Changes in blood composition
Thrombosis may be caused by platelet increase, coagulation factor increase, anticoagulation factor decrease and fibrinolysis enzyme decrease caused by any reason.
The common factors leading to the changes of blood components are: the increase of age, thrombin, endotoxin, immune complex, fibrinogen and so on in blood circulation; Congenital increase in coagulation factors or structural abnormalities, such as thrombosis caused by abnormal fibrinogen; During cardiopulmonary bypass, artificial heart, artificial valve, artificial blood vessel and coagulation factor are activated, leading to thrombosis; Procoagulant substances enter the blood circulation, such as tissue injury, infection, allergic toxin, tumor cells, immune complex, endotoxemia, inflammation, etc., which can promote the release of tissue factors into the blood circulation and lead to thrombosis.
Blood flow factor
Slow blood flow, blood stasis and coagulation are important mechanisms of thrombosis. Heart failure, venous compression and long-term bed rest are easy to cause venous thrombosis of lower limbs. When blood vessels are narrowed, bent by compression, bifurcated blood vessels, valves and other reasons lead to blood flow disorder and vortex, blood cells stay in the vortex for a long time, which promotes thrombosis.
Blood and plasma viscosity increase: when the blood temperature drops from 37℃ to 22℃, its viscosity increases by 60%-70%, and fibrinogen, globulin and blood lipid in blood increase, all of which increase blood viscosity and increase thrombosis.
Vascular factors
Hypertension, hyperglycemia, radiation, carbon monoxide poisoning, blood lactic acid increase, catecholamine increase, virus, bacteria, endotoxin, thrombin, tumor necrosis factor, immune complex, complement activation products, interleukin, etc. Could lead to it. Vascular injury is an important cause of thrombosis.
After vascular injury, the tissue under vascular endothelial cells can be exposed, causing platelet adhesion and aggregation, forming platelet thrombosis.
Thrombosis "blocked" blood vessels
Human blood vessels are the channels of life, and the human vascular system is a closed circulatory system connected by arteries and veins. The total length of a single blood vessel in the whole body is about 6.5438+0.5 million kilometers, which can circle the equator four times. The total circulation mileage of whole body blood in 24 hours is about 264 thousand kilometers, which is more than 20 times longer than the sum of the lengths of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
Normal blood has two opposing systems, coagulation and anticoagulation, which maintain a dynamic balance, so that blood always keeps flowing in liquid state and circulating endlessly. Through flowing, nutrients such as fat, protein, sugar and oxygen needed by human body are continuously transported to various tissues and organs in the body. However, once this balance is destroyed for some reason (for example, when some nutrients are in excess, there will be congestion in blood vessels), so that the role of coagulation system will be enhanced, blood will condense into "thrombus", and a "river dam" will be built in blood vessels, which will lead to "passage" and "obstruction" of blood vessels, thus forming thrombus.
"Uninvited guests" are harmful.
Thrombosis, a professional name, seems to have nothing to do with the lives of ordinary people. But when it comes to myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, no one will say that they don't know.
Thrombosis has a high incidence and is more harmful. According to statistics, the death caused by thromboembolic diseases has accounted for 565,438+0% of the total number of deaths worldwide, far exceeding the death caused by tumor diseases and respiratory diseases. In China, the number of deaths caused by stroke and myocardial infarction with thromboembolism as the main manifestation is about 2.6 million every year, with an average death per 1 second/person.
Thrombosis is an "uninvited guest" in blood, which can cut off the flow of blood "river", cause severe ischemia of the corresponding organs at the far end, and cause a series of disabling consequences and even death.
Thrombosis, as a serious peripheral vascular disease, is a systemic disease with a wide range of incidence, which can involve upper limbs, lower limbs, visceral vessels and carotid arteries. When there is a thrombus in the heart, myocardial infarction can occur; Occurring in the head can cause cerebral infarction; If it occurs in the lower limbs, it can lead to deep venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis of the lower limbs. If you meet an amputee in the street, many people will think it is caused by bone cancer or trauma. In fact, it may be the result of vascular embolism in lower limbs.
Thrombosis has different manifestations.
According to chief physician Wu Yisheng, an expert in vascular surgery at Tianjin Medical University, people generally pay more attention to the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thrombosis, but they lack sufficient understanding of limb thrombosis, especially lower extremity thrombosis.
He said that thrombosis can be divided into venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. Thrombosis of lower limbs can be divided into venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis of lower limbs, among which deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most common.
Deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs is a common disease, which mostly occurs in iliac vein and femoral vein, especially sudden swelling of lower limbs.
In case of unilateral limb swelling or lower extremity pain, the possibility of lower extremity thrombosis should be considered.
Thrombosis has different manifestations because it appears in different parts of the human body. Cerebral thrombosis refers to the formation of thrombus on the basis of intracranial lesions of cerebral arteries, which leads to dizziness, headache, coma and paralysis. The formation of myocardial infarction refers to the narrowing and occlusion of the cardiac artery due to coronary atherosclerosis, which causes severe chest pain, sweating, pallor, shock and even death; After deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs, severe edema, pain and limb disorders will occur in the legs, leading to pulmonary embolism and life-threatening.
Varicose veins, thromboangiitis obliterans and arteritis.
Causes: fatigue, cold (cold water shock), cold, blood vessel blockage and blockage.
Disease development: old rotten legs, osteonecrosis, amputation.
Myocardial infarction caused by thrombosis
Myocardial infarction refers to myocardial ischemic necrosis. Most of them are caused by thrombus blocking coronary artery vessels, which leads to a sharp decrease or interruption of blood flow, leading to severe and lasting acute ischemia of corresponding myocardium, and finally leading to ischemic necrosis of myocardium. Patients with acute myocardial infarction often have persistent severe pain behind the sternum, fever, elevated white blood cell count, elevated serum myocardial enzymes, and a series of characteristic changes such as acute myocardial injury, ischemia and necrosis reflected by electrocardiogram, which may lead to arrhythmia, shock or heart failure, and death if not rescued in time.
Stroke caused by thrombus
Cerebral infarction includes vascular obstruction caused by thrombosis and cerebral embolism, which is often called stroke. "Cerebral thrombosis" refers to the spontaneous formation of thrombus in a certain part of cerebral blood vessels under pathological conditions, which leads to blockage of cerebral blood vessels and poor blood circulation. "Cerebral infarction" refers to blood vessel blockage caused by thrombus shedding after cerebral thrombosis. Both of them will cause blood circulation disorder, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, brain cell necrosis or cerebral vascular rupture and bleeding, leading to coma, unconsciousness, angle deviation, language disorder, hemiplegia and other diseases.
Renal failure caused by thrombus
Thrombosis can grow in any blood vessel. At the same time, the thrombus can also fall off and flow with the blood. When thrombus blocks renal blood vessels, it will lead to insufficient blood supply and nutrition of the kidney, at the same time, the absorption and filtration functions of renal tubules are inhibited, the detoxification function of the kidney is weakened, and renal cells begin to die, eventually leading to uremia and renal failure, which is life-threatening.
Cataract and glaucoma caused by thrombus
Lens opacity is called cataract. Its pathological change is mainly protein degeneration. Thrombosis can also cause cataracts. This is because the blood vessels in the fundus artery are small, and when the blood is thick and slow, it is easy to cause thrombosis. Moreover, once the blood vessels in the eye are blocked by embolus, it will cause insufficient blood supply and oxygen supply to the eye, aging of eye cells and local malnutrition, causing degeneration and atrophy of lens cells, leading to cataracts, and some patients will be blind. At the same time, the continuous deterioration of cataract will further lead to glaucoma and eventually lead to blindness.
Osteoporosis caused by thrombus
Thrombosis will not only cause fatal damage to the blood circulation system of the whole body and organs and tissues such as heart, brain, kidney and eyes, but also have an important impact on the growth and metabolism of bones. A layer of periosteum is attached to the surface of bone, which is covered with tiny blood vessels. When long-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are not cured for a long time, thrombosis is easy to form in blood vessels, which leads to the interruption of blood flow nutrition supply and the lack of a large number of nutrients needed by bones, such as calcium, osteogenic protein and bone matrix protein, which gradually leads to osteoporosis.
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