At present, there is no unified classification method of jujube varieties in China. There are four main classifications in the fields of production and research.
1. Classification by fruit maturity
(1) The fruit growth period of early-maturing varieties is 70~90 days, and it will be harvested in the middle and late August in the inland area of Shandong. Most of these varieties are fresh food, such as June fresh, Zaozhuang crisp jujube, Longcrisp jujube and Leling jujube.
(2) The fruit growth period of early and middle maturity varieties is 90~ 100 days, and it will be harvested in the inland area of Shandong in early September. Most of these varieties are fresh food, such as Doujiecui, Mianzao, Dabailing and Shandong Lizao.
(3) The fruit growth period of the medium-mature variety is 100~ 1 15 days, and it will be harvested in the middle and late September in the inland area of Shandong. This kind of variety is the most, including most fresh jujube varieties and most dried jujube varieties, such as Mama jujube, Chili jujube, Kung Fu crisp jujube, Maya jujube, Jinsixiaozao jujube, Yuan Zhong jujube, broken jujube and so on.
(4) The fruit growth period of late-maturing varieties is more than 120 days, and it ripens from the end of September to the beginning of 10 in Shandong inland area.
The number of such varieties is small, such as Dongzao, Chengwu Dongzao and Xuecheng Dongzao.
2. Classification by fruit size
(1) Jujube has large fruit shape, vigorous growth, strong tree vigor, tall tree body, barren resistance and strong adaptability, such as broken jujube, Zanhuang jujube, Lingbao jujube, Huizao jujube, Hu Ping jujube and Jinzao jujube.
(2) Jujube has small fruit and weak growth potential, but good quality, such as Jinsixiaozao, seedless jujube and Jixin jujube.
3. Classify according to the combination of fruit size and fruit shape.
(1) Jujube-shaped fruits are small, including oblate, oblong, round and chicken-shaped. Generally, the meat is dense, sweet and of good quality. Need higher cultivation techniques, centralized cultivation and better management. Such as golden jujube, chicken heart jujube, banzao and so on.
(2) The fruit of Zizyphus jujuba is rectangular or cylindrical. Trees are strong, barren and stress-resistant. For example, the long dates of Tang Dynasty, Zanhuang, Lang, Jun and Guanyang.
(3) The fruit of Zizyphus jujuba is round or nearly round. The tree has great potential, strong adaptability and high yield. For example, Dayuan jujube, Zanhuang jujube, Yuanling jujube, Suide jujube, Lingbao jujube, Xiangzao jujube and so on in the Tang Dynasty.
(4) Flat trees have medium potential, strong adaptability and high yield. Such as winter jujube, flower jujube and so on.
(5) There are obvious constriction marks on the jujube head, which makes the jujube gourd-shaped, with different sizes and qualities. Such as goat milk jujube, gourd jujube, mopan jujube, grinding navel jujube, Maya jujube and so on.
(6) The sepals at the base of persistent calyx fruit are persistent, and the fruit is cylindrical and medium-large. This tree is strong and of medium quality. Such as persimmon dates, five-flowered dates, etc.
4. Classification by purpose
This is the most commonly used classification method.
(1) Fresh fruits are crisp, juicy, sweet and often slightly sour, which are suitable for fresh eating but not for drying. Such as Dabailing, Daguzao, Ningyang Liuyuexian, Confucius Crispy Jujube, Mother Jujube, Zanthoxylum Jujube, Winter Jujube, etc.
(2) Dry varieties contain more dry matter and high sugar content, and the dry matter of fully mature excellent dry varieties reaches 50%~60%. Fruits are mainly used for processing, mainly red dates, and large fruit varieties are also black dates, such as round bell dates, long dates and grey dates.
(3) The candied jujube varieties have neat fruit shape, large, short columnar or oval shape, thin peel, milky white or light green when cooked.
The meat quality is loose and the water content is low, which is suitable for processing jujube. Such as Lanxi Mazao, Lianxian Muzao, Nanjing Jujube, Shengzhou Baipu Jujube, Yiwu Jujube, Xuancheng Jianzao and Songxian Jujube.
(4) The fruits of dual-purpose varieties can be eaten fresh, dried in the sun or sugared, and have a wide range of uses. Such as golden jujube, Zanhuang jujube and so on.
(5) Ornamental varieties with strange or twisted fruits are mainly used for viewing. Such as teapot jujube, mopan jujube, gourd jujube and dragon claw jujube. The distribution of jujube varieties with different uses has certain regularity; Dry and fresh varieties, mainly distributed in the north of Zhunhe, candied dates, mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River: ornamental, mostly scattered in various places.
Main jujube varieties in China
At present, there are 10 main jujube cutting varieties in China, which are listed as follows.
① Ziziphus jujuba: distributed in saline-alkali areas around Bohai Sea in Hebei and Shandong.
② Laopozao: Xingtang, Fuping, Tangxian and Quyang in the arid and thin mountainous area of Taihang Mountain in Hebei Province.
③ Zanhuang Jujube: It is mainly distributed in Zanhuang, Lincheng and Yuanshi counties in Taihang Mountain area of Hebei Province, and has been widely introduced and cultivated in Xinjiang, Gansu, Liaoshou, Shaanxi and Shanxi in recent years.
④ Woodwork: Lvliang, Shanxi, and the banks of the Yellow River in northern Shaanxi.
⑤ Jujube: Xinzheng, Henan and its surrounding counties and cities, Xinjiang.
⑥ nucleic acid: Inner yellow in Henan and surrounding areas.
⑦ Round bell jujube: mainly distributed in Liaocheng, Dezhou, Zaiping, Dong 'e, Liaocheng, Qihe and Jiyang in Shandong; Southwest Hebei, eastern Henan and Shandong Weifang, Tai 'an, Jining, Huimin and other places also have concentrated cultivation in pieces; Jiangsu, Xinjiang and other places have also introduced.
⑧ Long jujube: south-central Shandong.
9 linyi Li Zao: concentrated in Yuncheng and other places in Shanxi. It has been widely planted all over the country.
⑩ Winter jujube: mainly distributed in Cangzhou, Hebei and northern Shandong, and widely planted all over the country.
In recent years, the cultivation area of jujube trees in China has expanded rapidly, and the level of management technology has been continuously improved. In addition, fruitful results have been achieved in the collection and preservation of jujube germplasm resources, breeding and utilization of new varieties, observation of biological characteristics, physiological and biochemical research, analysis of nutritional components of jujube fruit and pollen, high-yield cultivation techniques, pest control and so on. These achievements have produced great economic and social benefits in production, which greatly promoted the production and development of jujube industry.
Up to now, China is still a big jujube producer in the world, with the cultivated area of jujube trees (6.5438+0.333 million square hectares) and the annual output of jujube (2.463087 million tons) accounting for more than 95% of the world, and occupying an absolute dominant position in the global international trade market of jujube products.
Overview of World Jujube Industry
Jujube originated in China and has been cultivated for over 3000 years. In the history of China, jujube, peach, apricot, plum and chestnut were called "five fruits". Jujube cultivated all over the world is imported from China. Jujube in the world, also called Iraqi jujube, belongs to Palmae. Jujube in China belongs to Rhamnaceae, and the fruit is similar in shape, which is a foreign body with the same name.
China jujube has spread to more than 40 countries and regions on five continents (Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Oceania).
But with the exception of Korea, the United States, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and other countries, there is no economic training in other countries in the world. So far, except for South Korea, which has formed a large-scale commercial cultivation, other countries are limited to garden cultivation or preservation as germplasm.
The distribution of jujube trees in the world is as follows
Asia: China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Cyprus and Turkey.
Europe: Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia: Egypt, Tanzania, Tunisia.
North America: USA, Canada. Oceania: Australia.
In foreign countries, South Korea has the largest economic cultivation of jujube trees, and has become the eighth largest fruit tree variety in South Korea. However, due to the low output per unit area, the total output is still very small, and a certain amount of jujube needs to be imported to supply the market every year.
Especially in recent years, with the influx of low-priced jujube products from China, the Korean jujube industry has been severely impacted, and has shown a significant downward trend.
During the period of Nara and Heian (AD 710 ~192), jujube cultivation in Japan was quite popular. Since then, with the introduction of a large number of other fruit trees, especially the rapid development of apples, pears, peaches, grapes and oranges, the number of jujube trees has been greatly reduced. At present, Japanese dates are mainly imported from China.