(Safe) 3 Then rest for one night (Comfortable) 4. It is best to be peaceful and make a good alliance (comfort) 5. Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. The general greeted him, and he wanted to be safe. Adequate food and clothing (health) 8. When he came 1 make-safe. (Wear it on your body or wear it on your body) 4 It was issued by Yinze Bank (wear it on your body) 5 It was dropped on the ground (quilt) 6 It was crushed by heavy snow and covered by several states in South Vietnam (1 time). I hope I am more virtuous than I dare. According to) 3 books are in the south of Jizhou (originally, originally). It is hard to waste today. It is not difficult to record the manuscript (version, manuscript) halfway. It has its own chapter (a memorial or letter from a courtier to the emperor). 6 If you stop printing three or two books (quantifiers, units of measurement of books). 7 This is called losing one's original heart (natural kindness). 8 books do not fall (roots) and so on. (9) Suppressing the trace of its success or failure (exploring the source) There are two monks in Shu, one is poor, the other is rich (frontier) and the other is cheap. I didn't know the general was so generous (vulgar, shallow and vulgar).
(I, a compound word, boast of modesty) 4 Confucius despised his petty (contemptuous) soldiers (1) gathering in Xianyang (weapons and ordnance) 2 Zhao Yisheng set soldiers for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move (soldiers and soldiers) 3 So he went to the army to make plans, followed by cutting (tactics and strategies) 4 or so (killing people with weapons). If you don't treat it, you will benefit deeply (disease) 2. If you don't wait on me, you will be ill for a long time. Not as good as Shun, not as good as Duke Zhou, and my illness is also (shortcomings and deficiencies) 4. Fan is in charge of the government, and the vassal's money is heavy, and Min Zheng's disease (worry, worry) 5. Ninety-year-old illness (damage) 6 Today's people criticize each other with frugality (resentment and humiliation), and if they judge it with 1, all the rocks and caves under the mountain will be (look carefully and observe) 2. They want to investigate everyone's opinions. Although you can't visit the general (detailed investigation) 3, you must visit (understand and discover) with emotion. Who can observe them with their own bodies? White appearance) 5 Ming is enough to see the end of autumn (see clearly) 6 people meet Wuyu (smart) and get dressed in cháo 1 (zhāo morning) 2 Like every dynasty, I often say that I am sick (see the court, worship) 3 Strong countries please take it, weak countries enter the court (see the court, worship) 4 So I went to the court to see Wang Wei (the court) 5 and offered my heart to him for two generations. Sitting facing south (right, right), 1 can't destroy a hair of the mountain (used for emphasis, sometimes it is equivalent to \' even-all-\' or \' unexpected. People sent slaves to work (once) 3, Hou Sheng sent me without saying a word (unexpectedly) 4. He is a high-class family (a relative separated from himself by two generations) 5. He benefits from what he can't. He took a calf cart in chéng 1 and was a slave (driving, riding, riding) 2. He took advantage of the situation. In ancient times, one car, four horses and one ride) 5 Take Ezhu and turn back (board) 6 Take Weixian, and make twenty cattle divisions (shèng IV) sincere 1. The emperor feels sincere (sincere) 2. He was defeated to death and he had to (really, really) 3. Today, the general can command tens of thousands of soldiers (really, if). Sweep the court except (steps) 2. Eliminate the residue and filth for the Han family (except, except) 3. Take the former king's administration, promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages (move, move) 4. Move Wei Yan's abandoned shrine site for burial (repair, repair) 5. The right prime minister and Tang dynasty ambassador (official worship) was relieved. Help the coffin move (between the door and the screen) 6.59.66666666666 Literature) 3 Taking the imperial court as an excuse (4) I will never avoid death, drink enough to say goodbye (5) I came, a year ago, far away from the capital, and now I died here in Jiujiang (Farewell, Farewell) 6 Tao Yuanming's "Coming Home" (ancient style) 7. I am knowledgeable, powerful, good at dealing with chaos and good at rhetoric. Polite apology) 10 Crime of Resignation (Command) From 1 Pei Gong came to see Wang Xiang from more than 100 riding days (below, below). I followed his plan, and the king was lucky enough to forgive me. I was confused and didn't follow the teacher. Fan Kuai was confused (learned). From) 6 until first her brother went to war, and then her aunt died (participated in) 7. His desire for being like a cloud (follower) 8 cannot rise from (indulgence) to death 9. His seal is to give the group benefits (closest relatives, cousins) 10, and to interact with each other and become one (through' vertical'). East-west horizontal, north-south vertical.
Union: the strategy of the six countries to unite against Qin in the Warring States Period) 1 1 won its reputation, but Cao's engagement (official name) 12 can be settled cheaply, so why bother to ask me (doing things) 13 is Qu Yuan's leisurely rhetoric (leisurely, slow and not in a hurry).
2. Common notional words in classical Chinese and their explanations: The essence of understanding the meaning of common notional words in the text is to judge the meaning of common notional words in combination with context.
"Commonly used notional words", its scope is not very wide, and the key points are: (1) outline regulation 120 notional words; (2) Content words that frequently appear in Chinese textbooks and Chinese readers in classical Chinese can be found in the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Common Words published by the Commercial Press, especially those emphasized in the after-class exercises of Chinese textbooks. "Text" refers to context, which is the premise of correctly understanding meaning. Judging from the examination questions in recent years, although some notional words do not appear in textbooks, they can all be understood through overall contextual inference.
Focus of examination: The contents of examination include polysemy, ancient and modern different meanings, compound words with partial meanings and interchangeable words, among which the focus is polysemy and disyllabic compound words. From the part of speech, it mainly focuses on nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns.
When analyzing nouns, we should first avoid making meanings by looking at words, and then pay attention to determining the scope of named things; The analysis of adjectives mainly focuses on the relationship between adjectives and modified objects or actions. In classical Chinese reading test questions, the number of directly examining the meaning or usage of nouns and adjectives is very small, but nouns and adjectives often appear as verbs.
The analysis and inference of the meaning of "polysemous verbs" has always been the most important thing in the examination of common notional words in classical Chinese. There are "explicit" and "implicit" points in the examination of common substantive words in classical Chinese reading.
"Obvious" refers to the kind that directly adds points to the words being examined; "Implicit" means that in the translation analysis of a sentence, as long as we understand the clear meanings of some substantive words in the original sentence, we can translate or distinguish the right and wrong of the translated sentence. When reviewing the main categories and characteristics of notional words in classical Chinese, we should focus on mastering common words, ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, compound words with partial meanings, flexible use of parts of speech and so on.
(See: (1) China College Entrance Examination Guide P119; (2) Basic Course of Chinese for College Entrance Examination (P 123); (3) The "master's tricks" and "preparing for the information Expo" sections. Ask students to further summarize and sort out on the basis of reviewing textbooks. )
1, interchangeable words; 2. Different meanings in ancient and modern times; 3. Homomorphism; 4. Polysemy; 5. Partial compound words; 6. Flexible use of parts of speech. Suggestions on learning methods 1, pay attention to accumulating a, pay full attention to textbooks, and lay a solid foundation; B, pay attention to the accumulation in classical Chinese reading practice; C, accumulated from the college entrance examination questions in the past ten years, it is best to complete them independently; D, strengthen the text reading of classical Chinese, and sort out and summarize the frequently tested and error-prone content words.
2, highlight the key points, clear purpose A, master the common meaning of common content words; B, pure historical and cultural significance or the true meaning of proper nouns can be ignored; C, don't delve into the meaning of words involving deeper professional knowledge; D, the difference between true meaning and flexible use; E, pay attention to the meaning of the notional word "in the context". Method guide 1. Context analysis (inferring the meaning according to the context meaning) The content words in classical Chinese are mostly polysemous, and the meaning is uncertain. It's impossible to memorize word by word, but we can judge the meaning of real words in context, which is relatively stable and can help us determine the meaning.
For example: (1996 national college entrance examination question) "The world is similar, don't use it as a curse", and the title means: curse-eliminate the curse. We can judge from the above that it is wrong.
The original text was aimed at Guo Yong's resistance, and he was advised not to make trouble. Although the meaning of "home" can be extended from "doing business" to "eliminating" and "removing", in the specific language environment, we can infer that its other meanings are "attracting" and "provoking".
Second, structural analysis (inferring the meaning according to the meaning of the corresponding words in the whole sentence) There are many linguistic phenomena in classical Chinese, such as parallelism, antithesis and juxtaposition. In antithetical sentences with two, two or three times, words with symmetrical positions are generally the same part of speech, with similar or opposite meanings. By analyzing the meaning and part of speech of known words, we can infer the part of speech and meaning of unknown words. For example, "the country dies and the family dies hand in hand, but the sage never sees the country."
(Biography of Qu Yuan). The upper and lower sentences are connected by "er", indicating the coordinate relationship. According to the sentence "national subjugation and genocide", it can be inferred that "sage ruling the country" should also be a parallel relationship, which translates as "Saint Wang Zhiguo leveling the world".
If translated into "ruling the country by a wise monarch", it is a subject-predicate relationship, which obviously does not correspond to the structure of the previous sentence. Another example is: "So, I am extremely tired and never stop calling for heaven;" This is so painful that I don't have to call my parents. "
(Biography of Qu Yuan). "Overworked" is the antonym of "sick".
"Disease and pain are terrible" and several situations are stated in parallel, which translates into "disease, pain, misery and sadness", then the "extreme" of "extreme fatigue" cannot be translated into "extreme". Grammatical analysis (inferring the meaning of a word according to its grammatical function in a sentence) The structure of the sentence is fixed and the combination is regular, and the grammatical position of the word in the sentence provides a basis for us to infer the meaning.
For example, subjects and objects are often served by nouns and pronouns, predicates are mostly served by verbs and adjectives, and adverbials are mostly served by adverbs. For example: (2000 national college entrance examination question) "Let the donkey go and cook with firewood", and the title gives the meaning: firewood-firewood.
The word "firewood" is preceded by the verb "take" and followed by the verb "cook" It is not difficult to infer that it is a noun, which means "firewood", and "firewood" is a verb, which is obviously inappropriate. Fourth, the associative inference method (inferring the meaning of words according to the knowledge learned) The meaning and usage of the real words examined in the classical Chinese reading of the college entrance examination can generally find a foothold in the textbook.
Therefore, we should be good at drawing inferences from what we have learned in class, comparing with each other and distinguishing similarities and differences, so as to solve the problem of the meaning of the content words in the test questions. For example: (200 1 national college entrance examination question) "Those who don't go out of the city have two ears", which means: pull-be captured.
According to the theory of "Qin attacked Zhao Shicheng" in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, combined with the context, it can be inferred that the answer is correct. "Qi people chase and kill, drive north", the title means: North-refers to those who fled.
According to "chasing death and driving north, burying millions of corpses and bleeding" in On Qin, it can be inferred that "death" is "desperate" and "north" is "defeated and desperate".
3. How to make students understand and remember the content words in classical Chinese? Content words are an indispensable teaching link in classical Chinese teaching.
In the past college entrance examination, the accurate translation of notional words occupied a great level in the translation of classical Chinese. In the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, how to convey the real words of classical Chinese to students accurately and vividly, so that students can remember them deeply and apply them to practice? This is a very critical issue. If students can't analyze and understand the meaning of notional words, reading classical Chinese will become a great obstacle. Therefore, in the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, content words are the key to master.
In the narration of notional words in classical Chinese, we must first understand what notional words are. In Ancient Chinese, it is defined as follows: "Content words are those that can act as syntactic components independently and have lexical and grammatical significance." That is to say, the most clear explanation is that words with real meaning and grammatical meaning are notional words.
We should be clear when classifying notional words. Content words are subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, pronouns, onomatopoeias and interjections. Of course, we should pay attention to the specific distinction between function words and special content words, such as onomatopoeia and interjection. Then, when students have a specific understanding of what content words are and a specific sense of discrimination, it is relatively easy to say content words in ancient Chinese.
One: There are relatively many notional words in simplified classical Chinese, and the general notional words in classical Chinese are easy to remember, that is, the meaning is similar to that in modern Chinese, except that monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese have been transformed into disyllabic words in modern Chinese. Therefore, the meaning of a word is just an extension.
For example, in many classical Chinese, many ancient Chinese words can be directly transformed into modern Chinese, such as wai, which means siege and encirclement; Rude, rude, etc. So one word (word) in ancient times only needs to be transformed into two words (words) in modern Chinese.
In classical Chinese, this situation appears more. It is worth noting that some difficult words need to be explained. In the narration of difficult words, it is more conducive to students' acceptance to simplify the complex, that is, to write the original meaning of simplified words. For example, the word "slightly" is written in seal script, which means farming with tools like people, and also refers to aggression.
Another example is "beating", which means hitting people. Seal script is for people to beat their chests with their hands. Difficult-to-understand characters like this can be characterized by inscriptions on bronze and seal script.
Students are also easy to understand. Therefore, in the teaching of notional words in classical Chinese, we can restore the true colors of words and make them clear to students at a glance.
The specific application can be determined according to the Chinese word-making methods, that is, pictographic characters, fingering, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters, so that students can master difficult fonts simply and clearly. Among many fonts, pictophonetic characters are especially involved in a wide range, and they can be described in detail, so that students can form a mentality of learning as soon as they meet words, which is the first step to pass content words.
Second, we can understand that classical Chinese belongs to traditional culture according to the meaning before and after the sentence. In the long mother tongue teaching, students have a strong sense of literary language. Therefore, in narration, we can infer the meaning of difficult words according to the meaning before and after the words in the sentence. For example, in "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin", "Make workers quench it with medicine.
In this sentence, the meanings of the words "quench" and "quench" are difficult for students to understand. Here, we can analyze them according to the meaning of the two words: "taking" means that the medicine is extremely toxic, and "quenching" has three points of water. Combining the meaning of the sentence before and after, we can infer the meaning of "quenching". According to the previous meaning, Yan Taizi Dan experimented with people. What will happen if the poison is contaminated on him? What will happen to the blood? The meaning of "wisp" is very clear, covered with clothes.
Therefore, in the narrative of notional words in classical Chinese, difficult words can be inferred according to the meaning of the words before and after. Achieve the purpose of clear translation.
It is essential to learn classical Chinese and accumulate content words. In specific memory, you can recite the content words clearly according to the above methods. Of course, teachers play an important role in it, and their own knowledge should be profound, so as to optimize the teaching of content words in classical Chinese.
4. What do notional words mean in ancient Chinese? Content words have real meaning and can be used as sentence components alone, and generally can be answered independently. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. When learning content words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main grammatical features: 1. The second is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech. Function words have no practical meaning, so they can't be used as sentence components and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "maybe" and "bu", can answer questions independently), so we can only use notional words to make sentences to express various grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. However, its grammatical function is great. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as the decisive sentence "... also" and the passive sentence "Wei". Suo Other function words are frequently used in classical Chinese, and their explanations are quite flexible. The main function words commonly used are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai and Ruo.
5. How to master five knowledge points of notional words in classical Chinese? The explanation of notional words in classical Chinese should pay attention to words that appear frequently in the text, words whose meanings are quite different from those in modern Chinese, and polysemous words. The notional words in classical Chinese should be explained by standardized modern Chinese words, and appropriate explanations should be given according to the actual meaning of the words in the sentence, so that the tone before and after the sentence is smooth and the meaning is clear and correct. Try the following three exercises. Group a (version h):
1. There is no disorder in the ear () 2. Age gives seconds () 3. There is an oil seller, unloading his baggage () 4. Twilight () Group B (version S):
1. The road to composition is long () 2. There are pavilions and wings, near the spring () 3. There is no second Maitreya in Fo Yin. Under the county, Yi Yi Tai Shou () Group C (new textbook):
1. Serve all things and Jun Jun's () 2. Wife's Beauty and Beauty () 3. When I start my day, I go to find someone else. So, I have an idea ().
The question 1 in group A was originally an adjective, which was also explained in classical Chinese, but it has been converted into a verb in this sentence, which means "confusing" or "disturbing"; The original meaning of the second question "Fu" is "tax", which can be interpreted as the verb "tax collection" or simply as "levy". The purpose of these two questions is to see if students can understand the flexible use of parts of speech, that is, to master the meaning after the conversion of parts of speech. The third question "Shi" means "put down", and modern Chinese also has the usage of combining "Shi" with "Shi" and "Shi" to form "Shi" and "Shi", which can help memory; The word "thin" in question 4 means "close", which is far from its general meaning and needs careful memory.
The word "affix" in question 1 in group B means "follow closely", which is different from its original meaning "connect", so how to explain it in the sentence needs a little thinking to determine; The word "near" in the second question can be understood as "facing", "approaching" and "approaching", and the last explanation should be taken in the sentence. The third question "Lei" appears many times in the text, and is interpreted as "similarity" and "similarity", which is a common word with high frequency of use. Quite a few students misunderstood the fourth question "Yi", so they interpreted it as "visit". In fact, this word means "go" and "go (see)", so don't confuse it.
The title 1 in Group C means "King's Landing", and the most appropriate explanation is "ruling"; Question 2: The word "beauty" has changed from an adjective to a verb, which means "taking … as beauty" and is more appropriately interpreted as "praise". The third question "go" has many meanings: "lose", "get rid of" and "leave". This sentence should take "leave" or be interpreted as "distance". The fourth question "ju" is generally interpreted as "you" or "detailed", and the latter should be taken in combination with the context.
6. How many function words and content words are there in classical Chinese? What is their explanation? Content words have real meaning. They can act as sentence components alone, and generally can answer questions alone. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words in classical Chinese is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. When learning the notional words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main features in grammar: one is polysemy, the other is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech. Function words function words have no practical meaning, generally can't act as sentence components, and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. Function words in classical Chinese only account for a small part of the whole vocabulary in classical Chinese, but they have great grammatical functions. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as judgment sentences. . Who? . "Ye" and "Wei" in passive sentences. . Institute. . "Equivalence is frequently used in classical Chinese, and its interpretation is quite flexible. The main commonly used function words are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai, Ruo, Er, Zhe, Wei, Ran, Shi, Ben, Si, Bi, He, An, Who, Hu, Di, Although, Although, However, Nature and Ye. Yi, Hu, zai, Yan, ear, etc. In the past, meaning was taken as the standard. The real meaning was called real words, and the empty meaning was called function words. Now, based on function, it is believed that notional words can serve as sentence components (of course, they have lexical and grammatical meanings), but they cannot serve as sentence components, and function words only have grammatical meanings. Content words are subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, adverbs, pronouns and special content words, onomatopoeia words and exclamations; Function words are subdivided into prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and modal particles.