2. Ge Hong (283 ~ 363) was a Taoist scholar, a famous alchemist and a medical doctor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The word childish Sichuan, since the number holding a gourd ladle. Jurong was born in Danyang (now Jiangsu). The grandnephew of Ge Xuan, the alchemist of the Three Kingdoms, was called Little Fairy Weng. Alchemists and medical scientists in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China. The word childish Sichuan, since the number holding a gourd ladle. Jurong, Danyang County, Jin State (now Jurong County, Jiangsu Province). He was once named as the Hou of Guannei, and then lived in seclusion in Luofushan for alchemy. He is the author of Bao Puzi, Anxious Prescription, Miscellanies of Xijing, etc. Among them, Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, namely "Dan Shu", describes various knowledge about chemistry such as refining gold and silver pills, and also introduces the properties and changes of many substances. For example, "Red mercuric sulfide (red mercuric sulfide) decomposes red mercuric sulfide (red mercuric sulfide) by heating. Adding sulfur to mercury can generate black mercuric sulfide and then become red mercuric sulfide. The reversibility of chemical reaction is described. Another example is "Zeng Qing painted iron, and iron is as red as copper", describing the reaction of iron replacing copper, and so on.
Born in Jiangnan. When the ancestors were in Wu of the Three Kingdoms, they successively held important positions such as Yushicheng and Shangshu of the official department, and were named Hou of Shouxian County. His father Mao continued to work for Wu. After Wu's death, he started as an official in Jin, and finally moved to Shaoling County, where he died as an official. Ge Hong, Zan's third son, is favored by his father. 19 13 years, his father died, and his family was rich. He was "hungry and cold, bowing his head to plow the fields, riding the grass on the stars, and not attacking the territory." ..... Pay cut, sell paper and pens, camp in pastoral areas, and write books with firewood. ..... often lack of paper, every time you write a sentence, repeat a sentence, people can read it. ……"
At the age of sixteen, I began to read Confucian classics such as Filial Piety, The Analects of Confucius, Poetry, The Book of Changes, and I especially liked the Immortal Cultivation Method. Self-proclaimed: less good magic, negative steps, not afraid of difficulties and dangers. I feel happy every time I hear something different. I don't feel sorry for my broken smile. After learning alchemy from Andrew, he was highly valued. It is said that "there are more than 50 disciples, only the rest learned the classics and the five elements in the pillow at that time in Huang San, and the rest couldn't understand the first title of this book".
In the first year of Tai 'an in the Western Jin Dynasty (302), Andrew, his teacher, learned of the chaos of saving the world, and Jiangnan was about to boil, so he took his disciples to Huoshan in the east, but Ge Hong stayed in Danyang. In the second year of Tai 'an, Zhang Chang and Shi Bing arose, and Hong Ren was the general. Because he actively suppressed the rebellion, he moved to Fu Bo. After the incident was settled, Hong went to Luoyang to look for different books, regardless of the meritorious military service. "However, due to" the chaos of a country "(referring to the" chaos of eight kings "-the leader's note), the road to the north was blocked, and Chen Min turned against Jiangdong and returned to Tuge. At this time of dilemma, it happened that his old friend was Guangzhou secretariat and asked him to join the army as an advance. Ge Hong thought that he could avoid the chaos in the south, so he went gladly. Unexpectedly, Han Ji was killed by his enemy Li Guo, so he stayed in Guangzhou for many years. I deeply feel that "the honored are snobbish, and the arms are like Fujian, which is extremely unusual and cannot be left behind." "Vigorous will die, brilliant will die, and if there are spring flowers, they will die in a short time. If you don't like it, you will lose peace. Regret, fear and trembling are not enough. " This is abandoning worldly affairs, determined to adopt a food and nourishing nature in the way of Qiao Song, and practicing metaphysics and tranquility. Later, he learned from Bao Jing and became a monk, which was highly respected.
In the fourth year of lite (3 16), it was still mulberry. After the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he kept in mind his old achievements and made Shanhaiguan a city of 200. Xianhechu (326 ~ 334), King Situ was called to fill the state master book, transfer Situ Wei, and move to consult and join the army. Gan Bao also recommended him as a regular attendant of Sanshou, and received a lot of works, but Hong refused to resign. As soon as I heard that cinnabar appeared on my toes, I asked, so I took my sons and nephews with me. Going south to Guangzhou was left by the secretariat of Deng Yue, but it ended in an alchemy in Luofushan. In the years in the mountains, I have been leisurely and leisurely, and my works are endless. He died in the first year of Xingning in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (363) at the age of 8 1. Or Yun died in the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Kang of Jin Dynasty (343) at the age of 6 1.
Ge Hong inherited and reformed the immortal theory of early Taoism. In Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, he not only comprehensively summarized the immortal theory before the Jin Dynasty, but also systematically summarized the immortal magic methods before the Jin Dynasty, including keeping one, promoting qi, guiding and sexual intercourse. At the same time, it combines the skill of immortals with Confucianism, emphasizing that "those who want immortals should be loyal, filial and benevolent." If you don't practice virtue, you can't live forever. "And this orthodox religion is integrated with the precepts of Taoism, which requires believers to strictly abide by them. He said: "Looking at the precepts, we can know that those who want to live forever will want to accumulate virtue, be kind, forgive themselves and others, be good at catching insects, enjoy people's blessings, solve people's sufferings, save people's poverty, abstain from hurting their lives, refuse to persuade disasters, regard people's gains as their own, and regard people's losses as their own. "Advocate immortal health, Confucianism externalized in the world.
In The Outer Chapter of Bao Puzi, he devotes himself to the gain and loss of the world, whether it is hidden or not. Advocating that severe punishment should be applied in troubled times, and advocating severe punishment and heavy law. Shi Kuang Zuo's family is eclectic in Confucianism, Mohism, Ming and Fa, and respects the monarch as heaven. Dissatisfied with the talk of Wei and Jin dynasties, he advocated paying equal attention to literature and morality, and his words should help to educate. Ge Hong has been engaged in alchemy experiments for a long time under the guidance of the idea that alchemy can live forever. He has accumulated rich experience in the practice of alchemy and learned some characteristics of substances and their chemical reactions.
He systematically summarized the achievements of alchemy before Jin Dynasty in two chapters, namely "Jin Dan" and "Huang Bai" in Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, specifically introduced some alchemy methods, recorded a large number of ancient alchemy classics and alchemy methods, outlined the historical outline of China's ancient alchemy, and also provided us with precious materials of original experimental chemistry, which had a great impact on the development of alchemy in Sui and Tang Dynasties and became a link between the past and the future in the history of alchemy.
Ge Hong is proficient in medicine and advocates that Taoist priests should also learn medical skills. "Since ancient times, Taoists must learn medical skills to save the near future." They believe that if monks don't learn medical skills at the same time, they will be "unable to attack themselves", not only unable to live forever, but even unable to save their own lives. He wrote "Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription", which preserved many ancient medical books in China and recorded many common folk prescriptions for treating diseases. It is an ancient standing first aid manual, widely circulated in Southeast Asia, and is an important historical material for studying medicine in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The record of smallpox in this book is the earliest scientific document in medical history, and the understanding of tuberculous infectious diseases is earlier than that of foreign countries 1000 years. According to records, Ge Hong also wrote Save the Dead after Elbow and Jade Letter. "I wrote this one hundred volumes, named Yu, with different names of diseases, and they are continuous and not mixed with each other. All three volumes of "Healing the Wounded" are easy to handle, easy to make an appointment and easy to search. Between the hedge and the stranger, all the medicines were taken and all the emergencies were ready. If you have this prescription at home, you don't need a doctor. " ⑦ Ge Hong recorded and explained in detail the morphological characteristics, growth habits, main producing areas, medicinal parts and therapeutic effects of various medicinal plants in "Bao Pu Zi Nei Bian Xian Yao", which had a great influence on the development of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations.
Ge Hong has rich works in his life, claiming that there are 20 volumes of internal chapters, 50 volumes of external chapters, 30 volumes of inscriptions on steles 100, 30 volumes of notes on the art of war, 30 volumes of immortal biography 10 and hermit biography 10. He also copied the words of a hundred schools of thought from the Five Classics and Seven History, and asked for 3 10 volume "The Art of War". In addition, there are "synopsis of the golden chamber" 100 volume and "elbow backup emergency prescription" 4 volumes. However, many people died. There are thirteen kinds of works in Orthodox Taoist Collection and Wanli Continued Taoist Collection, most of which were entrusted by later generations by mistake.
His medical book "Elbow Emergency Prescription", the title of which means an emergency book that can always be put behind the elbow (taken with you), is a practical book that should always be preserved. The book collected a large number of emergency prescriptions, which he collected and screened during his medical practice and travel. He deliberately selected some easily available drugs, which were very cheap even if he had to spend money to buy them, which changed the shortcomings of the previous emergency prescriptions that were difficult to understand, drugs were hard to find and expensive. He particularly emphasized the application of moxibustion, and clearly recorded the usage of various moxibustion methods in plain language. As long as the proportion of moxibustion is clear, people who don't understand acupuncture can use it.
There are many diseases in Elbow Urgent Prescription, many of which are precious medical materials. The symptoms of smallpox described in this book, as well as the description of the danger and infectivity of smallpox, are the earliest records in the world and are described very accurately. The main symptoms of tuberculosis are also mentioned in the book, and the characteristic that tuberculosis is "transmitted to others after death" is put forward, which also involves many diseases such as intestinal tuberculosis and bone and joint tuberculosis. It can be said that the completeness of its exposition is no less than that of modern medicine. The book also records the method of applying the mad dog's brain to the wound after being bitten by a mad dog. This method is faster, more effective and strikingly similar than using rabies vaccine. In addition, for epidemics and infectious diseases, the book even puts forward the concept of "boil", which is not caused by so-called ghosts and gods. This scientific understanding method is also very insightful today. The description of parasitic diseases such as tsutsugamushi disease and scabies in the book is also the earliest and most accurate in the history of world medicine.
When Ge Hong was middle-aged, Jin Yuan Emperor and Jin Xian Imperial Capital invited him to be a big official, but he refused. Later, he was tired of being urged by his family to be an official. He heard that Jiaotuo (now northern Vietnam) had the raw materials for an alchemist, so he volunteered to go there as a county magistrate. The emperor thought it was an insult to his talent, but he did it not for the sake of high officials and high salaries, but for the convenience of obtaining the raw materials for an alchemist. After he took office, when passing through Guangzhou, Deng Bing of the Secretariat kept him and provided him with raw materials for alchemy, so he lived in seclusion in Luofushan to work as an alchemist.
Every famous doctor must have a difficult course of study and explore and learn with his superhuman perseverance. Ge Hong's life is wonderful and legendary. His intelligence helped him to open up new fields of medicine and made outstanding contributions to clinical emergency medicine.
Chemist Ge Hong
Medical contribution
Ge Hongzi Akagawa, nicknamed Bao Puzi, lived in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was a famous physician Yamatonokusushi in ancient China. 28 1 Born in Jurong, Danyang (now Jurong County, Jiangsu Province), his family was poor. He had no money to buy books and pens, so he had to borrow books from others to read and practice writing with charcoal. When I grew up, I became an official, then I resigned and went home to specialize in scientific research.
Ge Hong likes reading books on medicine, health care and alchemy since he was a child, and pays great attention to some simple and popular treatments. He combined the prescriptions collected in the vast rural areas with his own medical knowledge and wrote a book called "Elbow Backup Emergency Prescription".
Elbow Emergency Plan is not a big book, but it is very practical. "Behind the elbow" means that this book is very small and can be carried around on the elbow, similar to the modern "pocket edition".
"Emergency" means an emergency. In modern terms, it is an "emergency manual". The prescriptions for treating diseases in this book are all available herbs everywhere, which are cheap, convenient and, more importantly, effective, so they are well received by people.
Ge Hong attaches great importance to the study of acute diseases. Most of the acute diseases he refers to are what we now call acute infectious diseases. People in ancient times called it "heavenly punishment" and thought it was a disaster from heaven, and it was caused by ghosts and gods. Ge Hong said in his book: Acute diseases are not caused by ghosts and gods, but by the outside world. As we all know, acute infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms (including protozoa, bacteria, rickettsia and viruses). These microorganisms must be magnified at least several hundred times before they can be seen. Microscope was not invented more than 1600 years ago, and of course there is no such thing as bacteria. Ge Hong's ability to break superstition and point out that acute diseases are caused by external material factors has been remarkable.
Ge Hong described a disease called "corpse note" in "Elbow Urgent Prescription", saying that this disease can be contagious and ever-changing. People infected with this disease don't know what's wrong with them. They just feel afraid of cold and fever, exhausted, in a trance, wasting away day by day, and will die after a long time. The disease described by Ge Hong is what we now call tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can make many organs of the human body sick. Tuberculosis, osteoarticular tuberculosis, meningeal tuberculosis, intestinal tuberculosis and peritoneal tuberculosis. , are caused by tuberculosis. Ge Hong was the first scientist to observe and record tuberculosis in China.
Ge Hong's Elbow Urgent Prescription also recorded a disease caused by dog bite. Dogs are mad dogs. People are bitten by mad dogs, which is very painful. The patient can't stand any stimulation. As long as they hear the slightest sound, they will twitch, even when they hear the sound of pouring water. So some people call mad dog disease "water phobia". In ancient times, this disease was incurable.
Ge Hong believed that there was a way to fight poison with poison in ancient times. For example, Huangdi Neijing, the oldest medical work in China, said that "poison" medicine is needed to treat diseases, and without the nature of "poison", diseases cannot be cured. Ge Hong believes that when a mad dog bites, there must be venom in the dog's mouth, which invades the human body from the wound and poisons people. Can you treat this disease with the venom of a mad dog? He caught and killed the mad dog, took out its brain and applied it to the wound of the dog patient. Sure enough, some people don't get sick again, and some people get sick, but they are mild.
Ge Hong's method is scientific and contains the seeds of immune thought. As we all know, vaccination can prevent smallpox, injection of encephalitis vaccine can prevent encephalitis and injection of tetanus toxin can treat tetanus. These methods are the research results of modern immunology. "Immunization" means that there are no infectious diseases. Bacteria and viruses invade our bodies, and our bodies have the ability to repel and destroy them, so they don't necessarily get sick. Only when the body's resistance is poor can bacteria and viruses make people sick. The method of immunity is to improve the body's disease resistance as much as possible to prevent people from getting sick. Vaccination is an immunization method (the content of modern immunology is getting richer and richer, and vaccination is only one aspect). Ge Hong can take preventive measures against mad dog disease, which can be regarded as a pioneer of immunology. Immunology in Europe began in Pasteur, France. He artificially infected rabbits with mad dog disease, and took out the brain marrow of the diseased rabbits for injection to prevent and treat mad dog disease. This principle is basically similar to Ge Hong's principle. Pasteur's working method is certainly more scientific, but it is later than Ge Hong's 1000 years.
In the history of world medicine, Ge Hong also recorded two infectious diseases for the first time, one is smallpox and the other is tsutsugamushi disease. Ge Hong wrote in Elbow Emergency Prescription: One year, a strange epidemic occurred, and the patients were covered with blisters and sores. At first it was little red dot, and soon it became a white pustule, which was easy to break. If not treated properly, blisters will grow and fester, and people will have a high fever. Nine times out of ten, it can't be cured. Even if it is cured by luck, it will leave a small scar on the skin. The small scar began to turn black and became the same color as the skin after one year. This strange epidemic described by Ge Hong was later called smallpox. Western doctors believe that the earliest record of smallpox was the Arab doctor Rezas. In fact, Ge Hong lived more than 500 years before Reza.
Ge Hong called tsutsugamushi disease "sand louse poison". It is now clear that the pathogen of sand louse virus is a microorganism smaller than bacteria, called "Rickettsia". There is a kind of insect called sand lice, which is injected into people's bodies when they sting blood, making them sick and have a fever. Sand lice grow in the south. According to the survey, tsutsugamushi disease is only prevalent in Guangdong and Fujian, and it is extremely rare in other places. Ge Hong gained knowledge about this disease through hard practice. It turned out that he loved alchemy and lived in Luofu Mountain, Guangdong Province for a long time. There are sand lice in the mountains and grasslands near here. Sand lice are smaller than small grains of rice, so you can't find them without careful observation. Ge Hong not only discovered sand lice, but also knew that it was the vector of infectious diseases. His record is earlier than that of American doctor Pam 1500 years.
Early chemist
Why does Ge Hong like alchemy? In feudal society, aristocratic bureaucrats hoped to live a luxurious life forever and live forever. Some people just want to refine the "elixir" to satisfy their extravagant desires, thus forming alchemy. The alchemist put some minerals in a sealed tripod and burned them with fire. Minerals will undergo chemical changes under high temperature and high pressure, resulting in new substances. The elixir of life is a fantasy of the exploiting classes, and it cannot be refined. However, in the process of alchemy, people discovered some laws of material changes and became pioneers of modern chemistry. Alchemy developed earlier in China, and Ge Hong was also an alchemist.
At that time, the drugs refined by Ge Hong were Lithargyrum (lead oxide) and Sanxiandan (mercury oxide), both of which were raw materials for external use drugs.
Ge Hong discovered the reversibility of chemical reaction in the process of mercury smelting. He pointed out that for cinnabar,
(Mercury sulfide) Mercury can be extracted by heating, and when mercury is combined with sulfur, it can become cinnabar. He also pointed out that lead can be extracted from lead tetroxide, and lead can also be extracted into lead tetroxide. In Ge Hong's works, it is also recorded that orpiment (arsenic trioxide) and realgar (arsenic pentasulfide) sublimate after heating and directly become crystals.
In addition, Ge Hong also put forward many simple drugs and prescriptions for treating diseases, some of which have been proved to be specific drugs. Such as turpentine for arthritis, bronze (copper carbonate) for dermatosis, realgar and wormwood for disinfection, and Lithuanian monks for anticorrosion. These records have a certain effect on the treatment of arthritis. Arsenic contained in realgar has a strong bactericidal effect. Artemisia argyi contains volatile aromatic oil, and poisonous insects are very afraid of it, so people in China burn Artemisia argyi around May Festival to repel insects. Bronze blue can inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, so it can treat skin diseases. Lithuanian monks have disinfection and sterilization effects, so they are used as preservatives. Ge Hong discovered the efficacy of these drugs more than 500 years ago and made great contributions to medicine.
Ge Hong studies hard.
Ge Hong (an ancient chemist in China, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty) was born in Danyang, with a poor family and no child servants. He often wears hazelnuts (weeds) to go out and push the grass into the house. Repeated (repeated) fires have exhausted (important ancient books), so it is (convenient) to take (carry) books (boxes), borrow books and copy them, sell firewood (firewood) to buy paper, but (like "burning") browse (browse) by fire.
Ge Hong studied hard at the original text. translate
From Chu Tan Ji
Original text:
Ge Hong, a native of Danyang, is poor and has no child servants, and the fence is not repaired. He often wears hazelnuts to go out and go into the house to weed. Many times, I have to take chestnuts from the fire, but I have to go, borrow books and copy them, and sell my salary to buy paper, but I can read them in the fire.
Translation:
Ge Hong, a native of Danyang, was born in poverty and could not afford a servant. The fence at home was so bad that he didn't repair it. He often goes out in rags and goes home in straw clothes. There were several fires at home, and all the collected classics were burned down. So he picked up the book basket and went to someone else's house to pick up the book. He bought firewood and paper to copy books and lit firewood to read books.