Second, specifically:
(1) Olfactory nerve injury often manifests as ethmoid bone fracture or frontal and basal brain contusion, such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, partial or complete loss of one or two senses of smell. (2) Optic nerve injury is often accompanied by fracture of anterior middle cranial fossa involving orbital apex and optic canal. After the injury, the patient's vision decreased or even went blind, the direct light reflection disappeared, and the indirect light reflection was normal. If the optic chiasma is damaged, the vision of both eyes is damaged and the visual field is defective.
(3) The injuries of oculomotor nerve, trochlea, abductor muscle and eye branch of trigeminal nerve are often manifested as fractures of sphenoid winglet, petrous part of temporal bone and maxillofacial region. Injury of oculomotor nerve may cause diplopia, ptosis, dilated pupils, disappearance of reflection and outward deviation of eyeball. Injury of trochlear nerve, diplopia can be seen when staring down; Abduction nerve injury can lead to limited abduction and inversion of injured eyeball; Corneal reflex disappeared, facial sensory disturbance, masticatory weakness and occasional trigeminal neuralgia were observed in trigeminal nerve injury.
(4) Injuries of facial nerve and auditory nerve often involve fractures of petrous part and foramen of temporal bone. Facial paralysis, loss of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the ipsilateral tongue, keratitis, tinnitus, dizziness and nervous deafness occurred at different times after injury.
(5) Injury of glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve rarely occurs. Occipital fractures are common. It is characterized by dysphagia, disappearance of pharyngeal reflex, loss of taste behind the tongue 1/3, hoarseness, drooping shoulders, atrophy of injured tongue muscles and extension of tongue to the affected side.