Under the influence and guidance of China's ancient materialism and dialectics, TCM has gradually formed a unique traditional medical science through long-term medical practice, continuous accumulation and repeated summary. It is an extremely rich experience summary of China people's long-term struggle against diseases. It has a long history of thousands of years and is an important part of China's traditional culture.
Theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine is a science that studies the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of human physiology, pathology and diseases. It has a unique theoretical system and rich clinical experience. The theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine is deeply influenced by ancient materialism and dialectical thought-the theory of yin-yang and five elements, with the overall concept as the leading thought, based on the physiology and pathology of viscera and meridians, and characterized by syndrome differentiation and treatment.
The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine is a theoretical summary of human life activities and the changing laws of diseases, which mainly includes the theories of yin and yang, five elements, luck, dirty images, meridians and so on, including etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation, treatment, prevention and health preservation.
The clinical diagnosis methods of traditional Chinese medicine include four methods: observation, smell, questioning and pulse, which are collectively called four methods. Each of the four diagnostic methods has its own unique function and cannot replace each other. Only by comprehensive application in clinic can we make a correct judgment of the disease.
The clinical treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine mainly include acupuncture therapy, scraping therapy, massage and cupping therapy. Acupuncture therapy refers to acupuncture or fire moxibustion at human points to treat diseases; Scraping therapy is to expel toxic substances in the body, that is, pathological products in the body, so as to achieve the purpose of curing scraping syndrome; Massage is a method of applying specific techniques or physical activities to meridians and acupoints and certain parts of the human body to achieve disease prevention and health care. Cupping is a method that can make the treatment site congested, thus producing therapeutic effect.
The Origin and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history. In ancient times, our ancestors created primitive medicine in the struggle with nature. In the process of searching for food, people find that certain foods can alleviate or eliminate certain diseases, which is the origin of medical Chinese medicine discovery: the basis of fan fire for heating. D. It is found that wrapping hot stones or sand with good skin and bark can make real streets disappear. Through repeated practice and improvement, the hot ironing method and moxibustion method have gradually emerged (in the process of using tools in stone tools, it is found that one part of the human body can relieve the pain of another part after being stabbed, thus creating the application of moxibustion)
More than 2,000 years ago, Huangdi Neijing was published, which is the earliest extant monograph of TCM theory in China. This book systematically summarizes the previous treatment experience and medical theory, and combined with other achievements of natural science at that time, makes a more comprehensive exposition on human anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, and initially lays the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine.
Before the Han Dynasty, it is said that Qin Yueren compiled Difficult Classics, which is a classic medical book comparable to Huangdi Neijing, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and so on, and supplemented the shortcomings of Huangdi Neijing.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, working people and medical scientists, through exploration and practice, compiled Shennong Herbal Classic, which is the earliest existing monograph on pharmacology in China. -Summarized people's understanding of drugs before the Han Dynasty, collected 365 kinds of drugs, and described pharmaceutical theories such as monarch, minister, assistant, envoy, harmony of seven emotions, four qi and five flavors.
The 3rd century AD. Zhang was a famous physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty and wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases. The book treats typhoid fever with six meridians and distinguishes miscellaneous diseases with viscera, and establishes the theoretical system and treatment principles of TCM syndrome differentiation, which lays the foundation for the development of clinical medicine. Huang Nanyao, a physician in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 2 15- 282), wrote the Classic of Acupuncture. This book is the earliest existing professional book on acupuncture in China, including strengthening the body resistance, meridians, acupoints, pathogenesis, diagnosis, acupuncture techniques, acupuncture taboos, acupoint indications and so on. The book determines the total number of acupoints, including 349 acupoints (including 49 single acupoints and 300 double acupoints), discusses the indications and contraindications of various acupoints, and summarizes the operation methods, which has had a great influence on acupuncture medicine in the world.
In 6 10, Chao et al. co-edited Treatise on Diseases and Syndrome, which is the earliest existing monograph on diseases and syndromes in China. The book discusses the etiology, pathology and symptoms of internal diseases, external diseases, gynecology, children and five senses respectively.
In 657 A.D., the Tang government organized people to collectively compile Tang Xin Xiu Ben Cao (also known as Tang Ben Cao). This is the first pharmacopoeia issued by the government in ancient China and the earliest national pharmacopoeia in the world. It was 883 years earlier than the Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia issued by the European Nuremberg government in A.D. 1542.
Sun Simiao (AD 58 1-682), a physician in the Tang Dynasty, concentrated all his life and wrote A Prescription for Emergency and A Prescription for a Thousand Daughters. These two books discuss clinical subjects, acupuncture, dietotherapy, prevention and health preservation. Especially in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases, outstanding achievements have been made.
In 752 AD, Wang Dao wrote The Secret Stories of Foreign Taiwan Province, with 40 volumes and 65,438+065,438+004 doors (according to today's research, it is 65,438+0048 doors), containing more than 6,000 books, which is a collection before the Tang Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, the government of the Song Dynasty established the "Tai Yi Bureau", which is the highest institution for training talents of Chinese medicine. Teaching methods have also been greatly improved. For example, Wang Wei, an acupuncturist, designed and cast two bronze statues (A.D. 1026), and carved the twelve meridians and 354 acupoints, which were used by acupuncturists and examiners. During the examination, the inspector injected water into the acupuncture points of colleagues, sealed them with wax and used them for external use. If subjects choose the right acupoints, they can use needles to enter and exit water. This is a pioneering work of medical education in China.
In A.D. 1057, the Song government set up the Medical Books Correction Bureau to systematically collect, collate, research and collate important medical books in past dynasties. At present, there are Su Wen, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, synopsis of the Golden Chamber, A-B classics of acupuncture, theories on the causes of various diseases, Qian Jin Fang Yao, Qian Jin Fang Yi and
During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties from 12 to 14, many distinctive medical schools appeared in Chinese medicine. Among them, there are four representatives.
Cold school. Liu (A.D. 120- 1200), a representative figure, thinks that various symptoms of typhoid fever (generally referred to as fever) are mostly related to "fiery heat", so cold medicine is often used in treatment).
Attack factions. Zhang Congzheng (about AD 1 16 1228), a representative figure, believes that diseases are caused by exogenous pathogens invading the human body. Once diseases are caused, they must be eliminated, so the treatment adopts three methods: year, vomiting and diarrhea.
Li Dongyuan (A.D.1180-1251), a representative of the school of mending soil, put forward that "all diseases are caused by internal injuries of the spleen and stomach", and the treatment should focus on warming and nourishing the spleen and stomach. Because the spleen belongs to the "scholar" in the five elements theory, it is called "Buzhong School" by later generations.
Zhu Tingkong (A.D.1281KLOC-0/358), a representative of the school of nourishing yin, thinks that the human body tends to have yang flourishing and yin failing, and the treatment of diseases should focus on nourishing yin and reducing fire.
Li Shizhen (A.D. 15 18- 1593), a pharmacologist of Amin Dynasty, spent 27 years compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, which included more than 892 kinds of drugs and prescriptions 10000 prescriptions for China and the world.
About 1 1 century, Chinese medicine began to use "human pox vaccination" to prevent smallpox, becoming a pioneer in medical immunology in the world. From 17 to 19, due to the constant prevalence of infectious diseases, people formed and developed epidemic febrile diseases in the process of fighting infectious diseases. For example, Wu Youxing in the Ming Dynasty thought that the occurrence of infectious diseases was "neither windy nor cold, nor wet in summer, but there was a different feeling between heaven and earth", which he called "hostility". He pointed out that "rage" spreads through the nose and mouth, and no matter how strong or weak the body is, it is all sick when touched. This breaks through the traditional theory that diseases and pathogens enter the human body from the body surface, which is undoubtedly a great pioneering work in the middle of the17th century when bacteriology has not yet appeared.
The representative works of Chinese medicine in treating epidemic febrile diseases (including infectious and non-infectious epidemic febrile diseases) in Qing Dynasty include Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases, Treatise on Dampness and Heat, Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases by Wu Tang, and Warming Meridian and Jingwei by Wang.
According to autopsy and clinical experience, Wang Qingren (1768- 183 1), a physician in Qing dynasty, wrote Yi Lin Nuan, which corrected some mistakes about human anatomy in ancient medical books, emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge to doctors, and developed the theory and treatment of blood stasis.
In the past hundred years, with the wide spread of western medicine in China, a pattern of coexistence of traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine and combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine has been formed. Some doctors gradually realized that Chinese and western medicine have their own strengths, so they tried to integrate the two kinds of academics and gradually formed the school of integrated Chinese and western medicine. His representative figures and works are: Five Books of Chinese and Western Medicine by Tang Zonghai (1862-1918); Zhu Peiwen (about1mid-9th century), Collection of Images of Tibetan Clothing in Hua Yang; Zhang Xichun's (1860-1933) medical enthusiasm and learning from the west' and so on.
Traditional Chinese medicine is an important part of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. With its remarkable curative effect, rich national characteristics, unique diagnosis and treatment methods, systematic theoretical system and vast literature and historical materials, it has stood in the forest of world medicine and become a treasure house of human medicine.