I can't help you, but I have tried my best. The following are the conditions of China's current loans, and the following are the methods of exceptional loans. Do you think it is practical? The bottom is for your reference. You can have a look.

Sorry, I can only do this for you.

I) loan object

The loan target refers to which departments, enterprises, units and individuals the bank issues loans to. Its essence is to choose the loan investment and determine the loan scope and structure.

Determination of the loan object of commercial banks;

First, it should reflect the essential requirements of the credit fund movement, and the loan should be able to guarantee the repayment of principal and interest;

Second, it must meet the requirements of the loan principle of commercial banks, and the loan issuance should follow the principles of efficiency, safety and liquidity;

Third, to reflect the requirements of loan investment policy, loan investment should obey the national industrial policy.

Therefore, the loan object of a commercial bank must be a commercial enterprise, that is, it has economic income, the prepaid value can be compensated and increased, and there is a source of funds to repay the principal and interest of the loan. Any non-operating unit without economic income can only be the object of financial allocation, but not the object of bank loans.

(2) loan conditions

Loan conditions refer to what conditions the object has to obtain a loan. It is a specific requirement for the loan object. All enterprises that meet the requirements of "conditions" within the "object" can obtain bank loans. The basis for determining the loan conditions is: the legality of the establishment of enterprise units, the independence of operation, the adequacy of its own capital, the profitability of operation and the safety of loans. Therefore, enterprises, institutions and individuals that need to apply for loans from banks must meet the following basic conditions.

The current loan conditions of China Commercial Bank are:

1. legality of operation

2. Independence of operation

3. Have certain self-owned funds.

4. Open a basic account in the bank.

5. Have the ability to repay the principal and interest on schedule.

Eight. The purpose and type of loan

(1) the purpose of the loan

The purpose of the loan refers to the direction and scope of the use of the loan in the enterprise's capital occupation. It specifies what kind of capital needs enterprises can use loans, and how many of these capital needs are solved by bank loans.

Nine. Loan type

At present, the classification standards and types of loans are as follows:

I) Classification by loan business attributes

1, self-operated loan. Refers to the loan independently issued by the lender with funds raised by legal means, with the risks borne by the lender and the principal and interest recovered by the lender.

2. Entrusted loans. Refers to loans provided by government departments, enterprises, institutions, individuals and other principals, and issued, supervised and recovered by the lender (i.e. the trustee) according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and interest rate determined by the principal. The lender (trustee) only charges the handling fee and does not bear the loan risk.

3. Specific loans. Refers to the loans granted by a wholly state-owned commercial bank with the approval of the State Council and after taking corresponding remedial measures for the losses that may be caused by the loans.

(2) According to the loan term.

1. Short-term loan. Refers to the loan with a loan term of 1 year (inclusive).

2. Medium and long-term loans. Medium-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 1 year (excluding 1 year) and less than 5 years (including 5 years).

Long-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 5 years (excluding 5 years). RMB medium and long-term loans include fixed assets loans and special loans.

(three) according to the economic nature of the loan subject.

1. Loans from state-owned and state-holding enterprises.

2. Collective enterprise loans.

3. Private enterprise loans.

4. Individual industrial and commercial loans.

(4) According to the credit degree of the loan.

1. Credit loan. Refers to the loan issued by the borrower's credit.

2. Guaranteed loan. Refers to guaranteed loans, mortgage loans and pledged loans.

Guaranteed loan refers to a loan issued by a third party, which promises the borrower to assume general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed when the loan cannot be repaid. Pledged loan refers to a loan that is issued in accordance with the agreed pledge method with the movable property or rights of the borrower or the third party as the pledge.

3. Bill discount. Refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper.

(five) according to the occupation mode of social reproduction.

1. working capital loan.

2. Fixed capital loans.

(6) Lending loans according to quality.

1. Normal loan. Refers to the loan that is expected to have normal turnover within the loan term and can be repaid in full and on time.

2. non-performing loans. Non-performing loans include non-performing loans, sluggish loans and overdue loans.

Non-performing loans refer to loans classified as non-performing loans according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance.

Sluggish loans refer to loans that are overdue (including due after extension) according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance and are still returned after the prescribed time limit, or loans that have not been overdue or overdue but whose production and operation have been terminated and projects have been suspended (excluding non-performing loans). Overdue loans refer to loans that are not due (including those due after extension) as agreed in the loan contract (excluding sluggish loans and bad loans).

(7) According to international practice (degree of risk), bank loans are divided into five grades: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss, and the latter three types of loans are called "non-performing loans" or "problem loans".

Ten, loan term, interest rate, discount and interest settlement.

(1) loan term

The loan term of a financial institution is mainly determined by the borrower and the lender through consultation according to the business characteristics, production and construction cycle and comprehensive repayment ability of the enterprise, taking into account the possibility of bank capital supply and the liquidity of its assets. The loan term is indicated in the loan contract. Generally, the longest self-operated loan shall not exceed 10 years (the longest loan for individuals to purchase ordinary houses for their own use may be 20 years), and those that exceed 10 years shall be reported to the People's Bank of China for the record. The longest discount period of bill discount shall not exceed 6 months, and the discount period shall start from the discount date B to the maturity date of the bill. If the loan cannot be repaid on schedule, the borrower shall apply to the lender for loan extension before the loan maturity date. The cumulative extension period of short-term loans shall not exceed the original loan period; The cumulative extension period of medium-term loans shall not exceed half of the original loan period; The cumulative extension period of long-term loans shall not exceed 3 years. If the borrower fails to apply for extension or the extension application is approved at the end of the extension, the loan will be transferred to the overdue loan account from the maturity date.

(2) Loan interest rate

The lender shall determine the interest rate of each loan within the upper and lower limits of the loan interest rate stipulated by the People's Bank of China, and indicate it in the loan contract. The upper and lower limit of the loan interest rate refers to a floating range set by the People's Bank of China on the basis of the benchmark interest rate, and the loan interest rate is determined by the lender and the borrower through consultation. Both borrowers and lenders shall collect or pay interest on schedule in accordance with the loan contract and relevant interest-bearing provisions.

(3) Discounting and interest settlement

In order to promote the economic development of certain industries and regions, relevant localities and departments can give discount on certain loans. The principle of "whoever decides who will discount the loan" shall be implemented. The undertaking bank shall independently examine and issue the loans subsidized by relevant departments, and strictly manage them in accordance with the relevant provisions of the General Rules for Loans: except as stipulated by the State Council, no unit or individual has the right to decide to stop, reduce, postpone and interest-free.

XI。 Loan method

(A) the meaning of the loan method

The loan method refers to the form of issuing loans. It reflects the degree of economic security of bank loans. Reflect the risk degree of the loan.

(B) the basis for choosing the loan method

The choice of loan method is mainly based on the borrower's credit and loan risk. For enterprises with different credit ratings and loans with different risk ratings, we should choose different loan methods to prevent loan risks.

(3) Specific loan methods

The loan methods adopted by commercial banks in China include credit loan, secured loan and bill discount, in addition, it also includes seller's credit and buyer's credit.

1. Credit loan mode: Credit loan mode refers to the loan mode that only depends on the borrower's credit and does not provide guarantee. This loan method has no realistic economic guarantee, and the repayment guarantee of the loan is based on the borrower's credit commitment, so the loan risk is greater.

2. Secured loan law: Secured loan law refers to the loan method in which the borrower or guarantor uses certain property as collateral (pledge) or issues loans based on the guarantor's credit commitment. This loan method has realistic economic guarantee, and the repayment of the loan is based on the mortgage (pledge) and the credit commitment of the guarantor.

3. Discounted loan method: Discounted loan method refers to a loan method in which borrowers borrow money from banks with unexpired bills when they are in urgent need of funds. In this kind of loan, the bank lends directly to the holder and indirectly to the payer. The repayment guarantee of the loan is based on the payer's full payment of the notes payable.

Twelve. Loan Procedure (1) Loan Application (2) Loan Approval (3) Contract Signing (4) Loan Issuance

(v) loan management and recovery

Thirteen. Credit supervision and sanctions

(A) credit supervision

Loan supervision is the behavior of banks to inspect, analyze, supervise and restrict the economic activities of various departments and units of the national economy in the process of handling credit business. Its essence is to use credit and interest rate leverage to influence and constrain the economic activities of enterprises.

1. Method of credit supervision: Credit supervision is an economic supervision, so its supervision method usually adopts economic means and is carried out through credit business activities. First, through the formulation of a correct loan system, strict implementation of loan policies, principles and methods for supervision. Second, through investigation and comprehensive analysis, reflect problems to enterprises and relevant departments, make suggestions and play a supervisory role. The third is to play the role of credit supervision through the loan three-check system.

2. The main content of credit supervision (1) the use of the borrower's credit funds. (2) The production and operation status of the borrower. (3) Whether the financial situation of the borrower has undergone major changes.

(2) Credit sanctions

Credit sanction means that banks take necessary measures to borrowers who evade credit supervision and violate relevant provisions of financial policies, loan contracts and loan management according to the seriousness of the case, and give borrowers certain economic impact. Credit sanction is a necessary means of credit supervision, and its purpose is to urge borrowers to abide by loan contracts, standardize enterprise behavior, rationally use funds and improve economic benefits. At the same time, it is also to protect the legitimate rights and interests of banks, improve the quality of loans and reduce the risk of loans.

Fourteen Operation and management of loan guarantee mode

(1) The concept and task of loan guarantee: loan guarantee refers to the legal act of asking the borrower to provide guarantee to ensure the realization of loan creditor's rights when the bank issues loans.

2) Loan guarantee methods: guarantee, mortgage and pledge. These safeguards can be used alone or in combination.

(III) Examination of loan guarantee The lending bank shall strictly examine the legality, validity and reliability of the guarantee in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and the relevant provisions of the bank.

Fifteen. Operation and management of mortgage loan (1) The meaning of mortgage loan

Mortgage means that the debtor legally transfers the ownership of the property to the creditor, but the creditor does not own the property. Once the debts secured by the property are paid off, the transfer of property ownership will be terminated. A bank loan legally obtained by a borrower with his own property ownership as collateral is called a mortgage loan. The supportability of mortgage loan is the fundamental characteristic different from credit loan.

(II) Scope of collateral and types of loans The collateral of a loan refers to the property and materials provided by the borrower to the bank and recognized by the bank as physical guarantee. The scope of collateral mainly includes the following five categories: First, valuable and useful fixed assets. The second category is all kinds of securities. Three types are liquid assets that can be sealed. The four categories are transferable intangible assets. These five categories are private property and other materials or property that can be circulated and transferred. At present, according to the scope of collateral abroad, mortgage loans are divided into the following six categories: First, inventory mortgage. The second is customer account mortgage. The third is securities mortgage. The fourth is equipment mortgage. The fifth is real estate mortgage. Sixth, life insurance single mortgage. The types of mortgage loans of commercial banks in China mainly include movable property, real estate and financial securities mortgage loans.

(3) Management requirements for mortgage loans

Taking mortgage loan greatly reduces the risk of bank loans and provides the most effective guarantee for banks to recover loans. In the management of mortgage loan, in addition to the necessary credit investigation, the following work should be strengthened: first, the selection of loan projects; Second, the choice and review of collateral; The third is to sign a loan contract. After the borrower and the borrower sign a valid loan contract and mortgage guarantee contract, the borrower will handle the mortgage loan account opening formalities with the loan notice from the bank, and the bank will issue the loan according to the construction progress, actual needs and designated purposes of the loan project, and supervise its use.

Sixteen. Operation and management of discounted bills loan (I) Concept and characteristics of discounted bills.

Discounting is the behavior that the holder pays a certain interest to the bank and redeems the funds with the unexpired bills. Discounted loans are loans issued by banks for holders to hold unexpired bills. For banks, it is to buy the rights contained in the bill. When the bill expires, the bank can get the amount contained in the bill. Discounted loans have the following characteristics.

1. High liquidity: After the bill is discounted, the rights contained in the bill completely belong to the bank. If the discount bank is in urgent need, it can transfer the cash to other banks or rediscount it to the central bank, and it can recover the funds at any time, with high liquidity.

2. Great security Because both the discount party and the parties on the bill are debtors, the use of funds by the discount bank is more secure.

3. The bill with strong self-compensation is attached to the bill when it is produced, and the date of payment has been stated on the bill, so the debtor cannot ask for an extension. At the same time, commercial bills are based on legal commodity transactions and have strong self-compensation, and the money recovered at maturity is more secure than ordinary loans.

4 use to determine in terms of use, the discount is specific to each bill, and whether the discount is appropriate and reasonable is clear at a glance. Therefore, discount is also the easiest way to reflect the quality of bank work.

5. Simple credit relationship Discount Except that the bill cannot be repaid at maturity, the discounter and the bank no longer need to contact, so the bank will deduct the loan interest in advance when discounting. Bill discount business is a special way of lending, which has the following differences compared with other lending: First, the interest-bearing method is different. Second, the time limit is different. Third, the parties involved are different.

(2) Procedures for handling discount loans 1. Apply for a discount loan. Review of discounts. Payment of discount funds Payment of discount amount = bill par value-discount interest

Seventeen. Operation and management of credit loans Credit loans are loans secured by the borrower's credit. So, there are risks. When issuing credit loans, banks must strictly control the loan amount and examine and analyze the financial statements of borrowers. It is necessary to conduct the following four key reviews.

(1) The quality of the borrower.

(2) the purpose of the loan.

(3) loan amount.

(four) the main source and time of loan repayment.

References:

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This is a special method:

1, the basic elements of credit

Any credit business includes the following six elements: object, amount, term, interest rate or rate, purpose and guarantee.

2. The basic principles of credit

The principle of credit business management is the fundamental starting point of credit business of commercial banks. After hundreds of years of management experience, people have summed up many principles of credit business, the most important of which are three principles, namely, safety, efficiency and liquidity.

3. Basic operation flow of credit business

Including: acceptance, investigation and evaluation, approval, distribution and post-loan management.

4. What is credit?

Refers to the credit given to customers by banks. All credit businesses that CCB undertakes asset risks, such as loans, guarantees, acceptance, import and export trade financing, credit card overdraft, etc., are credit to customers.

5. What is customer credit?

It refers to the management system that CCB determines the total amount of credit control for corporate customers according to the bank's credit policy and customer situation, so as to control risks and improve efficiency.

6. The implementation of credit line has three objectives: one is to prevent risks, the other is to improve efficiency, and the third is to enhance competitiveness.

7. The corporate business products currently handled by the Bank mainly include five categories:

(1) Working capital loans, which are subdivided into industrial working capital loans and commercial working capital loans;

② Fixed assets loans, which are subdivided into infrastructure fixed assets loans and technical transformation infrastructure loans;

③ Commercial acceptance bills;

(4) Discounting of commercial bills.

⑤ Guarantee business.

8. What is a working capital loan?

Refers to the local and foreign currency loans issued by China Construction Bank to borrowers for normal production and operation turnover or temporary capital requirements.

Working capital loans can be divided into industrial enterprise working capital loans and commercial enterprise working capital loans according to industries.

According to the term, it can be divided into three categories: temporary loans, short-term loans and medium-term loans.

Temporary loan refers to the working capital loan issued by the bank to the borrower within 3 months (inclusive), which is mainly used for the temporary needs of enterprises to purchase goods at one time and to make up for other seasonal payment funds;

Short-term loans refer to working capital loans issued by banks to borrowers, with a term of 3 months to 1 year (excluding 3 months and 1 year), which are mainly used for the capital needs of normal production and operation of enterprises;

Medium-term loans refer to working capital loans issued by banks to borrowers with a term of 65,438+0 to 3 years (excluding 65,438+0, including 3 years), which are mainly used for regular turnover and lay a working capital foundation for the normal production and operation of enterprises.

9. What is a fixed asset loan?

Refers to the medium and long-term local and foreign currency loans issued by China Construction Bank to borrowers for investment in fixed assets projects.

According to the purpose of the loan, fixed assets loans can be divided into capital construction loans and technical transformation loans.

Capital construction loans refer to medium and long-term loans approved by the competent authorities for capital construction projects, including loans for key, large, medium and small projects. Small projects generally do not exceed 3 years, and large and medium-sized projects generally do not exceed 8 years.

Technical transformation loans refer to medium and long-term loans approved by the competent authorities for technical transformation projects. Including loans for technical transformation projects above and below the quota. The above projects are generally 5 years, and the longest is no more than 6 years; Limited projects are generally 3 years, and the longest is no more than 5 years.

If the loan term exceeds 10 years, it shall be filed with the People's Bank of China.

Fixed assets loans can be divided into project legal person loans, unified lending and unified repayment loans and sub-lending and unified repayment loans according to the source of loans, the use of funds and the way of repayment.

The project legal person loan refers to the loan directly issued to the construction project, which is borrowed by the project legal person and repaid with the new benefits of the project.

Unified borrowing and unified repayment means that a borrower borrows money from a bank for multiple projects and is repaid by it.

Separate loans and unified repayment loans refer to loans of multiple projects borrowed from banks respectively, and the competent department or the parent body is responsible for unified repayment.

10, commercial bill acceptance

What is a commercial bill? The entrusted payer issued by the drawer unconditionally pays a certain amount of bills to the payee or the holder on the specified date. Commercial bills are divided into commercial acceptance bills and bank acceptance bills due to different acceptors.

What is commercial bill acceptance? It refers to the bill behavior that the bank, as the payer, promises to unconditionally pay the bill amount to the payee or holder on the maturity date of the bill according to the drawer's application.

Commercial bills shall not exceed 6 months from the date of issue to the maturity date.

The amount of each acceptance bill of CCB shall not exceed RMB 654.38+million.

When accepting commercial bills, the drawer is charged an acceptance fee of 0.5 ‰ of the acceptance amount for each bank acceptance bill.

If the drawer fails to pay the amount of the bill at maturity, and the bank accepts the bill at maturity and advances it, penalty interest will be charged on the amount of the bill unpaid by the drawer according to the overdue loan interest rate.

1 1. What is commercial bill discount?

It refers to a financing behavior that the holder of a commercial bill transfers the unexpired commercial bill to the bank, and the bank pays the balance after deducting the discount interest to the holder according to the par value. Mainly used for the applicant's short-term capital turnover. The discount period shall not exceed 6 months from the date of discount to the maturity date of the bill.

Commercial bill discount includes commercial acceptance bill discount and bank acceptance bill discount. The discount of commercial acceptance bills must be specially authorized by the head office.

At this stage, CCB only undertakes the discount of bank acceptance bills accepted by commercial banks and other branches of CCB in the following list.

List of accepting banks:

China Industrial and Commercial Bank, China Agricultural Bank, China Bank, Bank of Communications, CITIC Industrial Bank, China Everbright Bank, Huaxia Bank, China Minsheng Bank, China Merchants Bank, Guangdong Development Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank, Fujian Industrial Bank, Shanghai Bank, Beijing Commercial Bank, Tianjin Commercial Bank, Guangzhou Commercial Bank and Shenzhen Commercial Bank.

What is the guarantee business? It is a kind of credit business in which the Construction Bank promises the creditor (beneficiary of the guarantee) of the applicant in the form of a letter of guarantee according to the request of the applicant, and when the applicant fails to perform the debt, the Construction Bank will perform the debt or assume the responsibility according to the agreement. It is mainly used in various economic activities that need to use bank credit as a guarantee. The time limit shall be determined by CCB through specific consultation with the customer (guarantor) according to the requirements of the contract signed between the customer and the beneficiary or the tender submitted by the customer.

According to the nature of the beneficiary:

Domestic letter of guarantee (letter): refers to the letter of guarantee whose beneficiary is a domestic legal person or other organization.

External guarantee (letter): refers to the guarantee that the beneficiary of the letter of guarantee is an institution outside China or a domestic and foreign financial institution.

This kind of business rarely happens in our bank.

Fully understand the important position of small and medium-sized enterprises in China?

Globally, small and medium-sized enterprises are an important pillar of national economic development and social stability. APEC 2 1 country and region accounts for 97%-99? 7%, employment accounts for 55%-78%, GDP accounts for more than 50%, and total exports account for 40%-60%. Japan believes that "without the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, there will be no prosperity in Japan", while Germany calls it an "important pillar" of the country, and the US government even calls small and medium-sized enterprises "the pillar of the American economy". At present, there are more than100000 small and medium-sized enterprises registered in industry and commerce, accounting for 99% of the total registered enterprises in China, and their total industrial output value, sales revenue, realized profits and taxes and total exports have accounted for about 60%, 57%, 40% and 60% of the country respectively. Small and medium-sized enterprises in the circulation field account for more than 90% of the national retail outlets, and 75% of urban employment opportunities are provided by small and medium-sized enterprises. ?

Financial countermeasures to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises?

Improving the financial services of small and medium-sized enterprises and solving the "financing difficulties" of many small and medium-sized enterprises is a systematic project, which involves many factors such as the financing system, credit environment, risk service awareness and service level of enterprises themselves and financing institutions, and needs comprehensive coordination and supporting solutions. ?

First of all, the government should continue to increase policy support for SMEs. The focus of support should be on small and medium-sized enterprises with products, markets, development prospects and in line with national industrial policies. Special loans can be provided, and the central and local governments can allocate certain funds every year to provide interest-free or low-interest loans. (2) For small and medium-sized enterprises in the initial stage of business, the finance and taxation departments may consider reducing or exempting business tax and income tax, so as to enhance the basic accumulation capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises and encourage and guide them to raise funds by themselves. At the same time, we will continue to invest the necessary financial funds. According to statistics, from 1999 to 2003, the state invested 3.3 billion financial funds and supported 4,946 projects of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises nationwide, which effectively promoted the entrepreneurship and development of small and medium-sized enterprises. (3) For small and medium-sized enterprises in the growth stage, the state should actively build a direct financing platform and open up direct financing channels. Establish a second-board market and a property rights trading market, and vigorously develop over-the-counter trading to issue stocks and bonds. For example, Shenzhen Stock Exchange opened the SME board last year, with a total scale of 8? 3.4 billion shares, with a total financing amount of 8.2? 2 1 100 million yuan. ④ Improve the legal support environment for the development of credit business, implement the publicity system for the sale and use of SME loans, and more effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of commercial banks to expand the SME loan market through fiscal and tax support. ?

The second is to improve the system of small and medium-sized enterprises and improve the governance structure. At present, the financial system of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is generally imperfect, and the authenticity and accuracy of financial reports are low, which makes it difficult to protect the interests of banks. These are often caused by the imperfect corporate governance structure. Establishing a modern enterprise system and improving their own quality is an important way to solve the loan difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Promote the diversification and socialization of the small and medium-sized enterprise system and straighten out the governance structure. Implement an active exit strategy for state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises and take the road of restructuring and reorganization; For private enterprises, we should guide the direction of capital socialization, change the family management mode and absorb the elements of modern enterprise system and management system; For collective enterprises, it is necessary to promote property rights reform and clarify property rights relations. Standardize the financial system, establish a system that can correctly reflect the financial situation of enterprises in accordance with relevant state regulations, and increase the financial transparency of enterprises. ?

The third is to deepen the reform of commercial banks and improve the financial enterprise system. To change the restrictive conditions for banks to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises, we must deepen the reform of commercial banks and establish a modern financial enterprise system. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee also clearly put forward the goal of deepening the reform of financial enterprises. It is necessary to transform commercial banks into modern financial enterprises with sufficient capital, strict internal control, safe operation and good service efficiency, select qualified state-owned commercial banks to implement joint-stock reform, speed up the disposal of non-performing assets, enrich capital and create conditions for listing. At the same time, according to the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development put forward by the central government, commercial banks should constantly improve their internal control mechanism and risk management level, on this basis, simplify the examination and approval process, develop credit varieties, improve their service level and meet the capital needs of small and medium-sized enterprises. ?

The fourth is to cultivate a good credit environment. The word "credit" is indispensable for financing small and medium-sized enterprises. Without a good credit culture and healthy credit environment, it is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out financing smoothly, which leads to inefficient allocation of credit market, and the non-performing loan rate of small and medium-sized enterprises is much higher than that of large enterprises. In view of the current situation of weak social credit, we should establish and improve the credit system of small and medium-sized enterprises as soon as possible and strengthen the construction of credit culture. It is necessary to cultivate entrepreneurs' credit awareness, advocate and publicize credit concepts, and improve the relationship between banks and enterprises under the good credit environment of "borrowing and returning". Establish a credit information platform for small and medium-sized enterprises to realize the socialization of credit management supervision for small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, increase the punishment for corporate breach of contract. In order to reduce the occurrence of default, we must increase the punishment for default, increase the cost of default, and severely punish enterprises and their responsible persons who evade bank debts.