Fungi are usually divided into three categories, namely, yeast, mold and mushroom (large fungi), belonging to different subphylum.
Macrofungi refer to fruiting bodies or sclerotia that can form fleshy or gelatinous substances, most of which belong to Basidiomycotina, and a few belong to Ascomycota. Common macrofungi are Lentinus edodes, Volvariella volvacea, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia, Tremella, Dictyophora, Morchella and so on. They are not only important fungi and vegetables, but also important resources for food and pharmaceutical industries.
Two: Is fungus a kind of bacteria?
With the gradual improvement of living standards, people's awareness of health and disease prevention is also constantly strengthening. Most people know that bacteria can cause diseases, and they are used to using "bacteria" or "bacteria" to describe a dirty environment or object. So, what about fungi? Is it a kind of bacteria? It is true that fungi are small and can make people sick, but they are essentially different from bacteria.
As we know, plants and animals are made up of cells with nuclei. Among microorganisms, only fungi have real nuclei and complete organelles, so they are also called eukaryotic microorganisms. Bacteria only have the original nuclear structure, no seed membrane and nucleoli, and few organelles, belonging to prokaryotic cell microorganisms; The virus has no cell structure and belongs to protozoa.
Fungi are widely distributed in nature, with more than100000 species, of which only a small part, about 300 species, can cause human or animal infections. Many fungi are beneficial to human beings, such as flour fermentation, soy sauce, vinegar, wine and moldy tofu. Many enzyme preparations in industry and feed fermentation in agriculture are inseparable from fungi. Many fungi can also be eaten, such as mushrooms, tremella, mushrooms, fungus and so on. Fungi are also valuable resources in medicine, some of which can be used to produce antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes; Some of them can be used as medicine to treat diseases, such as puffball, poria cocos and cordyceps sinensis.
Fungi can also cause many diseases of animals, plants and human beings. There are three main kinds of human beings: ① fungal infection; ② Allergic diseases; ③ Toxic diseases.
mould
Also known as "filamentous bacteria". This is a fungus. The body is filamentous and tufted, and can produce various forms of spores. More rotten. There are many kinds, such as Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mold can be used to produce industrial raw materials (citric acid, methylene succinic acid, etc. ), food processing (brewing soy sauce, etc. ), antibiotics (such as penicillin and griseofulvin) and pesticides (such as "920" and Beauveria bassiana). However, it will also lead to mildew and deterioration of industrial raw materials and products, as well as agricultural and forestry products. Another small number of molds can cause diseases of people, animals and plants, such as tinea capitis, tinea pedis and sweet potato rot.
yeast
This is a fungus. The body is round, oval or ovoid, and there are nuclei, vacuoles and granular substances inside. Usually propagated by budding; Some can be split in half; Some species can produce ascospores. Widely distributed in nature, especially in grapes and other fruits and vegetables. It is an important starter, which can decompose carbohydrates to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Bread yeast, feed yeast, alcohol yeast and wine yeast are commonly used in production. Some can synthesize medical cellulose, and some can be used for petroleum fermentation.
brewer's yeast
It belongs to the genus Saccharomyces. Cells are round, oval or oval. Bud grafting can form ascospores. In the fermentation industry, it can be used to produce alcohol or medicinal yeast, and products such as clots, ergosterol, lecithin, coenzyme A and cytochrome C can be extracted through comprehensive utilization of bacteria.
Monascuspurpureus belongs to Ascomycetes, Aspergillus. The mycelium is purplish red. In the process of asexual reproduction, a single or a small cluster of spherical or pear-shaped meristems is formed at the top of the mycelium branches. During sexual reproduction, spherical and orange-red fruit is produced, and an ascospore containing 8 ascospores is endogenous. Monascus can make Monascus, brew red lactobacillus and produce glucoamylase.
mycotoruloides
Yeast that can form pseudohyphae without producing ascospores. Many candida species can use n-alkanes as carbon sources for petroleum fermentation and dewaxing, and produce valuable products. Among them, Candida lipolytica or Candida tropicalis is a Candida species with strong ability to oxidize n-alkanes. Some species can be used as feed yeast; Individual species can cause human or animal diseases.
Candida albicans
Or Candida albicans. An oval candida, which can germinate and reproduce. It usually exists in the mouth, intestines and upper respiratory tract of normal people and can cause oral diseases, such as thrush or other diseases.