Today's heat is the last solar term in summer. The ancients in China divided the Great Summer into three periods: "Rotten grass is firefly; Second, wait for the soil to moisten and cool off the heat; It clears up when it rains. "The summer solar term is the hottest period of the year, just before and after the Mid-Autumn Festival in the dog days. At the same time, meteorological disasters such as drought, waterlogging and wind disaster are also the most frequent in many areas. In summer, there are some customs such as drying ginger, drinking tea, burning incense and sending "summer boats". In calligraphy works, the content of summer vacation is relatively rare for calligraphers in Jin and Tang Dynasties, but there are quite a few letters from literati in Song Dynasty. For example, there is a saying in Cai Xiang's "Summer Post": "It is better to hand in the summer, and the bitter thoughts have been calmed down. Every day is cold and annoying, there is nowhere to escape, and life is so closed, which is really a sigh! "
The summer heat is coming. With a midriff. The high temperature continues. The heat is unbearable. I can't help but think of a sentence "stealing for a long time."
Modern people have electric fans and air conditioners. How did the ancients escape the summer? This is undoubtedly on the lips. In fact, the ancients had many tricks, far beyond our imagination. The fundamental reason is that the more backward the technology, the more dependent on people's IQ, and the imagination will be fully exerted. Moreover, it is human nature to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. From another point of view, the so-called "summer vacation" is actually inevitable, just a temporary pleasure, a change of time and space, and a change of mood. Only with certain conditions can we talk about "avoidance". If we are in a special position, we have to do what we should do.
Compared with modern times, there are many changes, mainly in three aspects. First, the external environment changes led by technological innovation; Second, the change of customs and habits brings about the change of mentality; The third is population growth and density expansion, which have the most direct influence and directly encroach on each other's activity space. It used to be said that "the sky is high and the emperor is far away", but now it is basically impossible. It's hard to understand such a situation. Even the "ends of the earth" in Hainan is crowded with people every day.
Faced with this situation, individuals cannot change. Only by accepting it can we turn passivity into initiative, mainly by adjusting our mentality, or summing up what the ancients put in place-calm and natural indifference.
Calligraphy and printing are special. They are the kind of people who want to escape from summer but can't completely avoid it. The most common low-cost summer resort is to lie under a big tree and enjoy the cool, close your eyes and do nothing. For calligraphers and Indians, it is basically impossible. Engaged in book printing creation, although not heavy physical labor, after all, it needs manual operation, especially writing big characters and engraving giant seals, which requires mental and physical strength. Since there is energy consumption, the body temperature will rise. This is the most important reason for mentality. As the saying goes, music never leaves the mouth, and boxing never leaves the hand; Practice three volts in summer and three nine in winter. However, all the art types that need to be practiced, such as calligraphy, singing, singing, martial arts and so on. , need to persist. "Summer training in dog days" means that you can't stop on a hot summer day, which also witnessed the hard-won success of calligraphers and Indian people.
Appreciate and read the works of ancient calligraphers and Indians, and you can experience a cool environment. The so-called "summer vacation", to put it bluntly, is to seek a psychological comfort and enjoy it. The process of creation is a process with close friends, or it may be a process of exclusive enjoyment, and yourself. The process of reading appreciation is the process of continuous exploration and experience.
The notes of Jin people are basically engraved posts, and the content is relatively simple. Calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty rarely look at it from the point of view of literati, and most of them are great writers. Their works are all inscriptions. The content of the summer vacation has to be found in the letters of the literati in the Song Dynasty.
Cai Jing's Fu Jie Post in the Northern Song Dynasty
Several great calligraphers in the Song Dynasty all had works. Cai Jing's Fu Jie Post wrote: "Yesterday, I worked hard all day. I feel scared. It's beyond words. What's the matter with no trial in the heat? I don't want to be out of tune. The edge of Beijing is so hot that you can't help it. Very tired. Give your seat before you fail. Panic. I sincerely hope that it will be passed down from generation to generation. " "Beijing is so hot that it can't hold itself. Very tired ",indicating that the weather is hot and lazy to move. This post is similar in style to Mifei, with vigorous brushwork and extraordinary momentum. From the charming brushwork, from the calligraphy of the Tang Dynasty, it has been traced back to the "two kings". Write a natural and elegant style with a pen; The nature of the knot; Start with a pen and echo and create a variety of unified fonts. After careful arrangement, the branches looked in all directions, seeking to echo before and after, and reached a vivid situation.
Cai Xiang's Summer Post in the Northern Song Dynasty
Cai Xiang has a summer post, also known as "the letter to the public", which says: "It is better to hand in the summer, and the struggle has been calmed down. Every day is cool and annoying, and there is nowhere to avoid. It's a pity that life is so locked! Count several pieces of good tea, not one by one. On the boat, I want to be by your side. Rhinoceros as a couple can be straight geometry? You have to have a look, the seller wants one hundred and fifty thousand. " Between the lines, there is a slight voice of complaint, lamenting that "it is cold and annoying every day, and there is nowhere to avoid", but it finally rises to the height of life philosophy. "It's a pity that life is locked like this." Drink some green tea and send some fine tea to friends, so as to relieve the summer heat and feel the interest of life. Many of Cai Xiang's regrets are, in the final analysis, due to China people. "The heat is not as good as communication." Try not to visit other people's homes in hot weather, so as not to be annoying. Dignified regular script and running script are mixed together, rigorous, vigorous and dignified, simple and graceful.
The comfort station of Tang Yi to Hu in the Northern Song Dynasty was 27.7×36 cm.
Tang Yi, who was also in the Northern Song Dynasty, had a smaller name and left a condolence post for Hu: "I saw it the day before yesterday. Stealing the trial and letting the heir die, I was shocked. If you want to plan your love for nature, you will mourn for it. There is no comfort in being bound by the ban. Looking at the door, I can't bear it. In the hot summer, I especially hope to be reasonable, self-sufficient and strong and careful. I sincerely pray for you. Write down the deacon's statement. " Fu Lin was born in the Tang Dynasty (the year of birth and death is unknown). Song Xining was in favor of political reform from the beginning, which was introduced by Wang Anshi. Later, he fell out with Anshi and moved to Jizhou wine tax because of demotion. Zhao Qingyi mentioned in the letter is Zhao Junxi, a scholar-bureaucrat of the same period, who is worthy of the word "Jun xi". The recipient Hu received a bachelor's degree in his husband's office, and Jia You was a scholar for four years. At the beginning of God's reign, officials were tired of knowing the suggestion court. Wang Anshi was demoted and sentenced to Zhou Zhen. The main content of this letter is that I learned from Zhao Junxi that my son Hu died, so I wrote to comfort him. One of them is "I hope to be reasonable in the heat". This letter should have been written in Zaixi Ningsan in June. The style of the book is similar to that of Cai Xiang, dignified and rigorous, slightly boring.
Mi Fei's "Escape from Summer Post" paper running book, 30.9 cm in length and 40.6 cm in width, Princeton University Art Museum, USA.
Mi Fei wrote "Escape from Summer": "I was lucky to escape from the mountain in summer. Life is illusory, and you are annoyed by heat abuse. What is precious to you is precious to your ears. Stunned at Qingming, the shadow of Nanshan. It is not lucky to be able to escape from this place after the heat. You can go here in autumn, so you spit Che Yin. " Mifei said "escape", not "summer vacation", which is different from others. Escape from Summer Post witnessed Mifei's carefree life in a summer. At that time, Lao Mi was a local official and had just been transferred to the idle post of "Yueci Temple in Prison". In addition to helping the royal family to look after their children, he had no time at all, so he took his family and hid in the mountains. In order to escape the heat, Mi Lao enjoyed the "Song of Nanshan". A word "escape" means that the realm is all out. Miffy's stubborn personality can be seen at a glance. In contrast, Yizhuang is also harmonious. Miffy's life can be put down. Compared with other posts, the style of writing is more subtle, neither stimulating nor stimulating. Compared with other posts, the strokes are lighter and heavier, and the structure changes horizontally, adding a bit of elegance and detachment.
Between Cai Jing and Cai Xiang, there are all kinds of lawsuits. Who should be listed as "Song Sijia"? As far as calligraphy style is concerned, Cai Jing is very popular. In terms of age, Cai Jing is close to Mi and Huang, and in terms of seniority, although Mi and Huang respect Su Shi as their teachers. Cai Jing made friends with Mifei in particular. Cai Xiang and Cai Jing are "brothers" with the same surname, the same clan and the same dynasty, but Cai Xiang is 35 years older than Cai Jing, which is considered as two generations. In fact, Cai Xiang has no reason to be included. In terms of calligraphy style, it is completely a legacy of "respecting the law". Cai Xiang was replaced because of Cai Jing's bad character. Cai Xiang is bigger than the other three, especially beige. You know, the ancients paid great attention to the order of seniority. In fact, this problem also exists in the "Beginning of European Language" of the "Four Schools in the Early Tang Dynasty". Ou Yangxun is 92 years older than Yukime, almost a century apart. I've been wondering if there is any special reason why these four people call each other. Considering Cai Jing's character and Cai Xiang's style of writing, it should be Song San's Home. But China people like an "integer", so four people. Everyone is very happy.
Yuan Zhao Mengfu's Summer Post
Zhao Mengfu in Yuan Dynasty and Tang Yin in Ming Dynasty both had summer posts. Zhao wrote: "I just want to make a summer drink. Throw me peaches and plums. There are good fruits in the ice. " . But without news of Qiong Yao, how can it be endless? It is comparable to Jiuhua Tie written by Yang Ningshi in the Five Dynasties. The letter is written casually, the pen is tactfully stopped, colorful, and naturally flowing temperament and skill cultivation. The truth in the book is reflected in the grass, and the reflection is even and beautiful. Compared with regular books, it is more restrained and peculiar, showing elegant and beautiful aesthetic implication, showing a calligrapher's unique artistic style, mellow and moist, and familiar. Tang Bohu wrote: "It is not difficult for Wumeng to escape the summer. There are thick painted boats in the shade of green willows. Fresh yellow wax noodles, red bayberry fat explosion Zijin pills. Cover the bamboo leaves with cool ice eaves and insert pomegranate horn millet plates. Suddenly, it was reported that the wind and rain had arrived, and at one time, thousands of people hung in the dragon. "Calligraphy comes from the surface, but it is not simple and has a wonderful pen. It is the charm of jade bone to turn the pen circle into beauty, which is not urgent or slow, round and beautiful.
Tang Yin's Wumen Summer Poems in Ming Dynasty is 138 cm long and 3 1 cm wide. Liaoning Provincial Museum.
Zhao and Tang's mentality is already uncomfortable. Zhao Mengfu is the result of times and birth, while Tang Yin is the result of personality and personal reasons. Nevertheless, compared with the literati in the Song Dynasty, the mind and nature are still in the same strain. It seems that in terms of enjoying the taste of life, the ancients are no worse than today. Play with style and taste. In fact, if you want to cool off, the most important thing is to change your mood. If you are upset, you will become more sultry. If you are calm, you will become very calm. Compared with the "literati calligraphy" which is frequently advocated at present, the literati is not defined by their appearance and clothes, but by their inner world and spiritual world, and whether they have a literati's mind is the most important thing. For an individual, one should have literary heart, literary spirit and literary courage. Generally speaking, the accumulation of all people is the context. If you don't have these qualities, you will miss the literati.
Kangxi titled "Summer Resort"
In the early Qing Dynasty, Kang Yong loved books for three generations, and his creative level was in by going up one flight of stairs in the Qing Dynasty. "Summer Resort" is the title of Kangxi. The emperor's old son was so terrible that he built himself a summer resort to entertain himself. The most common one is to spray cold water on the roof. "The water in the four corners flies in a curtain" and becomes a "cool hall". This kind of fraud, the average person can't afford. "Jehol", as its name implies, is absurd, but it is a summer resort in the name of "heat". The name Jehol comes from the hot springs in the summer resort. After the water flows into Wulie River, it does not freeze and steam transpiration in the local cold winter climate, so it is called "Jehol". It should be warm in winter and cool in summer. Jehol is one of the four eastern provinces outside Shanhaiguan in Qing Dynasty, and it is a prosperous place, so it attracts much attention.
The last time history of qing dynasty's population exceeded 1 100 million was in Qianlong for six years (174 1). Economic development makes the division of labor more clear, and professional painters and painters gradually appear. In contrast, the identity is highlighted. For example, Guangdong people were strict, and in the second year of Daoguang (1822), they moved to the imperial history. I have been honest and upright all my life, and I know everything with iron bones. I am called "Zeng Tough". The book "The world is quiet, the wind blows and the waves fly" is a couplet, which is modeled after Tang Yan Zhenqing. The book style is vigorous, lofty and quiet, and it also incorporates Su Shi's brushwork, which has a beautiful and elegant mellow and leisurely temperament.
For Yi Bingshou, although it is one, it is rarely discussed from a new angle because it is extremely important in the history of calligraphy. Calligraphy became the main battlefield of his life, even though he had a political say. This is the so-called "final judgment".
Qingyi's persistence and sincerity in love are related to Ding Mao's crouching.
In the Qing Dynasty, Yi Bingshou was brilliant and excellent in character and learning.
Yi Bingshou curled up in Ding Mao, sweating profusely, creating endlessly, and produced one boutique after another. At this time, 54 years old, it is the peak of personal status. Choose three couplets, a running script, "Love is far away, pure meaning is high", and two official scripts, "Elegant talents should continue to write about the Western Heaven, and when things are good, open up the North Sea" and "Tan is a horse, waiting for the sheep to beg". Couplets are the most stylized of Yi Bingshou's works. Yi Bingshou's running script is based on Yan and Li Dongyang in Ming Dynasty, and his strokes are thinner, which is in sharp contrast with his official script and constructs a "modern flavor". This is where Yi Bingshou is superior to his contemporaries. Yili is a clever combination of Yan Jie and Zhang Qianbei, which is both clever and clumsy. It looks like geometric lines, stippling and arcs, but it contains thousands of changes. Breaking through the structure and brushwork of traditional official script, it is dignified, clean and magnificent. Although the two official script couplets were written in the same period, they all changed, which is worth writing.
Yi Bingshou's altar sutra room in Qing Dynasty was connected with Ding Mao's Zhongfu.
In the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of professional painters and painters created works to cool off the summer heat, but their enthusiasm did not fade because of the heat, but it was higher and worth learning.
Modern Wu Changshuo Zhu Bin Han Mo Shen Bingxia.
In modern Wu Changshuo, the Palace Museum carved the Qingtian stone seal "Appreciating Scholars".
In Wu Changshuo, years of intense heat have produced exquisite books and prints. Bing Shen (1896) carved "Bamboo Slip Ink" in the summer, and wrote in the side paragraph: "Bamboo Slips are actually calligraphy. Stay away from home and cherish it. " This was done by Yong-ik Min, who witnessed Wu Changshuo's transnational wealth. Wu Changshuo carved more than 300 seals for him in his life, more than the works of some Indians in his life. This printed mud, the left and right bars are broken, the right is skillfully borrowed, and the left pen is broken. The word "Han" is left blank, which echoes the word "Bin" in the lower right corner. The finishing touch is that the word "ink" has pores at the bottom and left end, which makes the whole printing full of vitality. Without the (19 19) seal of "Appreciating Scholar" carved in the summer, the stone is a precious Tian Huang and has become the treasure of the Forbidden City. The layout of this composition is very clever. Four-character brushwork comes from Shi Guwen, with the right character low on the left and high on the right. It's just articulation, the sidebar is broken, and the left column is neat, forming a contrast. The vertical column in the middle is very clever. Judging from the handling of the left and right branches on the printing surface, the breath is smart but not loose. The flag bearer of "Late Cuixuan" in Xia Shu has a heart (192 1), and he is 78 years old at this time. He uses his pen and Fiona Fang at the same time. His brushwork is expressive, vigorous, flexible, spontaneous and full of energy. He has a deep understanding of Shi Guwen and can directly take its essence, showing a vigorous, old, dignified and quaint artistic style as a whole. For Wu Changshuo, even if he is ill occasionally, his creation is uninterrupted. "To Panza" wrote: "It's ridiculous to run like this in hot summer, and my eyes hurt like this!" This handwritten note, written on a hot summer day, truly records the artistic state of creation. It hurts, and success is not easy!
In the late modern Wu Changshuo, Cuixuan seal script has a great summer in mind.
Modern Wu Changshuo's "To Pan Wanzhi Miscellaneous" "It is ridiculous to run in such a hot summer, so painful, and still run like this!"
The most exciting thing is Wang Fuan. During the hot summer of Wuyin (1938) and even the whole Furi period, the creation continued. So far, any relatives? Ding Fan and San Fang are both 58 years old. It seems that Old Master Q is really "practicing in dog days", and this day is not easy. You know, in 1925, Wang Fuan accidentally got an electric shock and hurt his arm. After his recovery, he often felt uncomfortable sitting and carving, so he carved on his sofa instead. It can be seen that Wang Fuan often lies down to carve, which is a gesture he has to take, rather than pretending to be profound. Side note of "Heart is not far away": "Fuchang imitates celebrity seals, and five seals are hot." On a hot day, it is naturally cold to engrave the word "Ice" like "Silverscreen was slightly cold last night". Side note: "I saw this seal in" The Seal of the Ming Dynasty ",and I love its silence. It's hot and stuffy. It's too hot. In the Mid-Autumn Festival in Wuyin July, Fuan evaded soldiers and joined forces in Shanghai. " "The small building blows through the jade chill" is also a deliberate choice of "cold words", and the paragraph reads: "Five yin hot pressing, the small building sits still. Print the main characters of the Southern Tang Dynasty to cool off the heat, regardless of their merits. "Wang Fuan's Yuan Zhuwen can find another way after Jeremy Lin and the Crown, distance himself from later Chen Julai, and carve Yuan Zhuwen with one knife, which is elegant, elegant and unique. Another temporary work, written in 1933, is also a work after arm injury, but there is no flaw. The pen is neat, neat, moist and healthy, the structure is calm and elegant, thin and rich, and the style is rich and simple. Wang Fuan has been doing this for decades, which is commendable.
In modern Wang Fuan, "? Ding "Uncle Five Printed Fans"
The understanding of modern Wang Fuan is not far away.
In modern Wang Fuan, the screen was a little cold last night.
In modern Wang Fuan, the small building blew through the jade, and it was freezing and rainy.
Pu Hua, who belongs to "Shanghai School", together with Xu Gu, Wu Changshuo and Ren Bonian, is called "the Four Masters of Shanghai School". In the summer of Bingwu, he wrote a pair of couplets, "I wish Lingyun would help me fly to travel." Using a pen seems messy, sloppy and careless, but it is lofty, elegant and chic, and has a very high style. Fu Ri wrote a postscript to Zhang Changshi's "Post on the Meaning", saying, "If you learn cursive script, stick it in a pavilion and give it to Xu Su, you will get something. ..... This rate is rare in the world, and there are only a few lines of words, so grass is grass. The observer must think about raising his head above the sky and running towards the dust. " It can be seen that what the old man admired in his life was all original works, which was quite different from Weng's own death. The book style is honest and colorful, the painting style is dry and moist, vigorous and charming, and the charm is clear and healthy. Pu Hua's calligraphy is different from any calligrapher of his time. Under the tide of stele study, some calligraphers try to explore the depths of stele study in order to shape their own faces. The practice of Deng, He, Zhao and others undoubtedly opened up a new road for the calligraphy of the tablet school. But there are also some calligraphers who pursue individuality and even go off the rails. Generally speaking, the study of steles led to no cursive script in the late Qing Dynasty. At this moment, Pu Hua's inheritance and deduction of the former sages undoubtedly showed a road to success, which kept the latter learning in a cold front. This is the value and significance of Pu Hua's calligraphy.
In the Qing Dynasty, Puhua Fuling carried couplets to the afternoon heat.
The popularization of the Qing Dynasty did not happen at sunset.
Pu Hua's study of beauty lies not in statutes, but in his interest in nature and his indulgence in freedom, which makes him unique among many students who study beauty. In contrast, Tong Danian, who lives in Shanghai, is blunt and frank with his pen. At the request of his good friend "Guan Bao", Xin Si collected Shi Guwen's couplets of "Another village with a bright future, flowers meet with light rain". The pen is soft in the middle and firm in the middle, and the style is simple and honest, which makes people look as straight as a piece of paper, so it is praised as "turning a hundred steelmaking into a soft finger".
Modern Tong Danian's "Shi Guwen Liushao Flowers Meet Couplets".
Jun's couplet "The cymbals are in the east, and the purple robe and jade belt are really heaven and man" was written in the hot summer. At this time, the land of China has changed. The book should focus on Yan Zhenqing, and the brushwork with pen and inscription should be magnificent. Calligraphers in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China knew a lot about Yan, and each had his own strong points, which showed the vigorous vitality of Yan characters.
Xu Beihong commented on Hu Xiaoshi's calligraphy in this way: "Small stones are full of talent, and the calligraphy style is subtle. They were complacent about the quicksand and simplicity, trying to melt the Han, Jin and Wei dynasties, and suddenly surpassed the celebrities in Sui and Tang Dynasties. People may not believe it at that time. Books are expensive and have real meaning, but Song people are too short. Otherwise, if Zhu Huiweng and Su Dongpo are outstanding and talented, they must not be underestimated. " At the time of Ren Shen Da Shu, Xu Beihong was 38. Xu Beihong's calligraphy was influenced by Kang Youwei. His brushwork is natural, generous in structure and plain in meaning.
In modern times, Jun Zi's robes have a great effect on couplets.
Reading many summer calligraphy treasures, you can record your state between the lines, and you can see the life interest of the ancients. For the coolness of summer, you can lie under a big tree and enjoy a moment's peace. You can also stay at home and imagine a paradise in your heart. You can also invite three or five confidants for tea and drinks. Even if you have the conditions, you can hide in the mountains, stay out of it, let go of everything, or just be natural, face to face with bare pants and sweat profusely. To tell the truth, whether you are a full-time calligrapher or not, summer is unbearable. It is better to drink tea and read posts to cool off the heat. When you are in the mood, you can try to write a few lines by yourself, which is better than "being in a daze all day" and "sleeping for a long time without thinking". Still the old saying makes sense: building a car behind closed doors is a mountain, and peace of mind is naturally cool. The ancients mainly used thoughts to regulate behavior to escape from the summer, from which we can see the role of precision. Just like reading the classic works of the ancients today, it is deeply shocking. The reason is that the predecessors immersed the whole body and mind in it, but now people are often superficial, impetuous and shallow. Therefore, external conditions are good and bad. Moreover, whether a scholar or a calligrapher, identity is not the most important, and occupation is not the most important. The key is how much your personal value orientation and interest will ultimately affect the history of calligraphy.
Editor in charge: Li Mei
Proofreading: Zhang Yan
The above is related to the date of 1992, which is about the sharing of calligraphy appreciation. See what the five elements belong to, I hope this will help everyone!