Our ancestors have long mastered many measures to protect their teeth. It is recorded in the Book of Rites that "when a chicken crows at first, it gargles with salt", which proves that our people knew to wash their faces and gargle in the morning before 2000. Brushing teeth is a method of cleaning teeth developed on the basis of gargling.
Relevant scholars believe that China is the first country to use toothbrushes. Because the bone toothbrush handle was found in the tomb of Liao Dynasty, it is the earliest toothbrush in the world, which has been around for more than 1000 years. But the murals in Dunhuang Grottoes show that the ancients used the middle finger of their right hand as a "toothbrush". In the Ming Dynasty, some people even advocated sharing food and eating with both hands. Sugiyama It's hard for you to know what to do [6]. Have you seen it? br & gt
The changing paintings of the Mogao Grottoes, such as the changes of Lao Ducha in the Tang Dynasty, depict that when the "heretics" finally convert to Buddhism, they often bathe, shave and wipe their teeth. Brushing your teeth is brushing your teeth. The ancient method of brushing teeth is just like painting: first dip some medicine in the forefinger and middle finger of one hand, put it on the teeth, and then brush it with a toothbrush.
Indians are used to brushing their teeth with poplar branches, so poplar branches are also called "wooden teeth". Moreover, in view of the important position of dental health in general health, Indians also presented poplar branches as a sign of "I wish you health". Later, this method was introduced to China, and our people gradually learned this way of brushing their teeth. The ancient medical book "The Secret of Outer Taiwan" said that biting one end with a poplar branch and wiping the teeth with medicine can make the teeth "smooth". In the past, dental wood was said to be one of the daily necessities of monks. At the beginning of the morning and after meals, monks must chew the tooth wood into thin strips to remove the debris between the teeth. It has the functions of toothbrush and toothpick. After washing your teeth, you can go to chant Buddhist scriptures and worship Buddha. There are even ten advantages of chewing poplar branches in the Buddhist sutra Huayan Jing. They are: 1. 2. Eliminate phlegm disease; 3. detoxification; 4. remove tartar; 5. Make your mouth fragrant; 6. Function name; 7. moisten the throat; 8. The lips are not wrinkled; 9. Obtaining acoustic gas; 10. It tastes bad.
Of course, although poplar is a common "dental wood" for cleaning teeth, dental wood is not limited to poplar. People can find suitable tooth cleaning materials according to local conditions. Sophora branches, peach branches and kudzu vine all have the same bitter, astringent, spicy and pungent taste as poplar branches, so they can also become tooth trees.
In the era without toothpaste, people can not only find materials for cleaning teeth, but also use "chewing" to clean teeth, which seems to be more convenient and practical than "brushing teeth". So, what is the effect of chewing tender branches to clean teeth? Both ancient and modern times think that it has a good effect. Li Shizhen also said that it is wonderful to use tender willow branches to "cut them into tooth branches".
Qin and Han dynasties:
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, although there were no specialized oral medical works, it can still be seen from relevant documents and unearthed cultural relics that the level of medical technology has made obvious progress and improvement.
There are higher requirements for oral teeth cleaning, bodybuilding, diseases and health care. For example, in The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, a beautiful woman's teeth are described as "like rhinoceros", which means that her teeth should be as neat and white as a gourd. On the contrary, teeth with irregular teeth are called quarrels, teeth with irregular occlusion are called filth, and teeth with irregular arrangement are called caries, all of which are regarded as pathological. In order to maintain oral hygiene and prevent dental diseases, rulers not only emphasize gargling after meals, but also have the habit of removing food residues between teeth. 1976, Gao Rong's tomb was excavated in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province during the Wu Dong period of the Three Kingdoms in the late Han Dynasty. Among them, there is a golden dragon-shaped object, with ear scoops and poplar branches at both ends. Poplar branches are the tails of dragons, with round and sharp ends. Researchers believe that this is an oral cleaning tool used by the tomb owner to remove food residues between his teeth before his death, and this poplar branch is the prototype of today's toothpick (Dacheng Zhou: the branch of Populus davidiana found in the tomb of Gao Rong, Wu Dong, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, Journal of the Japanese Society of Stomatology 8 (2): 23-24, 198 1).
Understanding and Treatment of Oral Dentistry A famous doctor in the Western Han Dynasty, Chunyuyi, recorded the methods of moxibustion and gargling with Sophora Flavescentis Decoction in Medical Records, and pointed out that the cause was "wind blowing, lying down and eating without gargling." It can be seen that the relationship between oral uncleanness and dental caries was known at that time.
Regarding the technique of using arsenic to inactivate dental pulp, Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han Dynasty has first used the method of using arsenic to inactivate dental pulp. In synopsis of the golden chamber, there is a prescription of "children's scabies eat teeth", which is "realgar, prickly heat, right taste, and finally take the fat of wax pig, wrap the head with locust branches, and burn it with some medicine." The chemical composition of realgar is arsenic disulfide. Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty also recorded the medical technology of adjusting arsenic with vinegar, wrapping dried millet in cotton and taking it out the next day. Arsenic is natural arsenic. The dosage and inactivation time included in this method are scientific and require to be taken out later. American Spooner began to inactivate dental pulp with arsenic in 1836, and this technology is still widely used in clinic.
Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties:
In oral health care, toothpicks were first recorded in the Western Jin Dynasty. In a letter to my brother Lu Ji, Yun wrote, "One-day trip, with Cao Gong's tools and toothpicks, is now a gift to my brother" (Dacheng Zhou: A Brief History of Stomatology Development in China). Journal of Japanese Society of Stomatology History, 8 (3): 1-9, 198 1). Although its manufacturing method is unknown, it can be seen that toothpicks are rare in fashion.
Ge Hong's "Bao Pu Zi" mentioned the method of tapping and fixing teeth, that is, the upper and lower dentition tapped each other gently. This method is still in practice and has been proved to be effective. The mechanism may be that the gum is moderately stimulated by tapping teeth to promote periodontal blood circulation, which can prevent periodontal disease and achieve the purpose of strengthening teeth.
In addition, this issue also introduces the iatrogenic diseases of dentistry. "Biography of Wen Qiao in the Book of Jin" said: "Warming (scorching) is the first step to remove dental diseases. He died at the end of the town because of a stroke. " As can be seen from this example, some people in the Jin Dynasty used tooth extraction to treat dental diseases. But when it comes to the cause of death, it can only be said that it is related to tooth extraction, but it cannot be ruled out that people died of a stroke alone, so it is difficult to establish a medical accident simply because of tooth extraction.
Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties:
Brushing your teeth to keep your mouth clean has gradually become popular at that time. There are two main methods: "wiping teeth with poplar branches" and "wiping teeth with fingers". "Tips for Going to Taiwan" contains "Every time Yang Liuzhi bites his head soft, he wipes his teeth with medicine, which is fragrant and smooth." Finger rubbing can be found in the Dunhuang mural "The Holy Map of Old Du Fork Fighting" in the late Tang Dynasty. As for tooth powder, it is either salt or powder. There are many prescriptions for wiping teeth in Qian Jin Fang Yao and Waitai Yao Mi Fang, and most of the powders used have the functions of aromatic expelling wind, detoxicating and relieving pain, expelling pus and reducing swelling.
In addition, the medical books of Sui and Tang dynasties also discussed the taboo of taking medicine in oral and dental health care. For example, Meng Xi's Dietotherapy Materia Medica pointed out: "Eating too much in the sand pond will damage the teeth."
Song dynasty:
Su Dongpo, a famous scholar in Song Dynasty, put forward the anti-caries function of tea. Modern medical experiments have confirmed that tea contains more fluorine, so it has the functions of caries prevention, mouthguard, sterilization and anti-inflammation. In addition, Taiping Shenghui Fang pointed out that toothbrush manufacturers will do so sooner or later. There is also a method of applying teeth in Taiping Shenghui Prescription: boiling willow branches, Sophora branches and mulberry branches with water, adding ginger juice, asarum and so on. And I wipe my teeth every time. This is the embryonic form of today's medicinal toothpaste. There was a hair transplant toothbrush in the Song Dynasty. Song, "Health Care": "Brushing your teeth is all ponytails". In Europe, the toothbrush with hair transplant described about 500 years later is the same as that recorded in Zhou Shouzhong.
PS: After the Song Dynasty, according to the data, the oral cleaning methods in China have not been developed, but the old methods have been used. However, the medical treatment of various oral diseases has developed to a certain extent.
Attached to the record of "gargling":
"Rinsing" means washing. It has long been recorded in ancient books, such as The Book of Rites: "It is salty to wash your hands when the chicken crows at first." It shows that the habit of "washing hands" in the morning has been formed in ancient times. The word "wash" here may also include gargling. For the direct record of "gargling", see "On Stages of Evil" written by Chao in Sui Dynasty: "Too much gargling after eating makes people sick and rotten." Here refers to gargling after meals, and some people advocate gargling at night, thinking that gargling at night has a greater effect on protecting teeth. In the Song Dynasty, Zhang Liu had a "medical theory"; "People tend to support their teeth backwards. If you rinse your mouth earlier, you will get rid of the accumulation between your teeth and your teeth will be strong. " Later, more people advocated gargling twice every morning and evening; Maintain oral hygiene.
Before the invention of brushing tools, gargling was widely used in ancient times, with salt water, strong tea and wine as mouthwash. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao wrote "A Prescription for Urgent Preparation of Thousands of Gold": "Every Dan's mouth is twisted with salt, and warm water contains ..." Yanshou Book records that it is useful to gargle with strong tea. "At the end of the diet, the drum gargles with strong tea, which makes you tired and the spleen and stomach are self-harmonious. The meat is between your teeth and you have to wash it with tea. You can pick it without being picky. " Teeth are hard to hide, so they are getting stronger and stronger. Teeth are stupid and self-defeating. "According to modern pharmacological analysis, tea contains not only vitamins, but also tannins and a small amount of fluorine compounds. Tannin has antibacterial and bactericidal effects. Fluoride does have the effect of preventing dental caries. It shows that it is scientific to advocate gargling with strong tea to prevent dental caries in ancient times. As for gargling with wine, the doctor said, "Liu is over seventy years old and has never been weak." Every time he drinks, he gargles, and even when he is drunk, he never forgets, saying that it can get rid of dental diseases. "These are the rich experiences people have accumulated in their life practice. Later, on the basis of gargling, people in China developed the method of brushing teeth.
And in the era without paper, what do they use to clean after defecation?
According to Zuo Zhuan, at noon in 58 1 BC, Duke Jinu of Jin Jing felt bloated after eating new wheat, so he went to the toilet to defecate and accidentally fell into the cesspit and died. Jinu is probably the first monarch who died in the toilet in written records in history, revealing the simplicity of the court toilet in the pre-Qin period. This painful price has made future generations more cautious about shit.
Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, ranked first in the history of hooliganism in China, and what he did really deserved his position. He is anxious in front of ministers. In order to save the meeting time and not fall into the toilet, he asked a civilian to hand him his hat. He turned around and turned his hat upside down. After a while, half a hat was steaming in front of everyone.
Liu Che, the descendant of the rogue emperor, was even more ingenious, even meeting with senior officials when he was defecating. This is revealed in the biography of Han Ji 'an: "General (Wei) is among the young servants, looking at it from the toilet." Historians have not recorded Wei Qing's emotions, but what is certain is that Wei Qing was a first-class minister in the eyes of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Perhaps it is for this reason that he got an interview when the emperor defecated.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu reveals the unusual features of the royal toilet. Wang Dun, a general in the Western Jin Dynasty, was recruited by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty as Princess Xu of Wuyang. On his wedding night, he used the princess's toilet for the first time. The first time I saw it, it felt magnificent, much better than the folk houses. When I went in, I found it smelled bad, and my heart was a little calmer. After a while, I saw a paint box containing dried dates in the toilet, and I thought it was "food in the pit" and ate it all; Afterwards, the maid-in-waiting brought a plate of water and a glass bowl filled with "bath beans", and Wang Dun poured these "bath beans" into the water and gulped them down, causing "the group of maids to laugh". It turns out that dried dates are used to plug the nose to prevent odor when climbing the pit, and "bath beans" are equivalent to modern soap.
Perhaps inspired by Emperor Gaozu wearing a minister's hat to pee, later emperors mostly used urinals to solve problems instead of going to the toilet in person. "Miscellanies of Xijing" said that the court in Han Dynasty used jade as "nothing", which was held by the emperor's attendants for the convenience of the emperor at any time. This kind of "nothing" is a special sanitary ware called toilet and urinal by later generations-it is known that the emperor will not have to deal with the toilet at the latest. "Wu" was later renamed "toilet", which is said to be related to the emperor. According to legend, in the Western Han Dynasty, Li Guang, a flying general, shot and killed a crouching tiger, making people cast a copper drowning device in the shape of a tiger and put it in urine to show their contempt for the tiger. This is the origin of the name "tiger". However, when the emperors of the Tang Dynasty sat in Long Ting, because one of their ancestors was called Li Hu, they changed this disrespectful name to "son of an animal" or "Ma Zi", which was later commonly known as "toilet" and "urinal".
Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin pacified Sichuan and transported all the objects in Houshu Palace back to Bianjing. It was found that one of them was a basin inlaid with agate and jade, which was almost used to hold wine. Later, she was called Lady Huarui, the favorite princess of Shu Lord Meng Changjun. Mrs. Hua Rui saw that this thing was offered several times by the Emperor of Song Dynasty, and quickly said, This is the urinal of my late king! Surprised, Zhao Kuangyin made a strange call: "How can there be a reason not to die with this urinal?" Immediately smashed the basin.
It is difficult to distinguish urinals from wine containers, which is probably a joke caused by different aesthetic tastes of the ancients. Toilets developed to the Qing Dynasty, which has shown a very strong feature of humanistic care. The toilets used by emperors and empresses in the Qing Dynasty were called "official rooms", which were kept by special eunuchs and passed to the "official rooms" when necessary. The "official residence" used by emperors and concubines is very particular. It is divided into rectangular and oval forms, and is made of wood, tin or porcelain. The wooden official residence is rectangular, with a wooden frame outside, an oval opening on the frame, cushions around it and a cover at the opening. The bedpan can be drawn like a drawer. Generally, wooden bedpans are equipped with iron lining to prevent leakage. The tin official residence is oval, with a wooden cover on the basin and a button in the middle; This kind of bedpan should be used with a stool, which is short and has an oval opening at the front end. The bedpan should be placed under it to align with the circular opening. Stools have backrests and soft linings, just like sofas without handrails now. Sitting on it is not worse than the current toilet, but it can't flush.
The convenience of Empress Dowager Cixi is recorded sporadically in some historical materials. The queen mother said that she would go to the official residence, and several ladies-in-waiting went to prepare separately. One went to call the eunuch in charge of the official residence, one went to get the bedding, and the other went to write a paper. The official residence of Empress Dowager Cixi is made of sandalwood, and its appearance is carved into a giant gecko. Gecko's four legs are the four legs of the official residence. Gecko's bulging belly is a cabinet drawer, its tail is the back handle and its chin is the front handle. Mouth slightly open, toilet paper in it. Gecko has a cover in the middle of its back. After opening it, you can sit on the "convenience". There is dried rosin wood powder in the official residence. The eunuch will wrap the official crown in embroidered Yunlong yellow cloth and send it to the door of the queen mother's bedroom. After paying homage, he will open the yellow cloth cover, take out the official residence and send it to the clean room (the clean room is usually located on the right side of the bedroom bed, and there are one or two small doors installed on the tooling, which are less than one meter wide and convenient for defecation). The maid-in-waiting will spread the tarpaulin on the floor of the clean room and put the official residence on the tarpaulin. When Empress Dowager Cixi finished speaking, the maid-in-waiting carried it out and gave it to the eunuch. The eunuch still wrapped it in cloth, held it to his head and went out. After cleaning up the dirt, he scrubbed it clean and put in new dry rosin wood powder for later use.
Although this can be done in the palace, the journey naturally cannot be so complicated, and it is not convenient to travel all the way. We don't have to worry about that. Someone has already thought it over for the Queen Mother Lafayette. 1903 In March, Cixi wanted to shake her prestige by train in the name of paying tribute to Xiling (west of Yixian County, Hebei Province). In the bedroom, there is a special iron bed facing the window. There are all kinds of bedding and pillows on the bed, and there are curtains around. There is a door on one side of the bed, which opens into a wishful bucket for defecation. The bottom of the bucket is covered with yellow sand and then filled with mercury, and the feces fall into invisible traces. The barrel is covered with brocade and looks like an embroidered pier.
Meng Sen, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, described it as: "... there are iron beds, mattresses, pillows and quilts in the car, but there is nothing wrong with smoking opium without using the original couch of the float. The bed is placed horizontally, facing the window, surrounded by curtains, and the bed body is purchased from all sides. Because the column is slightly higher, the feet are cut off and the bed surface is moved higher. There is a door beside the bed, which is a wishful bucket. If you are satisfied with the bucket, you will also have a urinal. There must be yellow sand in the bottom and silver in the water. Feces will fall into the water without trace, covered with brocade, forming embroidered piers. He is still covered with yellow velvet and satin. " This kind of wishful bucket can be regarded as the highest advanced sanitary equipment at that time.
Wipe your ass with what?
Papermaking was a great invention of China as early as the Han Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that the product of this technology was applied to people's most practical life: going to the toilet. It is speculated by later generations that the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols, and the culture was relatively backward. The Han people did not have the consciousness of "respecting and cherishing word paper", which made toilet paper enter people's lives. For a long time before, everyone used bamboo pieces as toilet hygiene products, even the emperor was no exception. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, people used a piece of wood or bamboo called "toilet piece". It is recorded in yuan dynasty history that Bolan, the Saint Queen of Yu Zong, was also very filial to her mother-in-law Zhao Ruishun when she was a crown princess. She wanted to test the softness of toilet paper with her face before her mother-in-law wiped it: "Filial piety is the second, good deeds are the palace, and the world is the world." Stone listened to the words of the holy queen, never leaving her side, and went to the toilet. "
Even the paper to wipe your ass should first try hard and soft with your face. This filial piety is really remarkable. So, what about bamboo chips? Soft and hard estimates are no longer a problem. The problem with bamboo is that it has many burrs. In case the bamboo piece is not smooth enough to hurt the user's ass, it's really a wet blanket.
According to the Biography of Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu, the queen of Southern Tang Dynasty, personally cut bamboo pieces for monks to use when they went to the toilet, and checked the quality with her cheeks to see if they were smooth and flat. This is the most valuable among the emperors who worship Buddha.
Dig a new hole and become a rich man.
The job of a toilet manager is also 360 lines away. This is definitely a unique road, which is worth learning by businesses and playing by the whole people.
There was a man named Mu Taigong in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Of course, no one will carry such high qualifications in his name. The surname Mu is certain, and "Taigong" is probably everyone's respect for him. How did this old gentleman named Mu win the respect of the masses?
Mu Taigong is a countryman. One day, when he entered the city, he found that there were "cesspits" on both sides of the roads in the city, and they were charged. The old gentleman had a good time after he went in and didn't go away. He stood outside this simple toilet for a long time and found that many people came to relieve themselves. So, with his unique business sensitivity, he established his rice bowl for the rest of his life-"It's better to be a different business!"
After returning home, Mr. Mu asked the craftsman to "dig the three houses in front of the door into three big pits, each of which was separated by a small wall, and the wall was powdered again. When he went to his relatives' house in the city, he asked countless poems and paintings to be posted on the wall of this dung house, and asked a scholar to write a unique name for the toilet: "Tooth Hall". In order to attract passengers, I also asked my teacher to write hundreds of "newspapers" and post them in all directions, which read:
The Mu family heard the fragrance of the new cellar, and the gentleman from far and near looked down. This house is willing to stick toilet paper.
This skill is very attractive. Farmers are used to straw bricks and now have ready-made toilet paper. Besides, the toilet environment is really elegant. "The walls are colorful and the most attractive. Going to a new pit is like watching a play. " Attract women to the cesspit, Mu Taigong built another women's toilet.
It is worth noting that Mu Taigong's toilet is free. Then how can his old man's house reflect his economic interests after so much effort? It turned out that as early as when he went to the toilet in the city, he had realized that in rural areas, toilet charging was not feasible. However, feces can be sold. He collected the excrement and sold it to farmers' homes, or replaced it with other people's daily necessities. Once and for all, over time, I have gained a lot of benefits. It is really "better than doing another business"!
/question/2 16 1268 . html？ si=2