In the early Qing Dynasty, the royal family worshiped Tibetan Buddhism and adopted a restrictive policy towards Han Buddhism. In Kangxi, the ban was slightly relaxed, and monks who lived in seclusion in the mountains in the late Qing Dynasty returned to Beijing in succession, which made the declining Buddhism present an active atmosphere for a period of time. Although Yongzheng attached importance to Tibetan Buddhism, he advocated that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism should be used differently, with the same body and in parallel, so as to provide the integration of various Buddhist factions. He personally produced the Records of Distinguishing Demons and Quotations of Imperial Selection, which stipulated that all Buddhists should read Buddhism regardless of sectarian similarities and differences, which had an important influence on modern Buddhism. The publication of "Long Zang" and the editing of "Four-body Combination of Han, Man, Mongolia and Zang and the Full Curse of the Tripitaka" in Qianlong period played a certain role in promoting the development of Buddhism. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Yang and Ouyang, under the impetus of Buddhism in Japan and Western Europe, have set up a sutra engraving institute, a Buddhist college and a Buddhist society, which has opened up a new era for the study of Buddhism. Modern thinkers in China, such as Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong, Zhang Taiyan and Liang Qichao, were all influenced by Buddhism. Buddhism thought was one of the ideological sources of Tan Sitong's establishment of benevolence system. In addition, a number of famous monks such as Xia Yue, Jingjin, Yuan Ying, Taixu, Hongyi, etc. have also risen to engage in the work of revitalizing Buddhism, bringing a new atmosphere to Buddhism.

Lamaism

Tibetan Buddhism, or Tibetan Buddhism (commonly called Lamaism). It was formed in the second half of 10 century. /kloc-began to spread in Mongolia in the middle of 0/3rd century. Up to now, Mongolia, Turkey, Yugur and other ethnic groups still believe in Tibetan Buddhism.

The development of historical Buddhism in Tibet can be divided into pre-flood period and post-flood period. The former banned Buddhism for more than 200 years from the 7th century to 838. There are different opinions about the beginning of the latter. According to Zhong, it started in 978 A.D. and has been around for a thousand years.

At the beginning of Hong Qian period, Tubo Zampsong Zagambo married Nepalese Bhrikuti Devi and Princess Wencheng of Tang Dynasty, and built Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple for the Buddha statues they brought. Legend has it that Indians, Gesaro and Nepalese were invited to translate a small number of classics to Da 'er and Da Tianshou monks of the Han nationality, but no Sangha was established. According to the Book of Changes, Biography of the Great Monks in the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty, at that time, Tang Priest returned to India mostly by way of Tubo, and some people were treated by the lords. When Chide Zuzan married Princess Jincheng in the Tang Dynasty, he built many temples and introduced Han Buddhism. At the same time, due to the turmoil in the western regions and the invasion of the East, monks from Khotan and Central Asia also flowed into Tubo in large numbers, and Chide Zuzan took them in. He also sent people to Gangdise Mountain to meet Indian tantric scholars Fomi and Foji, and he would politely decline in the future. In his later years, he sent four ministers, including Sang, to the Han Dynasty to retrieve a large number of ancient books and bring back a monk. After Chide Zuzan's death, the noble ministers who worshipped this religion came to power and launched the first movement to ban Buddhism, expelling the monks of Han and Nepalese and tearing down temples. It was not until Zampa Chisong Dêzain grew up that Buddhism was revived. In Chisong Dêzain, Jihu and Lotus Peanut were invited from India to build the Samye Temple, so that monks could become monks and establish the Sangha system. Translators are welcome to translate classics. He also called Buddhists to debate with local believers to destroy the roots and promote Buddhism; A debate was held between Han monks and Indian monks to unify their beliefs. After Chisong Dêzain, he experienced two generations: Munizump and Sena Rechi Desongzan. When Rebazizudzan was in power, he asked the Indian and Tibetan monks to examine and approve the translated names, edit Brahma Tibetan vocabulary, revise the translated scriptures and compile three translated scriptures. According to Garden's catalogue, there are more than 700 kinds of classics, laws, theories and annotations translated before this. He also stipulated "seven domestic monks", appointed monks to play a big role, and gave military and political power. Finally, the anti-Buddhist minister murdered Chizu Dezan, made his brother Langdama his successor, and prohibited Buddhism from spreading in Tubo. After Buddhism was banned, it took more than 100 years (838 ~ 978) for Buddhism to be reintroduced into Tibet from Duokang, and the post-flood period began.

Tibetan Buddhism was formally formed in the Houhong period. The word Lama means "guru" in Tibetan. In esoteric Buddhism, the teacher is respected as a Buddha, and the guru advocates "four conversions", which is different from the "three conversions" in the early Buddhism. The characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism in this period are as follows: first, a large number of classics and teachings of the highest yoga department of Tantric Buddhism, which prevailed during the Polo Dynasty in India, were translated; Second, the formation of various sects on the basis of Tantric inheritance. By the beginning of13rd century, the translation work was basically completed. In the past 200 years, not only many Indian monks went to Tibet to preach and translate scriptures, but also a large number of Tibetan monks went to India and Nepal to study French and later became famous translators. There are more than 300 famous translators on both sides. These translations were later included in Ganjul and Danjul. 1680 engraved Beijing edition, Ganjul has 1055, Danjul has 3522, and * * has 4577. Dege edition is engraved on 1730, Ganjul has 1 1 14, Danjul has 3559 and * * has 4673. The Tibetan Tripitaka, which is mainly photocopied by the Japanese Beijing edition, has Ganjul 1055 volumes, Danjul 4907 volumes and * * 5962 volumes. The Tripitaka in Chinese and Tibetan languages is short and long. China's tripitaka consists of agama, Nirvana Sutra and Tathagata Sutra, among which there are Ten Reciting Methods, Four Divisions, Misha Sailu and so on. About the great wisdom stationery collection, the great bodhisattva theory, the achievement theory, the Shunzheng theory and other important classics, the details are as follows. There are a lot of classics, theories, explanations and works of the Supreme Yoga Department of esoteric Buddhism in the Tibetan tripitaka "Ganzhuer" and "Danzhuer", as well as the middle view, karma, argument, medicine, calendar calculation and skillful work, which are all lacking in Chinese translation. In addition, there are a large number of writings by various schools of eminent monks in Tibet, but none of them have been translated into Mongolian, starting in Yuan Chengzong (1295 ~ 1307) and ending in Ming Shenzong (1573 ~ 16 19). The Manchu translation of Tibetan Scriptures was completed in the last years of Qing Dynasty (1736 ~ 1795).

Various schools of Tibetan Buddhism gradually formed in the later period of Hong Zhong. Before the flood, there was only a dispute between Buddhism and Buddhism, and there were no different factions within Buddhism. In the later period of Hong Zhong, due to different inheritance, several sects appeared. The larger ones are Ma Ning, Gadang, Sakya, Kagyu and Gelugpa, while the smaller ones are Jesse, Jueyu, Juenang, Guozha and Sharu. Although this religion is the primitive religion in Tibet, it gradually merged with Buddhism in the later period of Hong Zhong, and some of them became a sect of Buddhism.

Upper Buddhism in Yunnan

Yunnan Dai Buddhism and other minority Buddhism belong to the Pali language family, that is, Southern Buddhism, which has different development and characteristics from the northern Hinayana Buddhism. There are relatively complete versions of Hinayana Sutra and Sanzang in China. Fa Xian, a monk, went to Shizi country (now Sri Lanka) to copy scriptures, but it is impossible to verify whether the original version of Zaagama translated with him is Pali. In the Southern Dynasties, Qi Yongming's Interpretation of Pipa Sand (489) and DuDu's Interpretation of Taoism (5 15) both originated in the south. China legalists' four-division method of law collection department is also in the same system as the southern spread. When explaining the meaning of law, practitioners often cite the theory of "understanding the law of Viposha". China's precepts of becoming a monk were originally taught by more than ten people, including Buddhist monk Bhikuni Tiesaro. Therefore, the precepts of the Han dynasty have a deep origin with the spread to the south. There are also many similarities in doctrine. In Sanzang's Biography to the South, Xiao Buben's journey to Tibet is a collection of all kinds of paramita deeds, acknowledging that Buddhism and Taoism are different from smelling Taoism and are the first of Mahayana theories. In particular, the idea of "pure mind, infected by guest dust" is also in line with the basic idea of "containing the same life truth and preventing guest dust" in the early Zen of Nantianzhu. Modern research has found that Dharma's view of face and wall may be related to the application of the theory of spreading south from place to place. It can be seen that there is a profound and complicated relationship between Bali Buddhism in the south and Mahayana Buddhism in the Han Dynasty.

Bali, a sect of Buddhism spread to the south, has historical data. In the middle of the 7th century, it was introduced from Myanmar to the Dai area in Yunnan, China. At first, there was no pagoda temple, and the classics were just passed down from mouth to mouth. 1 1 Around the century, Buddhism disappeared because of the spread of war and people's flight. After the war subsided, Buddhism spread from Mengrun (now Qingbian, Thailand) to Xishuangbanna via Jingdong, Myanmar, and then to the Buddhist scriptures written by Tairun. This is the Runpai Buddhism in the Dai area now. In addition, another Myanmar Baizhuang Buddhism was introduced to Dehong Prefecture and other places. It was not until the second year of Jingyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1277) that the Dai language was created that the Bayeux Sutra was carved. In the third year of Ming Dynasty (1569), when Princess Jinlian of Myanmar married the 19th Xuanwei ambassador, the king of Myanmar sent a monk group to preach with Sanzang classics and Buddha statues. At first, a large number of pagodas and temples were built in Jinghong area, and many Burmese monks spread Buddhism to Dehong, Gengma, Menglian and other places, and then left-leaning Buddhism prevailed among Dai people in these areas.

The classic content is the same as that of Sanzang of the Pali language family in the south, but the arrangement is slightly different. Sanzang ancient books include transliteration and annotation of Pali in Dai language, some important translations of Dai language, and a large number of works in Dai language and Brown language, including astronomy, calendar, medicine, history, poetry, legends and Buddhist stories.

At present, Buddhism in Yunnan can be divided into four schools according to their names: Run, Baizhuang, Duolie and Zuoyou, and can be subdivided into eight tribes. Dai boys must become monks at school age, study cultural knowledge in monasteries, and return to the secular world when they are close to adulthood. Individuals who are considered outstanding can continue to study in the temple and gradually become formal monks according to their level of becoming monks. Generally speaking, the monk group can be divided into Pa (Misha), Du (Monk), (Elder Du Tong), (Elder Samoan Sect), Sinhalepo (Elder Monk King and Master, this monk group has been vacant for a long time), Pa Zhaohu (Elder Buddhist) and (Elder Monk). Or increase the Pano (Walking Boy) level before Pa and the Dulong (Sandu) level to ten after du. Promotion from Grade 5 or above is very strict, and the last two grades are only awarded to the Dai and Bulang nationalities in Xishuangbanna, becoming the highest religious leader in the region.

Throughout the development history of Taoism, it can be divided into four stages: in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Taoism gained the support of emperors, nobles and rulers, which was its first development period; In the Tang Dynasty, the royal family joined hands with Laozi, claiming to be the descendant of Li Er, giving political support and vigorously promoting Taoism, which was the second development period; In northern Song Zhenzong, people are intoxicated with Taoism, so as to cover up the humiliation brought by the pressure from their strong neighbors in the north. This is the third period of Taoist development. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the emperor was superstitious about Taoism and attempted to become an immortal. Taoism is valued. They are involved in politics and participate in the power struggle within the government. This is the fourth period of the development of Taoism.

This paper only summarizes and discusses the most important and basic theories and related knowledge in the history of Taoist development in the simplest way, so that those friends who are unfamiliar with Taoism can have the most direct understanding. For complex academic theories and discussions, this article does not explain too much. If you are deeply interested in Taoism, you might as well find more Taoist materials to enrich your knowledge.