First, the ethnic minorities living in Xishuangbanna.
Except the Han nationality, there are 44 ethnic minorities living in our state, with a total population of 704,000, accounting for 70.90% of the total population. These 44 ethnic minorities are Dai, Hani, Yi, Lahu, Bulang, Jinuo, Yao, Miao, Bai, Hui, Wa, Zhuang, Buyi, Tujia, Mongolian, Wa, Dong, Naxi, Manchu, Jingpo and Naxi. (In population order)
Second, the situation of the indigenous minorities in Xishuangbanna.
The indigenous peoples in our state are defined as those who have lived in our state for about 100 years and have relatively concentrated settlements. According to the survey, there are 13 indigenous peoples in our state, including Dai, Han, Hani, Yi, Lahu, Bulang, Jino, Yao, Miao, Hui, Wa, Zhuang and Jingpo. In addition to the Han nationality, there are 12 indigenous peoples in our state.
(1) Dai people
There are 296,930 Dai people in Xishuangbanna, including Jinghong128,415, Menghai 1 14593 and Mengla 53922. Mainly distributed in Jingne Township, Wang Meng Township, Mengyang Town, puwen town, gasa town, Menglong Town and Han Meng Town of Jinghong City; Wang Meng Township, Mengsong Township, Mengzhe Town, Menghai Town, Menghun Town and Luoda Town of Menghai County; Mengla Town, Shang Yong Town, Menglun Town, Mengman Town, Mengban Town and Mengpeng Town in Mengla County. Others are scattered in Jingha Township of Jinghong City and Mengman Town of Menghai County.
The Dai people in Xishuangbanna are mainly Dai trees (called Shui Dai by the Han people), and there are two branches: Dai Na (called Huayaodai by the Han people) and Dai Ya (called Huayaodai by the Han people).
Dai nationality originated from Baiyue nationality in ancient times. According to Dai books, around the 8th century BC, some overseas Dai ancestors moved to Xishuangbanna and gradually merged with the aborigines, becoming the main part of the Dai people.
(2) Hani nationality
The population of Hani nationality in Xishuangbanna is 186067, including Jinghong city 7 1492, Menghai county 6 1232 and Mengla county 53343. Mainly distributed in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, concentrated in Gelanghe Township and Xiding Township of Menghai County; Jingha Township and Menglong Town, Jinghong City; Mengrun Township and Guanlei Town, Mengla County. Scattered in some towns and farms.
Hani people call themselves Hani, Kaduo, Yani, Ni Hao, Baihong, Biyue and Budu. Hani people in Xishuangbanna are divided into Kivi, Kizuo, Damu, Ake, Buguo (Horn) and other branches, among which Kivi and Kizuo have a large population.
Hani nationality originated from the Qiang nationality in the northwest of ancient China. In the 7th-8th century AD, the Hani people lived in the middle reaches of the Red River, moved south in the middle of the 9th century AD, entered Xishuangbanna to the east bank of Lancang River through Yuanjiang and Jiangcheng, then crossed Lancang River, and gradually distributed in the mountainous areas of Quanzhou.
(3) Yi people
The total population of Yi people in Xishuangbanna is 55,772. Among them, there are 24,673 people in Jinghong City, 7 175 people in Menghai County and 23,924 people in Mengla County. Mainly distributed in Xiangming Township, Yiwu Township, Mengban Town and puwen town, Jinghong City, Mengla County.
The Yi people in Xishuangbanna call themselves "Lalupo" (this is Yi language, meaning clan or people), and he calls them "xiang tang", "I" and "Luoluo".
The Yi nationality originated from the frontier nomadic tribes in the northwest of ancient China, and it is a combination of long-term cultural integration and mixed physique between the northern Qiang Rong clan and the southern indigenous people. In the Qing Dynasty, the branch of "Lalu" of Yi ancestors moved to Xinping and Jinggu, and then moved from Jinggu to Xishuangbanna for settlement due to the war.
(4) Lahu nationality
The total population of Lahu nationality in Xishuangbanna is 55548. Among them, Jinghong City 1 1780 people, Menghai County 4 1924 people and Mengla County 1844 people. They are mainly distributed in Mengga Township, Wang Meng Township and Mengman Town of Menghai County, and some are scattered in Xiding Township, Mengsong Township, Gelanghe Township, Brown Mountain Township, Menghun Town, Menglong Town of Jinghong City and Shang Yong Town of Mengla County.
Lahu people call themselves Lahu people, and they are called "Lahu Black", "Guo Cuo", "Myanmar" and "Mushe". After liberation, the unified name was "Lahu nationality".
Lahu nationality originated from the ancient Qiang nationality. In the 10 century, they moved south to Xishuangbanna and Simao, and most of the Lahu people in Xishuangbanna moved from Lancang County.
(5) Bulang nationality
The total population of Bulang nationality in Xishuangbanna is 36,453, including 5,635 Jinghong, 30,605 Menghai and 2 13 Mengla. It is mainly distributed in Brown Mountain Township, Xiding Township, Mengman Town and Luoda Town of Menghai County, with a small amount scattered in Dadugang Township, Mengyang Town and Menglong Town of Jinghong City, and Guanlei Town and Mengpeng Town of Mengla County.
The Bulang people in Xishuangbanna call themselves "Brown", the Han people call them "Puman" and the Dai people call them "Man". After liberation, they were collectively called Bulang nationality.
Bulang nationality originated from Gupu people and is an indigenous people in Yunnan. After long-term ethnic migration and tribal differentiation and integration, some ordinary people who used to live in Xishuangbanna, Simao and Lincang developed into the Bulang people today.
(6) Jinuo nationality
The total population of Jinuo nationality in Xishuangbanna is 20 199, including Jinghong 19250, Menghai 52 and Mengla 897. It is mainly distributed in Buyuan Village Committee in Jinuoshan Township and Wang Meng Township of Jinghong City, and some are scattered in Mengyang Town of Jinghong City and Menglun Town of Mengla County.
Jinuo people call themselves "Jinuo people", which means uncle's descendants or uncle's nation.
The origin of Jinuo nationality is a branch of Bianqiang nationality who migrated from the northwest. Secondly, according to the legend of Jinuo's epic of creation and the route of Jinuo's sending souls, it is believed that the ancestors of Jinuo originated in Jiezhuo Mountain (now Loto Laozhai, Jinuo Township, Jinghong City). According to the Dai language "Lushi", the ninth pager of the Dai people in Xishuangbanna married a Jinuo woman at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, indicating that Jinuo people lived in Xishuangbanna at that time.
(7) Yao nationality
The total population of Yao nationality in Xishuangbanna is18,679, including 2,683 in Jinghong, 0,5944 in Mengla and 52 in Menghai. Mainly distributed in Yaoqu Township, Mengban Town, Yiwu Township, Guanlei Town, Mengman Town, Xiangming Township, Shang Yong Town, Mengla Town and Yao Jia Village Committee of Wang Meng Township. There is no Yao natural village in Menghai County.
Yao people call themselves Youmen, Mian, Jilimen, Bunu and Raja. He called them Eight Pai Yao, Guo Shanyao, Pangu Yao, Roof Yao, Indigo Yao and Huayao. There are two branches of Yao nationality in Xishuangbanna, which are collectively called Yao nationality.
Yao nationality originated from "Wu Lingren in Changsha" or "Wuxi people" in Qin and Han Dynasties. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Yao ancestors moved from Xianggui to Yunnan, and Wenjing Mountain, Pingbian, Simao and Jiangcheng entered Xishuangbanna.
(8) Miao nationality
The total population of Miao people in Xishuangbanna is 1 1037, including Jinghong 2 16 1, Menghai 35 1 and Mengla 8525. There are no Miao villages in Jinghong City and Menghai County, mainly unit staff and migrants. Miao villages are mainly distributed in Mengla County, and two of them are indigenous Miao villages, namely Nalong Village of Mohan Village Committee in Shang Yong Town and Laotao Village of Mo Long Village Committee, with a total of 703 people in1/kloc-0.
The Miao people in Nalong Village and Laotaozhai call themselves Bai Miao, and women wear pants. According to 56-year-old Luo Asheng and 37-year-old village leader Wu Guicai, they heard that more than 200 years ago, their ancestors moved to Mengla from Guizhou via Wenshan, Honghe and Simao in Yunnan, and after living in Yiwu and Mengban for a period of time, they moved to the border of Shang Yong. Later, some Miao people moved to Laos, and some gradually moved to the present site.
(9) Hui nationality
The total population of Hui nationality in Xishuangbanna is 39 1 1, including Jinghong 16 17, Menghai 18 17 and Mengla 477. It is mainly distributed in Jinghong City, Menghai Town and Mengzhe Town of Menghai County, and some of them are scattered in various township organs, factories, mines and farms, among which only Menghai Town of Menghai County has villages.
Hui nationality is short for Hui nationality. Hui people in Xishuangbanna can be divided into Hui people and Dai people. Hui and Dai languages are called "Pasi"; Hui Dai language is called "Paxi Dai", that is, Dai in Hui nationality or Hui nationality in Dai nationality.
The origin of Hui people in Xishuangbanna is mainly the Hui descendants of Dali Hui businessmen who entered Xishuangbanna in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and married local ethnic minorities, followed by Hui workers and their descendants who supported border construction in the mainland after 1950. The Hui people in Menghai County mainly moved in from western Yunnan, and the rest mainly came from Shadian in Honghe Prefecture and Tonghai and Eshan in Yuxi.
(10) Wa nationality
The Wa population in Xishuangbanna is 3 1 12, including 996 Jinghong, 0/647 Menghai and 469 Mengla. There are no Wa stockaded villages in Jinghong City and Mengla County, mainly unit staff and migrants. There are 8 Wa villages in Menghai County, namely, the Wa village in Manzao Village Committee of Mengzhe Town (30 Li), the Wa village in Mannong Village Committee 1 team, the 2 nd team and the new village, the Manhui village in Mansao Village Committee of Menghun Town and the old, middle and new villages in Niudao Village Committee of Xiding Township, with a total of 2 19.
Wa people call themselves "Wa". According to Yan hen, 44, from Wazhai, Mansao Village Committee of Mengzhe Town, ancestors moved from Lancang and Ximeng. Da Weng, 72, of Manhui Village Committee in Menghun Town, said that the Wa people came to Menghai under the leadership of two brothers in Mengyang class. They once built the "Yonghong" Dazhai on the mountain away from their current address 1 km, with a population of 150 households. Because of the plague in the stockade, people scattered everywhere, and then concentrated on building stockades. The Wa people in the three stockades of Nuan Island in Xiding Township come from different sources. According to Wei Chengzhong, a 66-year-old man from Zhaizhong, his grandparents came from Thailand, and so did their generation. Three came at that time. Chen, 65, said that his grandfather's generation all came and fled from Lancang. Both old people said that when the older generation came here, there were dense forests and wild animals, so Boya, who grew up in Yang Man, sent the ancestors of the Wa nationality here to guard the mountains, and there was a pond covered with slippery moss where the village was built, so the Dai people called the Wa village "Thick Island". Wei Chengzhong also made it clear that the Wa people have been here for 288 years, which is recorded in the scriptures.
(1 1) Zhuang nationality
The population of Zhuang nationality in Xishuangbanna is 2 130, including Jinghong 752, Menghai 437 and Mengla 94 1. Jinghong City and Menghai County have no stockaded villages of Zhuang nationality, mainly the unit staff and migrants. There are three Zhuang stockaded villages in Mengla County, namely Manbang Village, Manyan Village Committee of Mengban Town, Li Mancun Village Committee of Mengban Town and Sharen Village, Sharen Village Committee of Yaoqu Township, with a total of 162 households and 802 people.
The Zhuang people in three stockaded villages in Mengla county call themselves "foster" or "Dai foster", and he calls them "Sha people". Before the third census 1982, I always thought I was a Zhuang nationality. After the third census, I belonged to the Zhuang nationality.
According to Bo Yangga, 60, from Manlizhai, and Bo Yuxiang, 70, from Manbang Village, Zhuang people moved to Mengyang from Wenjingshan, Honghe and Xiajiang in Yuanyang in Guangxi more than 200 years ago. Later, due to the war, some Zhuang people in Laos moved to Mengla to establish Manlizhai, and then the Zhuang people raised by Mengla also moved to Manlizhai. Three years later, Manbang Village was separated from Manli Village, and Xishuangbanna was liberated after Manbang Village was occupied. Man Bangzhai has a history of 130 years. About 60 years after Mambang Village split, Sharen Village split from Li Mancun.
(12) Jingpo nationality
Jingpo people in Xishuangbanna 140, including 44 Jinghong people, 90 Menghai people and 6 Mengla people. Jinghong City and Mengla County have no Jingpo stockade, mainly unit staff and floating population. Only Menghai Town, Menghai County has a Jingpo stockade, namely the Jingpo stockade of Mengweng Village Committee. Jingpo Village is a multi-ethnic stockade with 58 households with 268 people, including 9 Jingpo, 26 Han, 5 Lahu, 2 Hani and about 90 Jingpo.
Jingpo people call themselves "Zaiwa". According to He Sanmei, 66, Jingpo Village, Jingpo people moved to Menghai from Dehong Longchuan via Lancang at the beginning of last century. At that time, I came here because I heard that the land here was fertile. It may be almost a hundred years now. Jingpo people have their own language, women keep their own clothes, and their houses are bungalows or buildings in China.
Jingpo people believe in primitive religion. In the past, if there was anything in the stockade or at home, it was necessary to kill chickens for sacrifice and ask Moba to recite scriptures. Now these ceremonies are no longer carried out. The festivals now celebrated by Jingpo people include Spring Festival, Torch Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day.
Third, the situation of cross-border ethnic minorities in Xishuangbanna.
There are 15 border towns in our state bordering Laos and Myanmar, and the border line is 966.3 kilometers long. Cross-border ethnic groups refer to the same ethnic group formed due to long-term historical development, close to both sides of the border, with directly connected residences and separated in different countries. There are eight ethnic minorities in China, including Dai, Hani, Yi, Lahu, Bulang, Yao, Miao and Zhuang. Among them, the Dai and Hani nationalities border Laos and Myanmar, the Yi, Yao, Miao and Zhuang nationalities border Laos, and the Lahu and Bulang nationalities border Myanmar.
Four, Xishuangbanna has been identified as belonging to the Mami, Ge Kun, Ake, Compensation and Anti-Christianity ethnic groups.
(1) Mami and Gekun belonging to Bulang ethnic group.
1, Mami people
Mami people used to call themselves "Mami people", but after the ethnic identification of 1958 ethnic working group, they belonged to the Bulang ethnic group. Mami people mainly live in Mami Village, Xiaomimi Village, Damimi Village, Jiangtou Village and Mami Village Committee of Mangulong Village, Yunjinghong Sub-district Office, Jinghong City, with 2 19 households and 904 people. Mami people have their own language, belonging to the Wa 'deong branch of the Mon-Khmer family of South Asian languages. Mami people and Dai people have the same housing, clothing, religious beliefs and festivals. Due to long-term contact with the Dai people, adults and children can speak fluent Dai language.
2. Ge Kunren
Gekun people call themselves "tribal tigers". According to legend, during the migration, most people crossed the Lancang River to Thailand, and a few people delayed waiting for the crabs to be cooked, so the Dai people called them "Ge Kun", which means "the people left behind". Later, this "sudden" person also called himself "Ge Kun". Gekun people are distributed in 7 villagers' groups, including Nahuipa, Naban and Manbangtang in Ge Kun Village Committee of Mengyang Town, with a total of 338 households and 1.656 people. 1982 After the third census, Gekun people belonged to Bulang nationality. Gekun people have their own language, belonging to the Wa De 'ang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family. Their house is dry, they have their own clothes and believe in primitive religion.
Gekun people used to celebrate Dragon Lie Festival and Long En Festival. Dragon Boat Festival is the Tietie Festival, which is held in February in the solar calendar. During the festival, cows are killed, bonfires are burned and ancestors are worshipped.
(2) Ake, compensator and row angle of Hani nationality.
1, Ake people
Ake people are distributed in Jinghong Town, Han Meng Town, Menglong Town, Brown Mountain Township and Menglun Town in Menghai County, Jinghong City, with a total of 2 1 village and about 6,000 people. Ake people call themselves "Guo Ke", and Ake is what Han people call them. Ake people's houses are columnar, and the language is similar to Hani language, so they can communicate with Hani people. Men's wear is similar to Hani, while women's wear is quite different. Women wear sleeveless collarless blouses, and plaits are sewn on the cuffs and the lower end of the clothes. Under the homemade blue cloth dress (mongla also wears trousers), the upper part is woven with red, white and green stripes, and the calf is wrapped with patterned leggings. The Akers celebrated Wotuo Festival (Baba Festival) and Yelie Festival (Tangyuan Festival) in February, 65438. They had the custom of going to new houses and believed in primitive religion. After the fourth census, Ake people in our state were identified as Hani people.
2. Compensation
The compensated population is distributed in Mampa Village, Buguo Village, Manhui Village of Manlongdai Village Committee and Nanni Formation of Wenquan Village Committee of Mengpeng Town, with a total of 883 people/household, including 74 households with 373 people in Mampa Village, 267 people in Buguo Village and 665438+ in Manhui Village 15 households. People who make amends call themselves "Longbi", and making amends is what Dai people call Longbi. The houses of the compensated families are all pole-column, and women wear Dai clothes. When Buddhism spread to the south, there was a Buddhist temple where boys entered the temple to be monks. People who don't have words learn to write Buddhist scriptures in Dai language, and men also get tattoos, and celebrate the water-splashing festival, closing ceremony and opening ceremony like the Dai people. This person's name is Yan XX. The woman's name is Yu XX. After marriage, the man's name is Bo XX, and the woman's name is Mi XX. After 1990, people in our state were identified as Hani.
3. People in the corner
Paijiao people live in Mangang Village, Mengban Village Committee, Mengban Town, Mengla County, with 4 1 household and 175 people. People who row feet call themselves "row feet", which means "comfortable". Paijiao is a Chinese name for Chujiao. Because Paijiao's headdress is bent into a trumpet shape with black cloth, it is called Paijiao, and now it is also called Paijiao. Paijiao people have no writing and believe in primitive religion. Zhaimen and Xinmi Festival are held every year from June 5438 to 10. In the past, the father-son joint system was adopted. Paijiao people have their own national names, as well as Han and Dai names. A platoon leader usually has three names or two names. At present, the paijiao people in our state are classified as Hani people.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) An unidentified ethnic group in Xishuangbanna.
The unidentified ethnic groups in our state are Kemu, Laopin and Ba, with a population of 4,236.
(1) Kemuren
Kemu people are one of the undetermined ethnic groups in our state, calling themselves Kemu people and Kemi people. They are divided into Kemulu people, Kemulou people and Kemujiao people due to different sources. Kemu people are concentrated in Jinghong City and Mengla County, with a total of 18 stockades and 2,897 people.
Kemu people in Jinghong City are distributed in Manluojin, Manxiangban and Manhuilong of Mamai Village Committee in Jinghong Town, and Mambo Nanga 1, 2 and 3 teams of gasa town Manda Village Committee, with a total population of 689. The language of Kemu people in Jinghong city belongs to the Wadang branch of the Mon-Khmer family of South Asian languages. Their houses are dry, and their clothes and houses are the same as those of the Dai people. They believe in Buddhism, use Dai language and have Buddhist temples. When a boy reaches a certain age, he will become a monk, and both adults and children can speak fluent Dai.
There are 12 kemu stockyards in Mengla County, namely Mangang Village of Nanliang Village Committee in Mengla Town, Zhong Man Village Committee in Mengpeng Town, Mannuanyuan Village Committee of Meng Man Village Committee in Mengman Town, Manbengsuo Village Committee of Mansai Village in Mengman Town, Nanxi Village Committee in Shang Yong Town, Wangsilong Village Committee, Dongyang Village Committee in Manzhuang Town and Nanqian Village Committee. Mengban Town will fall into Kemi Village.
Kemu people in Mengla County are divided into Kemu people and Kemi people. Ke Mu, a native of Xishuangbanna, has a long history. He once established his own kingdom in Guangfa (Tianfeng Mountain) in Shang Yong, Mengla, and the mined well salt sold well in Southeast Asia. After being conquered by the Dai people, some were ruled by the Dai people and some moved to Laos. There are only two stockyards in Kemi, Nanqian and Kemi, which moved from Laos in about 1939. It is said that Kemu and Kemi were brothers, but they turned against each other because of the uneven distribution of hunting.
The Kemu people in Mengla County have their own language, belonging to the Wadiyan branch of the Monkmel-Khmer language family in South Asia. Kemi can understand Kemu's language, but Kemu cannot understand Kemu's language. Kemu people's houses are all dry-column buildings. Women wear Dai clothes and men wear Han clothes.
Kemu people believe in totem worship and primitive religion, but not Buddhism. The main festivals are Harvest Festival, New Rice Festival and Flower Festival. Komi Festival includes Xinmi Festival, Honghua Festival and "Fallen Long Mu Festival".
(2) Old products
Laopin is one of the undetermined nationalities in our state and lives in Laopin Village, Manhong Village Committee, Mengzhe Town, Menghai County. There are 233 people in 52 households in the village.
Old product people call themselves "old products", also called "cards". The old man has retained his own language, such as "Tangzha" for dinner and "Yong" for the house, and can speak fluent Dai language.
Old Pinren's house is a Chinese bungalow. Believing in primitive religion, there are temples and no idols. Every year, the whole village holds an activity of offering sacrifices to mountain gods.
(3) Bajia people
Bajia people are one of the undetermined ethnic groups in our state. Bajia people live in Meng Kang Village Committee of Meng 'a Town, Menghai County, including Naitong, Mandao, Najing Village Committee 2, 6, 7 and 8, Hejian Village Committee 6, 7 and 8. A few of them are scattered in government agencies, with a total population of 1 106.
Bajia people call themselves "Bajia". Bajia people have their own language, which is close to Dai language and can communicate with Dai people.
The housing of Bajia people is a Chinese bungalow. In the past, they had their own clothes. The women are wrapped in buns, wearing double-breasted dresses and aprons on their backs. The man is wearing a double-breasted coat with a knot on his head. At present, women still keep their national costumes, but they only wear them during Chinese New Year holidays or weddings. Usually they wear Hanfu, and all the men have changed into Hanfu.
Bajia people believe in primitive religion and have a small temple, where they will kill chickens to worship their ancestors on holidays. Bajia people were buried after death, and those who died normally were buried in public cemeteries. Bajia people's surnames are Peng, Dao, Li, Luo and Ma. Bajia people celebrate Torch Festival, Spring Festival and July and a half.