing colors should be clearly defined, that is, less ink and more white, less ink and more white, which is both diverse and coordinated.

? 5. consistent style

The style of the seal should be consistent with the style and style of the work. For example, neat and beautiful lower case works should not be stamped with straightforward and urgent seals, and bold and vigorous calligraphy works should not be stamped with exquisite iron seals, otherwise it will be out of place and directly affect the artistic effect of calligraphy works. When using the leisure seal, we should not only pay attention to the integration of its content and the text of the work, but also keep the harmony between the content and style of the seal. For example, the seal of "the country's rivers and mountains" should not be carved piece by piece, and the seal of "a generation of heroes" should not be carved slender and powerless. And so on.

Title stamp

? A mark used by bibliophiles to mark the ownership of books and express personal interests. According to the seal on the book. Seal script appeared in China in the Western Han Dynasty. In order to identify the ownership of books, ancient bibliophiles often put seals on books. The seal is generally engraved with name, person, serial number, hometown, ancestral home, library, official position, logo, giving and receiving, warning, notes, statement, etc. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Jian and Su Shunqin had seals such as "Pei Liuxiang Descendants". In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao had seals such as Autumn Valley Book. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, bibliophiles carved the words "I would rather eat my flesh while I am alive, and I would rather lose my hair when I am dead, and my children and grandchildren will never be buried" with deep affection. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, books of the Song and Yuan Dynasties were cherished by bibliophiles, and people who collected books of the Song Dynasty competed to boast. This kind of book collection is very popular. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty used to call themselves "mountain people" and "lay people", so many of them were engraved on the seals of books, such as "lay people in Wenshui Road", "lay people in Wufeng Mountain" and "lay people in the east of the wall". Many officials like to carve chapters in books, such as "My Road is in Cangzhou" and "History under the Column" in the following season, "Yan Yun, the town governor, crossed the defense" and "Fu Xuan, the governor" in Ye Sheng to express their feelings of "Spring Breeze Horseshoe Disease". There are also some bibliophiles who express their nostalgia for their predecessors in their books and seals. For example, in Wu Kuan, Jiangsu, there is a seal of "Yanzhou comes in season". Gu has the seal of "The Thirty-fifth Generation Sun of Assistant Minister Chen Huangmen" and the seal of "The Thirty-seventh Generation Sun of Zhong Xuan". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, women's books were covered with Twenty-two Women of Wei Guo written by Gui Youguang's wife Wang, Que Li Ruan Kong written by Ruan Yuanji and Granddaughter of Confucius Seventy-three. Some books and seals try their best to show the glory of the family, such as Yuan Zhongche's seal of "Yuan's Father and Son's Passion" and "Loyalty and Filial Piety", and Ma Sizan's seal of "Yu Yin's Filial Piety is in the Family, and Friendship is in the Rural Party". Some book seals warn future generations not to lose books. For example, they are often engraved with the words "future generations will protect them". In Chen Zhan in the Qing Dynasty, there was a seal "Whoever won this book will learn from me". Some book collectors are very cautious about borrowing books for fear of losing them. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, in Qiangu, there was a saying, "We should make every effort to find books and care for the Sui and Hou Dynasties. If there is a fake, it will be punished by heaven, and future generations will not cherish it. It is really stupid." There is "Protecting God Everywhere", and Zhang also stamped the book with the seal of "Protecting God Everywhere". Catalogists hate future generations selling their books. For example, Wang Chang's book in the Qing Dynasty was printed with the words "If you don't have materials, you dare to sell them; Is a dog and a wolf, screening out the family, whipping the whip ",all printed with 64 words, is by far the most printed book. There is only one word with the least number of words, such as the word "beard" written by He Chaoyin in Qing Dynasty. Ancient book collectors usually printed more than one book, some as many as ten or even dozens.

The seal of ancient books in China is of great value for future generations to understand the collection and circulation of documents and to identify the versions of ancient books. Modern libraries often stamp their books and materials. The full names are "Peking University Library Collection" and "Beijing Library Collection".

The collection chapter of a book is usually covered in the bottom center of the title page, which also has a seal. One page is fixed in the book, and the last page has a chapter in the bottom center. Periodicals and other materials often cover their books on the cover. Book stamps are mostly square and rectangular in shape, and there are other irregular shapes. The stamps collected in modern libraries have various shapes, including rectangles and squares, circles, triangles, prisms and ellipses. There are also many kinds of materials used for book seals, among which stone is the most commonly used.

Four famous Yin Shi introduced.

? In China, Yin Zhangshi has a long history. Since ancient times, Yin Zhangshi has always been the embodiment of literati's mind and thought. There is a poem by Lu You that says, "Flowers are things that can't be explained, but stones are the most inexhaustible." Yin Shi, with its unique colors, patterns, phonology, rigidity and softness, and modeling, silently conveys meaning and silences the existing voices. As early as the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, talc was used to make seals, but its stone quality was poor and it was only used for human sacrifices. Later, ancient seals appeared, mostly made of durable copper and jade. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mian, a famous Zhejiang painter, carved his own seal with opal, which can be said to be the beginning of Yin Zhangshi's crowding into the forest of art. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wen Peng accidentally got four baskets of Qingtian frozen stones used to make women's jewelry in Nanjing and tried to carve his own seal. Since then, seal cutting has risen among literati. After several generations of development, Yin Zhangshi has become increasingly rich, with diverse carriers and different forms. Among them, Shoushan stone, Qingtian stone, feldspar stone and Bahrain stone are the most beautiful.

First, Shoushan Stone

Shoushan Stone, together with Balin Stone, Qingtian Stone and Bloodstone, became the "Four Famous Stones" in China in China. In 1999 China National Stone Competition, Shoushan Stone and Furong Stone were awarded as "Stone King" and "Stone Queen" respectively. In the eyes of many artists, Shoushan Stone is the "national stone" of China.

Shoushan Stone is produced in Shoushan Township, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, with clear water quality and beautiful scenery. Because this place is a fairyland on earth, it is called "Shoushan Mountain" by the predecessors, and the legendary goddess-Shoushan Stone is rich in the mountain.

Shoushan stone is pure in texture and white in color. If it contains other ingredients, it will be colorful. The surface of Shoushan stone with good texture generally presents pearl, condensed fat and glass luster, and it has a sense of satiny.

There are more than 60 kinds of Shoushan Stone in three categories: Tiankeng, Shuikeng and Shankeng.

Tiankeng Stone, referred to as "Shi Tian" for short, is produced in the ancient sand layer of paddy field beside Shoushan River. Its shape is very different, and it is the rarest one collected through deep soil excavation.

Shuikeng Stone is produced in the foothills of Kengtouzhan Mountain, located 3 miles southeast of Shoushan Township. Because of the steep vein, it is easy to produce crystal frozen treasure. More transparent, good gloss and good quality.

Shankeng Stone Mine covers an area of 10 square kilometers, with many products, great differences in texture and complex changes.

Tianhuang is the most precious of Shoushan stones, and there are probably three reasons for its high price. First, it is said that both Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and Qingganlong were good at Tian Huang, and their value doubled. In addition, yellow has always been reserved for emperors, and Tian Huang is particularly bright, so Tian Huang is expensive. Second, the artistic conception is good. The so-called "longevity" has always been pursued by kings, and Tian Huang's longevity is even more precious. Thirdly, Tianhuang is mainly produced in the ancient sand layer of paddy field beside Shoushan River, which is very rare because of its special shape, scattered monoliths and no veins.

Second, Qingtian Stone?

Qingtian stone is produced in qingtian county, Zhejiang Province. Rich colors and strange patterns. Mainly pyrophyllite, its appearance is waxy, glossy and glassy, opaque, slightly transparent to translucent, and its texture is solid and meticulous. It is the earliest stone species used for seal cutting in China.

Qingtian stone is divided into 10 and 108. Take "sealing the door" as the top grade, and those who are slightly transparent, light blue and yellowish are called fengmenqing. In addition, the glittering and translucent jade shines brightly, and the translucent one is called light freezing. The color is blue, bright and pure, and the psychic calls it blue-green. These three "green" stones are Tianhuang and bloodstone, and their values are getting higher and higher.

Because of the fine veins and twists and turns, it swims between the strict stones, with a very small amount, elegant color, warm quality and "moderate" nature. It is the most suitable stone for accepting knives in Yin Shi, and is favored by seal engravers. Its color is natural, and it can't be imitated by any artificial or other stones, so it is easy to identify. Chicken blood and Tian Qing are famous for their rich colors, symbolizing wealth; Fengmenqing is famous for its freshness, which symbolizes seclusion and indifference. Experts call it "a gentleman in a stone", which is very appropriate.

In addition to light frozen, blue green and closed green, Qingtian Stone also includes Golden Kiln, Zhuyeqing, Dong Jinyu, Ginkgo Qingtian, Hongtingtian (Beauty Red), Red Sandalwood, Blue Flower Nail, Closed Tricolor (Tricolor), Algae Flower, Stewed Ice Pattern, Preserved Egg Frozen and Soy Sauce Frozen, all of which have similar physical names and are easy to distinguish. There are dark red miscellaneous stone inclusions near the dragon egg stone, among which there are often round or oval top-grade greenstones, which are extremely rare; Similar to Tian Huang, the value is getting more and more expensive. In addition, it is worth mentioning Xiaoshun stone in Yunhe, Zhejiang Province, which is a newly developed pyrophyllite mine in recent years. Its rich colors, high transparency and softness are almost as famous as Shoushan, Qingtian and Changhua, and it is greatly favored by the sculpture industry, and its value has skyrocketed. The appearance of filial piety stone is similar to that of Shoushan, Changhua and a small part of Qingtian, except that it is bright and transparent.

Third, fossils?

Changhua fossils are produced in Changhua Town, Lin 'an, Zhejiang Province. Often fossils have oily luster, slightly transparent to translucent, and very few are transparent. There are many varieties, most of which are calm in color, tough in texture and have obvious flaky fine white spots. According to color, there are white jelly (transparent or fish brain jelly), Tian Huang jelly, peach jelly, ox horn jelly, sand jelly and lotus root powder jelly (mainly), all of which are excellent varieties. Pure color without impurities, rare and precious, dense texture, tough knife and less sand impurities.

If there is "blood" in the above-mentioned Changhua frozen stone, it is a top-grade "bloodstone". The so-called chicken blood is actually vermilion (cinnabar), a special kind of mercury ore, bright red.

Most of the bloodstone is bloodstone with land. The purer the earth, the better. Such as peach blossom chicken blood red; If the body is full of peach blossoms, it will be bright and dazzling. White jade chicken is blood red, white as the moon, with no variegated color and vivid blood. "Liu, Guan and Zhang": Red, white and black are very distinctive. Chicken with green beans, blood red, green as peas, slightly transparent and bright blood. Horseshoe cake chicken is red and quite transparent. Blood is erythema, and the fragments are very attractive. The horn chicken is red and black, pure in texture, bright in lotus flower, mobile and dynamic. Lotus root powder ground chicken is red, white in texture and eye-catching in chicken blood. Chicken paste is blood-red, with high yield, transparent and opaque texture, and its red color is like chicken blood dripping into stone.

It is worth reminding that bloodstone is easy to imitate. The "mystery" of counterfeiters' means is enough to confuse the truth, but it is not easy to identify if they are not experts. But there are two identification methods: no matter what means and materials are used, the flame of the lighter will emit a special smell, which is false. The second kind of chicken blood is real, but it is artificially "grafted" (taking bloodstone to break small stones and mixing them with chemicals). To be exact, on the basis of real chicken blood, I made fake hands and feet, and my beauty was in doubt. This kind of discrimination can only be carefully distinguished with the eyes. The natural appearance of chicken blood is rose red, striped red, flaky red, spotted red, star red, Chardonnay red and so on. And the tone is very natural. After artificial grafting, the appearance of chicken blood is generally uneven, and this is the key to distinguish it (however, whether the fake master really makes the appearance even or not, it is on the premise of collecting scraps and waste very accidentally and carefully, unifying the ground, color and grain, painstakingly concentrating and comparing, and then synthesizing it by patch method, that is to say, the fake is real and looks like the red on the face of a big rose.

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Fourth, Balinshi

Balinese belongs to natural original stone, belongs to aluminosilicate, and is clay rock composed of various minerals, mainly kaolinite and phyllite. Named after the deposit is located in the grassland of Balinyouqi, Inner Mongolia. Together with Shoushan Stone in Fujian, Qingtian Stone in Zhejiang and Changhua Stone, it is called the four famous stones in China.

The classification of Bahrain stone is not as complicated as Shoushan stone. Balin stone is classified by texture, which can be generally divided into bloodstone, Yellowstone, frozen stone and colored stone. Other names mostly come from Shoushan Stone.

Bahrain bloodstone is the best stone in Bahrain. Its stone is warm and solid, and the chicken blood on the stone is as bright as rosy clouds. Judging from its size and color rhyme, it is called "the king of bloodstone" in China.

Bahrain is rich in Yellowstone, its stone is soft and moist, firm but not brittle, its color is pure and yellow, and it combines six flavors: fine, clean, moist, greasy, warm and condensed.

Bahrain colored stone, whose color pattern is good at natural texture, is bright and vivid. The beautiful colors, smooth lines, vivid aquatic plants, pine branches and other natural pictures on Bahrain colored stones show the mystery of nature skillfully. Bahrain is the only country rich in colored gems, which is unique.

Bahrain's frozen stone is delicate and crystal clear, with delicate and clean texture and charming color, just like baby's skin. Its rose-colored frozen stone is more precious, white and transparent, and its rose-red texture permeates the body endlessly, just like a watercolor painting with rising sun and rosy clouds all over the sky, which is by no means comparable to other stones.