There was a very famous book in the Sui Dynasty, called Etiology, which was written by Chao, a doctor too much. There was a passage in the book that said, "Those who suffer from golden sores and heartbroken intestines can continue it quickly. First, the needle is used as a method to continuously break the intestine, and then the chicken blood is applied to the occasion to prevent the gas from leaking, that is, to push (collect) it inside. However, those with sore pain should be tied with raw silk and cut off their blood. " This passage describes the process of reattaching the patient's intestines through surgery after the patient's intestines were broken.
Then, what tools did ancient Chinese medicine use for surgery, and how did it operate? Why hasn't TCM surgery been handed down? ?
Anesthetic drugs used in ancient Chinese medicine surgery?
When it comes to ancient surgery, people first think of Hua Tuo, the recognized originator of Chinese medicine surgery. Leprosy powder invented by Hua Tuo is the earliest anesthetic in the world. After the patient takes hemp boiling powder with wine, his body loses consciousness. At this time, the doctor can "cut back the abdomen", that is, cut the abdomen and take out the lump.
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Unfortunately, Ma Feisan lost it later. But after the hemp boiling powder was dispersed, other anesthetics appeared.
For example, Chen Shigong, a surgeon in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in Authentic Surgery that he used "Xianghui Caosan" anesthesia in nasal polyp surgery. Xianghuicao powder is a local anesthetic made of Xianghuicao and Alpinia officinarum. He wrote in the book: First, blow it into the nasal mucosa twice with Xianghui powder, then put a silk thread around the root of nasal polyps, twist it tightly and pull it down, and the polyps will fall off.
What was the ancient scalpel like? ?
Long before Hua Tuo, there were many records about surgical instruments of traditional Chinese medicine. According to Shan Hai Jing, "Gaozhi Mountain is rich in jade, and there are stones that can be used as needles to break carbuncle." "Su Wen" also records, "The domain of the East? All diseases are awkward, and it is appropriate to treat Bian Shi. "
At that time, people used bian stone to make various medical instruments, such as bian needle and bian sickle, with different sizes. Sickle is similar to a blade and can be used to cut off tumors and carrion. At present, the sickle unearthed from the Shang Dynasty site in Taixi, Gaocheng, Hebei Province is the earliest scalpel in the world, dating back 3400 years. Moreover, Bian Shi itself is also used for health preservation and treatment, which has the functions of regulating qi and blood and dredging meridians. Modern medicine also found that bian stone contains at least 30 kinds of trace elements beneficial to human body.
With the increasing popularity of bronze and iron, people began to use copper and iron to make needles, knives, sickles and many other surgical instruments.
After Qin and Han Dynasties, surgical instruments developed continuously. Common surgical instruments, such as tweezers and scissors, have been found in the unearthed cultural relics in the Tang Dynasty, and relatively complete common surgical instruments, such as needles, scissors, knives, pliers and chisels, have appeared in the Song Dynasty, and have been recorded in books such as Effective Prescriptions for World Medicine and Lei Yong Zhong Fang. A number of Ming medical instruments were unearthed in Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province. In addition to iron and copper flat-edged knives, small scissors and tweezers, there is also a willow scalpel with a sharp end, which is very similar to modern scalpels.
In the Collection of Hidden Cases of Surgery written by doctor He in Qing Dynasty, several surgical instruments such as sore knife, triangular needle, flat blade knife, moon blade knife, scissors and tweezers were briefly described. The sore knife has the smallest profit and sharp edge, so take it in and out quickly; Tripterygium wilfordii acupuncture releases blood stasis and toxic blood, and its puncture hole is wide and clear, so that the blood stasis juice flows through; The flat-edged knife cuts off dead rot and remains, which is convenient to use; The moon blade knife cuts off the stagnation and decay in the deep pit; Tweezers clamp the remaining skin, which makes the knife cutting more convenient. ?
Mulberry thread: the earliest surgical suture invented by China
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in addition to thorough debridement and suture, the materials for suture wounds were also improved and improved. The most important invention is to sew the intestine and skin with mulberry thread, which is widely used in clinic and has achieved good results.
Suture is an important invention in the history of Chinese medicine surgery. Mulberry thread is one of the commonly used suture lines. The method of treating intestinal carbuncle is recorded in "Simplifying the Complex". "Mulberry skin is sewn on the intestine with thin thread, and then pollen Typhae is sprinkled." The History of Cars in Song Dynasty wrote, "? If you cut yourself with a knife, you won't die. The doctor will sew up the wound with mulberry skin and cure it. "
According to the old generation of Chinese medicine, the production method of mulberry thread is to remove the outer skin, select the thicker ribs in the inner layer and tear them off. Then take the skin and wipe the thin thread from beginning to end for seven times to make it smooth as silk and put it away. When it is used, it is steamed on the steam of boiling water, and the thin thread will be as soft as new. Mulberry thread can be absorbed by the body, so you don't have to take it out after sewing.
Mulberry thread is easy to use and not easy to break. Moreover, the mulberry bark itself is mild in nature, and has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials and promoting wound healing. ?
A more detailed case is introduced in Yu Ming Shen Xing's Gu Shan Pen Dust: Wu Zetian lived for three years, and someone secretly told Li Dan, the heir to the throne, that he had "different plans". Lai Junchen, a notorious cruel official, tortured people around Li Dan and forced them to confess the crime of "rebellion" by imperial heirs.
Too often, the workers would rather die than surrender, and said to Lai Junchen, if I don't believe what I said is true, I'd rather dig out my heart to prove that this heir is not rebellious, and immediately pull out my sword, cut open my chest, expose my internal organs and bleed everywhere. This made Wu Zetian suddenly realize that she ordered someone to send An Jinzang to the palace for treatment. The doctor reset his five internal organs, sewed the wound with mulberry thread and applied healing medicine. The patient recovered after a night in hospital. Wu Zetian therefore cancelled the investigation of Li Dan.
How to disinfect and stop bleeding for patients? ?
There are various kinds of ointments and medicated baths in ancient surgery, as well as excellent surgical drugs such as removing putrefaction and promoting granulation, which are helpful for hemostasis and healing after surgery.
Why hasn't Chinese medicine surgery been passed down to this day? ?
The discovery of these surgical instruments, as well as the records of surgical methods and drugs used in ancient books, are enough to explain the development level of ancient surgical operations in China. Unfortunately, many essence things have not been handed down, so few modern people will associate traditional Chinese medicine with surgery.
Part of the reason for this situation is that people's thoughts are gradually westernized, and it is also related to the habits inherited by Chinese medicine and even the changes of the whole social environment.
Chinese medicine teaches apprentices, similar to Taoism. Although a skilled doctor will accept many apprentices, only one can get the true biography of Master. Some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners with ancestral prescriptions and valuable experience often need to find good morality, mind and understanding, and ensure that only those who have both medical ethics and medical skills can inherit the true essence after their studies.
In today's society, Chinese medicine education is also generally westernized, and Chinese medicine must receive western medicine education and obtain academic qualifications and certification in order to be recognized by the society. Although some folk Chinese medicine practitioners have inherited good medical skills, they are not accepted by people because they have no modern academic qualifications. In addition, the current social chaos is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish, and it is difficult to find and preserve truly precious things.