Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors. When I was a child, my family declined. When I was nine years old, I lost my father and lived alone with my mother and sister. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".
Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition to "escape from the four seas" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the system of gate and valve was strict, and he was born in a civilian, so he was despised as an official and found it unbearable. He surrendered in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. Andi Longan went to Jingzhou in the fourth year (400 years) and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he first banned it by force (the ban was implemented in advance), and "officials at home and abroad were all in awe and changed their customs". His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend down and go back to the village for five buckets of rice." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not do as the Romans do.
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". Mrs. Zhai, who is like-minded with him, is happy to be poor, saying that "the husband plows before, and the wife hoes after." * * * is closely related to work and living, and it is getting closer to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "Shady back eaves, peaches and plums in front." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, which are planted everywhere in the house. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" ("Drinking (5)") has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if I die?" This shows that he views death so naturally.
Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao poems 125, mostly five-character poems. From the content, it can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.
Tao Yuanming's existing articles include 3 poems, 5 rhymes and 4 essays, totaling 12. The leisure fu in Ci Fu is written by imitating Zhang Heng's fixed love fu and Cai Yong's static love fu. The content is to write a dream about love, which is meaningless. "Feeling Men Meet Fu" is an imitation of Dong Zhongshu's "Feeling Men Meet Fu" and Sima Qian's "Sad Men Meet Fu", and its content is to express the resentment under the door valve system. Gui Xi Ci is a political declaration that Tao Yuanming publicly broke with the upper class when he resigned and retired. The article uses a lot of space to describe his infinite joy of leaving the officialdom, imagine his infinite joy after retiring to the countryside, and show the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion. The article skillfully integrates narrative, discussion and lyricism to create a vivid, natural and fascinating artistic realm; The language is natural and simple, washing away the strong local flavor. The rhymes include Painting Praise on the Fan, Reading History, Nine Chapters, Sacrifice to Sister, Sacrifice to Brother and Sacrifice to Yourself. Prose includes "Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition to Jin Dynasty", also known as "Biography of Meng Jia", which is a biography written for Meng Jia, the ancestor of foreign nationalities; In addition, there are Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Peach Blossom Garden and Dissipation with Yan Zi. Generally speaking, Wen Tao's numbers and achievements are not as good as Shi Tao's.
Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, sometimes revealing escapism. The thought of Lotte know life made Lao Zi and Zhuangzi known as "pastoral poets".
Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and also an outstanding lyric poet and essayist. There are 125 existing pottery poems, including 9 four-character poems and 6 five-character poems11. Wen Tao has 12 articles today, including 3 poems, 5 rhymes and 4 essays.
Tao Yuanming used many of his poems to express his spiritual qualities of being poor, happy, noble and proud. It makes people feel admired.
Tao Yuanming's famous sentences
1, my husband is ambitious all over the world, I'd rather not be old.
2, wine can worry about everything, chrysanthemum is the age of aging.
3, children sing, white and happy.
4, yellow hair drooping, and happy.
5, several times in a lifetime, such as electric shock.
6. When everything is fine, I think my life is over.
7. Nothing to say, wave a cup to persuade the lonely shadow.
8. I am a newcomer to Yan, and both of them have been in my house. The first nest is still there, and Xiang will return to his former residence.
9. If you don't come back in the prime of life, it will be difficult to get up in the morning. It's time for people to encourage themselves when they reach middle age. Time goes by and waits for no one.
10, hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights.
1 1, landing like a brother, why flesh and blood.
12, dew condensation has no swimming breath, the sky is high and clouds are light, and the scenery is clear.
13, good at reading, not seeking answers; Whenever I know something, I will happily forget to eat.
14, little Mr. Dong Xuan, talk about this life.
15, the sun and the moon abandon people, and those who are interested are invincible.
16, I stayed in the cage for a long time and returned to nature.
17, Fushi, disaster is imminent.
18, new autumn night, graceful and full moon.
19, wood is thriving, and spring is warm in bloom.
20. The ship is far away, and the wind is blowing clothes.
2 1, life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are abundant.
22, Xiong Hao in danger, he rushed to the long tassel.
23, Nanshan planted beans, grass full of bean seedlings. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
24, don't fold for five buckets of rice.
25, look at the clouds and shame the birds, and swim in the forest.
26, nothing is drunk, no longer pick up a glass of wine.
27. Diligence is like a seedling in spring. If it doesn't increase, it will get stronger every day.
28. Drain the pot and peep at the stove, but there is no smoke.
29. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
30. Where there is life, there is death, and sooner or later it is fatal.
3 1, the village is far away, the smoke is in the yiyi market, the dog barks in the deep alley, and the chicken calls mulberry jump.
32. What is the way to die?
33. Autumn chrysanthemum is more beautiful because of its good color.
34. There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, and new poems are added to the mountains.
35. Worried about the universe, life is as small as a hundred. Time is pressing, and the temples are white.
36. After my name, I am like a wisp of smoke.
37. It was very sad at the end of the year. The sun was snowing and it was clean in my eyes.
38, no rhyme, sex autumn mountain.
39-year-old Fang Ju Lin Yao, pine crown pillar. With this beautiful appearance, it is outstanding for first frost.
40, the quiet garden is good, and the world is good.
4 1, dropping out of school is like a whetstone. If you don't see its losses, you lose money every day.
42, drum belly without thinking. Sleep from dawn to dusk.
When I am in the apartment, I don't care whether I will stay.
44, ring block, do not pull the wind; Short brown knot, ladybug empty.
45, meet without miscellaneous words, but sing Malone.
46. Throwing the ball to the end of the universe is not happy.
47. Back in xi, Shu Tian will weed in Hu Bugui.
48. The caged bird loves the old forest, but the pond fish loses its source.
49, wealth is not my wish, and the emperor's hometown cannot be expected.
50. Building a house is in a humanistic environment, with no chariots and horses; What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
5 1, ambitious to escape from the world, money.
52. Jingwei holds a micro-wood, will fill the sea, and will be eager to grow up.
53. Garden Day is very interesting, although the door is fixed and often closed.
54. A cloud comes out of a hole unintentionally, and a bird knows it when it is tired.
55. lean against the south window and judge your knees to be comfortable.
56, don't worry about poverty, don't worry about wealth.
57, picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan.
58, strange writing * * * praise, doubt, analysis.
59. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo, and the traffic is different.
60. At the end of spring and autumn, there are many strange peaks in Xia Yun, bright autumn moon and solitary pine in Dongling.
6 1, step by step to find traces, there is a special place.
62. In the morning, dispose of the garbage and take the lotus home.
63. I went to the west during the day and left Dongling for nearly a month.
64. Spring silkworms collect silk and collect taxes in autumn.
Tao Yuanming's Short Stories
Li Baiyou wrote a poem called "Interacting with a Lonely Man in the Mountain" as follows:
The two of us drank cup after cup in the blooming flowers on the mountain. I want to sleep when I am drunk. You can leave yourself. If not, take the violin in the morning.
Tao Yuanming, a great alcoholic, famously said, "I'm drunk and I want to sleep." Tao Yuanming has been a good wine all his life and likes to drag others to his house to drink. Once he got drunk first, he said, "I'm drunk and I want to sleep." I'm drunk and going to bed. Help yourself.
When Tao Yuanming was twenty-nine, he became a small official offering wine in Jiangzhou. Because the officialdom was dark at that time, Tao Yuanming didn't like it and decided to leave and retire. Since then, he has been living in seclusion, but Tao Yuanming can grow chrysanthemums, but his farming skills are not good. Coupled with good wine, he can't even eat after middle age. Due to the pressure of livelihood, Tao Yuanming returned to serve as the town army and Peng. When he was filming Peng, he didn't have the style of swimming at that time. He simply said, "How can I bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice!" " Later, he angrily resigned and retired, ending his official career and never coming back. According to legend, Tao Yuanming abandoned his post and lived in seclusion at the foot of Lushan Mountain. He entertains himself every day, works at sunrise, rests at sunset, cultivates land and eats, digs wells and drinks. Live a leisurely pastoral life. At this time, Tao Yuanming's new wife, Zhai Shi, is a good farmer and has a bumper harvest every year. Therefore, Tao Yuanming has a drink again. In his spare time, he and a group of friends went to Tiger Claw Cliff, two miles south of Lushan Mountain, for drinking and having fun. There is a stream named Xingquan under the cliff. There is a huge dark brown granite stone lying in the stream, about 3 meters high, 6 meters long and 4 meters wide. The stone has a smooth surface and is a natural big wine table. Tao Yuanming and his friends always sit here drinking, writing poems and having fun together. He gets drunk every time he drinks, and writes poems every time he gets drunk. When he is drunk, he will wave to his companions and say, "I am drunk and want to sleep. I am leaving!" " Then I fell asleep on the stone. Day after day, the middle of the stone actually sank, leaving a pillow mark. Therefore, this stone was named drunken stone. This story of Tao Yuanming is similar to the story of Marx stepping on the library, but Marx may sit in the same place in the library every time. Does Tao Yuanming always sit in the same place on the stone? The biggest possibility is that there are pillow marks on the stone. Tao Yuanming drinks without a pillow and sleeps every time he lies in the pit. Over time, the pit is getting deeper and deeper, so a drunken stone is formed.
Tao Yuanming drank too much all his life, but all his five sons were a little stupid, which may be the sequela left by Tao Yuanming's drinking. His poem "Responsible Son" is written like this:
White hair surrounds the temples, and the skin is no longer solid.
Although there are five men, writing is always bad.
Sue is twenty-eight years old and lazy, so she has no horse.
A Xing Xuan studies, but not literature and art.
Duan Yong is thirteen years old. I don't know if he is six or seven.
The boy is nine years old, but he is looking for pears and chestnuts.
If we're lucky, it's in the cup.
As can be seen from the poem, Tao Yuanming's son can't count at the age of thirteen, but he can only eat at the age of nine, but his old gentleman still doesn't quit drinking fast, and added, this is destiny, so I'd better continue to drink. Alas, it's a pity that a literary family was ruined by wine.