History of Di Chin: "Mu Zongqin is in Alekin Village." Tone sandhi of Harbin Alekin. Three Interpretations of the King James Version of Jin History: Alekin's "Reputation". "Alekin" means "honor" in Jurchen language. On the other hand, it means "drying nets" in Manchu.
Harbin textual research: "Harbin" is the translation of the word "Alekin" in Jurchen language, which means "honor"; 《? Manchuria? It is said that when Russia established Harbin Street Construction Bureau, it spent a lot of brains on the setting of place names, visited some small villages along the Songhua River and told the local people. Ask questions? After the place name was changed, the locals called this place Hao Oubin. At the same time, Russia also conceived many names, but none of them were adopted. Finally named Harubin. The name "Chunbin Street" appeared on the map made by 1900. "Harubin" means "fishing net" in Manchu. It is said that this area was a large fishing area of Manchu a long time ago, and the Han people called it a net drying field. Harubin was later mistaken for Harbin.
Swan theory: It is claimed that the original pronunciation of Harbin is "Galouwen", that is, "Harvin", which means "swan", which is considered as the "general theory" of the origin of Harbin place names today.
The Manchu language of "fishing in a bubble" or "drying a fishing net": This sentence comes from the mouth of a Russian mining engineer in 1898 and is used in 1922' s Harbin Guide and 1929' s The Noise of the Riverside.
Mongolian "Pingze" says: This is a conclusion put forward by Mr. Wei in 19 13 "Geography of Jilin" from a phonetic point of view.
Russian version 1928' s Guide to Industry and Commerce can be found in the Russian "Tomb" theory, which shows that the Russians intend to occupy this place permanently from the beginning.
Manchu "clavicle" theory: transliteration completely, because Manchu "Halaba" means clavicle, which is inferred.
The transliteration of "Halefeiyan" and "Bian" in Manchu is very similar. "Halefeiyan" means "edge" in Manchu, meaning "long and narrow" and pictographic meaning.
Tungusic "ferry" and "ferry crossing" theories: Russian research shows that the word Harbin comes from Tungusic, which means the place where ships stop.
Jurchen language "Alekin" says: "Alekin" translated into Chinese has the meaning of reputation, honor, reputation and so on. This theory is based on the second volume of Jin Shi Ben Ji.
Historical evolution:
As early as 22,000 years ago in the late Paleolithic period, there were already human activities here.
About 5000 years ago, Harbin entered the Neolithic Age.
About 3000 years ago, in the late Shang Dynasty, Harbin entered the Bronze Age, belonging to the distribution area of Baijinbao culture, the earliest ancient civilized country in Heilongjiang Province.
The Western Zhou Dynasty was a cautious place; In the third century, it was Lou's territory.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties were unlucky places.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he returned to Hong.
The Song Dynasty was the territory of the Wanyan Department of the Jurchen nationality, which was named Alejin Village at that time.
In the year of Golden Harvest (1 1 15), the Jin Dynasty established its capital in Shanghai (Acheng District, Harbin). It is the home of two armies and thousands of families.
In the 13th year of Jin Dading (1 173), Beijing was restored as the capital.
During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Harbin became the territory of the Wojin family, the third brother of Genghis Khan, and the jurisdiction of Nurgandusi.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Jurchen used the building materials left in this city to build the fortress of Alechuka in situ.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, in the twenty-first year of Qianlong (1756), Ala Chookiat Sakveerakul was established in Acheng, and Harbin was under its jurisdiction and under the jurisdiction of Jilin General. Harbin belonged to Binjiang County of Jilin Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, with the implementation of the policy of "taking back the Beijing flag" and "opening forbidden areas", a large number of Manchu and Han people moved to Harbin.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, there were dozens of villages in Harbin with about 30,000 residents. Economic factors such as transportation, trade and population began to expand, which laid the foundation for the formation and development of the city.
Since Jiaqing, with the implementation of the policy of "reclaiming wasteland with Beijing flag" and the policy of opening and forbidding reclamation, by the end of18th century, Harbin had established more villages for Manchu immigrants and Han people, and many Manchu and Han people were engaged in farming and fishing there, so it was once called "fish village".
In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), due to the corruption of the Qing government, the unequal Sino-Russian Secret Treaty was signed, giving Russia the right to build the Dong Qing Railway.
In August of the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), the Dong Qing Railway was built, and at the same time, an inspection office was set up in old Harbin (formerly known as Xiangwu, where Russians lived at that time).
From the 22nd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1896) to the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1903), with the construction of the Middle East Railway, industry and commerce and population began to gather in Harbin. When the Middle East Railway was completed, Harbin had already formed the embryonic form of a modern city. At the beginning of the 20th century, Harbin became an international commercial port. More than 1.6 million expatriates from 33 countries have gathered here, and 1.9 countries have set up consulates here. At the same time, China's national capital also developed greatly, and Harbin was established as the economic center and international city of Northern Manchuria at that time.
1900, Russia began to build in Xinshi Street (then called Qinjiagang), and later all kinds of administrative institutions established in Russia moved here. At that time, in order to resist Russian aggression, our people destroyed Russian railways and buildings, making Russia's painstaking achievements and buildings? Go up in smoke? .
190 1 year, Russia asked the Qing government for compensation and restitution.
1903, a part of the Songhua River was also occupied by Russia and became a subsidiary of the Russian Railway, which was under the jurisdiction of the chief of the East Branch Railway.
1905, 10, 3 1 (in the thirty-first year of Guangxu in Qing dynasty), the Qing court approved the establishment of Harbin Pass (i.e. Binjiang Pass), and in May of the following year (in the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing dynasty), 1 1, the Daobu was formally established and stationed in Binjiang City (now Daocheng).
1907 65438+ 10/0/4 (the first day of December in the thirty-second year of Guangxu reign in Qing dynasty), the Qing court decided to "open Harbin as a commercial port". In the same year, 65438+1October 23rd (the 10th day of the twelfth lunar month), General Jilin General and General Hei accurately played their roles and set up the Riverside Hall, which belongs to the Riverside Pass. /kloc-April, 2008 (6th day of March, 33rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty), a switch defense was set up, and the first riverside hall, Jiang Fang Tongzhi, was sealed in Fujiadian (outside this road). In the same year165438+1October 23 (October 18 of the lunar calendar), horvat, director of the Middle East Railway Administration, declared that the Harbin Autonomous Public Council violated the Constitution and divided 7 square kilometers of land in Butou District (now Daoli) and Xinshi Street (now Nangang) into urban areas and returned them to the public Council for jurisdiction.
During the period of Xuan Tong (1909-1911), Shuangchengfu and some villages along the river in Acheng County were placed under the jurisdiction of Binjiang Guild Hall.
After the founding of the Republic of China, in March of 19 13, the Binjiang Guild Hall was changed to Binjiang County.
19 18 After the October Revolution, Russia's efforts gradually faded, but Harbin in this period was still ravaged by the remnants of Russia, but at this time China began to restore some privileges of Russia.
1919 65438+In February, Heilongjiang Governor's Office decided to set up Majiakaguchou Municipal Bureau in harbin jiangbei, and changed it to Songbei Municipal Bureau on June 65438+ 10/day of the following year.
1920, the judicial power in the railway field was recovered, and the railway land in the Middle East was designated as a special area in the eastern provinces by the Ministry of Justice (including Harbin to Suifenhe in the east and Suifenhe in the west? Manchuria? South to Changchun Kuanchengzi). The whole region is divided into five districts, each with the General Administration Bureau and sub-bureaus, with Harbin as the first district.
February 5 192 1 Harbin Municipal Administration Bureau was established to be responsible for local administration along the Middle East Railway.
1922165438+1On October 24th, the security headquarters of the three northeastern provinces announced that the military and police, foreign affairs, administration and justice of the eastern special zone were all under the supervision of the commander-in-chief of the railway protection army and the chief executive of the eastern special zone.
1922 65438+On February 8th, the Beijing Municipal Government promulgated the Outline of the Regulations on the Chief Executive of the Eastern Special Zone and set up the Chief Executive's Office in Harbin.
Harbin is a city where China's Marxist thoughts spread earlier and the workers' and students' movements were more active.
In the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923), Harbin established the first party organization in Northeast China. On March 1 day, the office of the Chief Executive of the East Special Zone was formally established, and the office was located in Butou District, Harbin.
In September of the Republic of China 14 (1925), the Governor's Office of Heilongjiang Province made an order to change Songbei Municipal Bureau to Songpu Municipal Bureau and Songpu Municipal Bureau.
In March of the Republic of China 15 (1926), the Chief Executive of the East Special Zone ordered the dissolution of the city council and the board of directors occupied by Belarus, and all files, tickets and municipal boundaries were taken over by the municipal government. On March 30th, the Municipal Administration Bureau of the East Special Zone issued a notice to cancel the Harbin Municipal Council and announced the establishment of the Harbin Autonomous Provisional Committee. /kloc-In June, 2007, the Charter of Pilot Autonomy of Harbin Special City was promulgated and implemented, which designated Butou District and Xinshi Street as the areas under the jurisdiction of Harbin Special City, while the remaining Majiagou, Old Harbin (now Xiangfang), Xin 'anbu (film), Eight Districts, Gu Xiang and Zhengyanghe were still under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Administration of the East Special Zone, which was called Harbin. At this point, the administrative power of Harbin, which was occupied by Russia and its remnants for 28 years, was completely recovered.
In the Republic of China 16 (1927), Binjiang County Road Engineering Bureau and Health Bureau merged to form Binjiang City Office. The first Party Congress in Northeast China was held in Harbin, and the Manchuria Provisional Provincial Party Committee was established. Harbin became the command center for the Party to lead the people in Northeast China in the revolutionary struggle and later the anti-Japanese struggle.
In May of the Republic of China 18 (1929), the office of Binjiang City was changed to the preparatory office of Binjiang City, and Fujiadian, Sijiazi, Quanhe and Taiping Bridge were placed under the jurisdiction of Binjiang City and Jilin Province. At this point, Harbin has formed a situation in which five cities and counties coexist.
In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), the puppet Manchukuo was established in March, and the preparatory office of Harbin was established in July of the same year 1 1. Harbin was reduced to Japanese puppet rule. The people of Harbin have waged arduous struggles, and Zhao Shangzhi, Yang Jingyu, Li, Zhao Yiman and other famous national heroes and revolutionary martyrs have emerged.
In July of the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), Harbin Special City was established, belonging to a pseudo-central municipality.
In July of the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), the pseudo-market system was reformed and the special market was abolished. Harbin was changed to a municipality directly under the Central Government of the pseudo-Binjiang Province, where the office of Binjiang Province is located.
On July 1938 and 1 day, the pseudo-Harbin Municipal Office announced the city regulations, abolished the Baojia system and implemented the district system. The whole city is divided into 10 districts: Butou, Xinyang, Nangang, Majia, Dongfujia, Xifujia, Gu Xiang, Xiangfang, Taiping and Songpu. On June 1 940 65438+1October1day, the puppet Manchukuo conducted a national survey, with a total population of 645,500 in Harbin.
In the thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1945), Japan surrendered on August 15, and on August 3 1 day of the same year, the Kuomintang government promulgated the Outline of Measures for Recovering Northeast Provinces, redrawing the administrative divisions of Northeast China and making Harbin a municipality directly under the Central Government. The population is over 700,000.
In the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), the people's political power was established on April 28th and May, and it was under the leadership of China Beiman Branch. In the same year,165438+1October 18 was changed to Harbin Special City, led by the Northeast Administrative Committee. Become the earliest big city in China.
Harbin develops national economy. During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, Harbin was one of the national key construction cities. Of the 156 key construction projects aided by the former Soviet Union, 13 are located in Harbin, which has become an important industrial base of the country and rapidly transformed from a consumer city into a new industrial city.
On April 2 1, 1948, Harbin was changed to a provincial city and became the capital of Songjiang Province.
1February 6, 949, the Northeast Political Committee decided to cancel the word "special" in each special city; In March 1, Harbin Special City was changed to Harbin City. On April 2 1 day of the same year, the Northeast Political Commissar decided to change it into a city under the jurisdiction of Songjiang Province. In June 5438+the same year 10, Harbin was divided into 9 districts.
1 953 July 18 was approved by the State Council, the central people's government, and it was changed into a municipality directly under the central government from August1day. According to the census of 1953, the total population of the whole city is1163,000, which has reached the standard of megacities.
June 1954, 19 Songjiang province merged with Heilongjiang province, and Harbin was changed to a municipality under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang province, becoming the capital of Heilongjiang province.
1August, 956, the east and west Fujia districts merged into Daowai District; Tian Heng District was abolished and merged into Chaoyang District; Gu Xiang District was abolished and merged into Daoli District; The cottage area was changed to the urban area; The city is divided into six urban areas, namely Daowai, Daoli, Nangang, Xiangfang, Taiping and Fangping, and three suburbs, namely Chaoyang, Wanggang and Songpu.
1958, 14 townships belonging to Harbin suburbs were changed into rural people's communes. On August 25th, Binxian County (in Binzhou Town), Acheng County and Zhaodong County, which were directly under the provincial administration, and Hulan County, which belonged to Suihua District, were placed under the jurisdiction of Harbin. On September 27th, Xiangfang People's Commune and Electromechanical People's Commune were established at the municipal level. In the same year, Songhuajiang Special Zone was established and stationed in Harbin. The former Suihua Special Zone belongs to 9 counties including Suihua, Wangkui (located in Shuanglong Town), Suiling, Helen, Qing 'an (merged from Tieli County), Tonghe, Mulan, Lanxi and Bayan, while Yichun, Wuchang, Shuangcheng, Zhaoyuan and Zhaozhou, which are directly under the jurisdiction of the province, belong to Songhua River Special Zone, with jurisdiction of 1 city and county.
On May 1960 and May 12, Tonghe, Mulan, Bayan, Wuchang and Shuangcheng, which were originally leaders of Songhua River, were placed under the leadership of Harbin. Zhaodong County, which originally belonged to Harbin, Cyclobalanopsis and Mingshui County, which originally belonged to Nenjiang Special Zone, were placed under Songhua River Special Zone. Set up Anda City, which belongs to Songhua River area; Harbin * * * governs Acheng, Binxian, Hulan, Shuangcheng, Wuchang, Bayan, Mulan and Tonghe, and Songhua River governs 2 cities 1 1 county.
1962 Tieli County was restored, and Songhua River area governs 2 cities 12 counties.
On March 8 1963, Binjiang District was restored, and suburban communes were placed under the jurisdiction of Binjiang District.
1964 Yichun city was changed to a city directly under the jurisdiction of the province, and Songhua River area was under the jurisdiction of 1 city and 12 county.
1965, Anda city was changed from a province directly under the central government, and the original Songhua River area was renamed Suihua area. In June 65438+1October 65438+April of the same year, 8 counties, including Binxian (located in Binzhou Town), Acheng, Hulan, Tonghe, Wuchang, Mulan, Shuangcheng and Bayan, which belong to Harbin, set up Songhua River Special Zone and settled in Harbin.
1April, 967, Harbin People's Commune was abolished and Harbin Revolutionary Committee was established; The cottage area was changed to the "New Dawn" (District) People's Commune Revolutionary Committee, and subsequently, the district-level People's Commune Revolutionary Committee was established one after another.
Songhua River area was renamed Songhua River area on 1970, and Shangzhi, Fangzheng and Yanshou counties originally belonging to Mudanjiang area were included in Songhua River area, under the jurisdiction of 1 1 county.
From 1958 to 1965, Harbin experienced a tortuous development process of "Great Leap Forward" and economic adjustment. During the "Cultural Revolution", Harbin's national economy suffered serious setbacks and social order was seriously destroyed.
65438+September 0979-165438+1October, the Municipal Revolutionary Committee successively revoked the name of the District Revolutionary Committee and restored the title of the District People's Government.
1980 65438+1October 5-1 1, the first meeting of the Seventh People's Congress of Harbin was held, and it was decided to rename the Revolutionary Committee of Harbin as the People's Government of Harbin, and successively revoked the name of the urban people's commune branch and restored the name of the street office.
1On September 3rd, 983, the State Council approved that Hulan and Acheng counties in Songhua River area were placed under the jurisdiction of Harbin (18 10/8 formally implemented).
1985 10.5. With the approval of the State Council, Harbin is a city under separate state planning, and it is given the economic management authority equivalent to the provincial level.
1984 65438+1October 20th Suburb 2 1 Rural People's Commune is divided, People's Commune is abolished, and 2 1 Township Government is established.
1987 On February 24th, with the approval of the State Council (Guo Han [1987] No.85), Acheng County was abolished and Acheng (county level) was established. The former administrative area of Acheng County was Acheng administrative area.
In May, 1987, 88 sub-district offices in the urban area were adjusted to 83, and 62 sub-district offices with a population of more than 20,000 in the jurisdiction were upgraded to departmental organizational systems.
1988 September 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs gave an official reply (Min [1988] No.30) to cancel Shuangcheng County, set up a dual city (county level), and take the former administrative area of Shuangcheng County as the administrative area of Shuangcheng City.
1988 1 17 10 In October, the State Council approved the revocation of Shangzhi County and the establishment of shangzhi city.
199 1 February 2, 2008, the State Council approved (Guo Han [1991] No.4) that founder county, Bin County in Songhua River area and yilan county in Jiamusi City were designated as Harbin City. The administrative jurisdiction of Harbin has been expanded from 7 districts 1 city to 7 districts and 4 counties (counties) 1 city.
At the end of 1992, Harbin was located in the south of Heilongjiang Province and the middle reaches of Songhua River. It was the political, economic, scientific, technological and cultural center and transportation hub of the whole province. The capital of Heilongjiang Province. It is adjacent to Hulan County in the north, Acheng in the east, Shuangcheng in the south and Zhaodong in the west. The total area of the city 1675 square kilometers. The total population is 2.854 million, including 2.468 million non-agricultural population; Manchu, Korean, Hui, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities account for about 5.5%. Daoli District, the residence of the municipal government.
On June 1993 and 1 day, the Ministry of Civil Affairs gave an official reply (Reply of the People's Bank of China [1993]No.17) to cancel Wuchang County and establish wuchang city.
On August 1996 and August 1 1 day, with the approval of the State Council (Guo Han [1996] No.64), Songhua River area merged with Harbin to form a new prefecture-level Harbin city. Harbin has new jurisdiction over Hulan County, founder county, Binxian County, yilan county and Daoli District, nangang district, Dongli District, Pingfang District, Xiangfang District, Taiping District and Daowai District in Harbin, Yanshou County, Mulan County, Bayan County and Tonghe County in Songhua River area. Acheng, which was originally managed by Harbin, and shangzhi city, Shuangcheng and wuchang city, which were originally managed by Songhua River, were directly administered by the province and entrusted to Harbin for management. The merged new Harbin has jurisdiction over 7 districts, 12 counties (cities), 265 townships, 89 streets, 154 1 neighborhood committees and 3532 village committees.
In the fifth national census in 2000, the total population of Harbin was 94 13359. In which: Daoli District 7483 13, nangang district 977432, Daowai District 3837 18, Taiping District 42 1806, Xiangfang District 367382, Power District 4 10842 and Pingfang District/kloc-. Founder county 2255 13, Binxian 5387 10, Bayan 61556, Mulan 258972, Tonghe 2035 15, Yanshou 237655, Acheng 63894.
On February 4th, 2004, the State Council approved the adjustment of some administrative divisions of Harbin. After the adjustment, Harbin has jurisdiction over 8 districts of Daoli, Daowai, Nangang, Xiangfang, Dongli, Fangping, Songbei and Hulan, 7 counties of Binxian, Bayan, Yilan, Yanshou, Mulan, Tonghe and Fangzheng, and 4 county-level cities of Wuchang, Shuangcheng, Acheng and Shangzhi.
On February 4th, 2004, the State Council approved (Guo Han [2004] 10) the adjustment of some administrative divisions of Harbin: (1) the Taiping District of Harbin was revoked and its administrative area was placed under the jurisdiction of Daowai District of Harbin. Daowai District People's Government is located in North 14th Street. (2) Harbin set up Songbei District, which governs Songbei District, Songpu District and Wanbao Town, Sun Island and Sandian Street, and Hulan County governs leye county and Dui Qingshan Town. Songbei District People's Government is located in Songbei Road, Songbei Town. (3) Cancel Hulan County and establish Hulan District of Harbin. The original administrative area of Hulan County (excluding leye county and Dui Qingshan Town) is the administrative area of Hulan District. Nanjing Road District People's Government of Hulan Town. After the zoning adjustment, Harbin has jurisdiction over 8 districts, including 1 1 counties and cities, with a total area of 53,000 square kilometers. The urban area increased from 1660.25 square kilometers to 4,272 square kilometers, with a total population of 9.54 million, and the total urban population increased from 31520,000 to 3.8 million.
On September 23, 2004, the State Council approved (Guo Han [2004] No.80): the residence of Harbin Municipal People's Government was moved from Shitoudao Street in Daoli District to century avenue in Songbei District (approved by Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government in document 20041.00). Shitoudao Street 107, former municipal government, zip code 1500 10.
On August/0/5, 2006, the State Council's Reply on Agreeing to Heilongjiang Province to Adjust Some Administrative Divisions of Harbin (Guo Han [2006] No.73): (1) agreed to cancel Harbin Power District and Xiangfang District and form a new Xiangfang District. Take the administrative areas of Dongli District and Xiangfang District as the administrative areas of the newly established Xiangfang District. Xiangfang District People's Government in Xiangfang Street. (2) Put Acheng Yongyuan Town and Juyuan Town under the jurisdiction of Daowai District of Harbin. (3) Cancel Acheng and establish Acheng District of Harbin. Acheng administrative region is Acheng administrative region (excluding Yongyuan Town and Juyuan Town). Acheng District People's Government in Quan Min Street. On August 28th, the provincial government issued a notice that the People's Government of Heilongjiang Province forwarded the State Council's reply on agreeing to adjust some administrative divisions of Harbin in Heilongjiang Province. The administrative division of Harbin was changed from 8 districts 1 1 county (city) to 8 districts1county (city), the urban area increased from 4,272 square kilometers to 7,086 square kilometers, and the urban population increased from 3,989,600 to 4,642,400.
According to the sixth population census in 20 10, the total resident population in Harbin was 1063597 1, including 923762 in Daoli District, 0/343857 in nangang district, 90642 1 person in Daowai District and bungalow area. There are 764,534 people in Hulan District, 596,856 people in Acheng District, 3,883 people in yilan county, 203,853 people in founder county, 55 people in Binxian County, 590,555 people in Bayan County, 277,685 people in Mulan County and 2 people in Tonghe County.
In September of 20 13, Harbin became the central city of development and opening up along the border of China and the regional central city of Northeast Asia, and was strategically positioned by the National Development and Reform Commission of the State Council.
20 14 "the State Council's Reply on Agreeing Heilongjiang Province to Adjust Some Administrative Divisions of Harbin" (Guo Han [2014] No.55): It is agreed to cancel the county-level twin cities and establish the twin cities district of Harbin. The original twin cities district was the administrative district of Shuangcheng District, and the people's government of Shuangcheng District was located at No.99 Xinxing Street, Shuangcheng Town.
On August 7th, 20 17, Harbin was elected as the "Cultural Capital of East Asia" in 20 18. 165438+ 10, confirming that it will continue to retain the honorary title of national civilized city and rank 23rd in the list of the top 100 cities in China; In February, 65438, it won the "Excellent City Award of Toilet Revolution" and was elected as one of the top ten ice and snow tourist cities in China.
20 18 10 won the title of "international wetland city" in the world.
Geographical environment:
Harbin, referred to as "Ha", is also called "Ice City". In ancient times, it was called Shangjing, Huining House, Alekin and Binjiang. It is the capital of Heilongjiang Province, a sub-provincial city, the core city of Harbin metropolitan area, an important central city in Northeast China approved by the State Council, and an important national manufacturing base. City * * * governs 9 municipal districts, 2 county-level cities and 7 counties, with a total area of 53 100 square kilometers, permanent population of107.63 million, urban population of 7.093 million, and urbanization rate of 65.9%.
Harbin is located in the northeast of China, the center of Northeast Asia. It is the political, economic and cultural center of northeast China. Known as the Pearl of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, the first Eurasian Continental Bridge and the important hub of the air corridor, the starting point of the Harbin-Daqing Industrial Corridor, the central city of development and opening up along the border, the central city of Northeast Asia and the "central city of cooperation with Russia".
Harbin is a national historical and cultural city, the birthplace of "one country, two dynasties", that is, the birthplace of Jin Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. The first capital of Jin Dynasty was Acheng, Harbin, and Timur, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty, was born in Yilan, Harbin. As a result, the Jin and Yuan cultures spread throughout the Northeast and carried forward the whole country. It is a popular tourist city and an international ice and snow cultural city, and is known as "Ice City", "Oriental Moscow" and "Oriental Little Paris".
Harbin dialect originally belonged to Zhao Fu, a small piece of Haval film in northeastern mandarin. According to the latest northeastern mandarin standard, Harbin dialect is divided into northeastern mandarin Songliao dialect, which is one of the dialects closest to the pronunciation of china national radio Putonghua in China. Compared with other Chinese dialects, it has the characteristics of standardized expression and clarity. The popularity of Putonghua in Harbin is obviously better than that in Jilin Province, Liaoning Province and most other cities in Heilongjiang Province. Some foreigners think Harbin dialect is nice and authentic, and there is no strange accent. The pronunciation of Harbin people is obviously different from that of other areas in Northeast China, and the pronunciation of Harbin urban and suburban areas is also obviously different. It is precisely for this reason that in the past decades, Harbin has trained a large number of successful broadcasters and presenters for radio stations, television stations and literary and art groups all over the country.
Harbin residents are mainly Han people, most of whom are immigrants from Shandong and Hebei provinces. In Harbin in the past, foreigners accounted for a large proportion, of which Russians accounted for the majority. The lifestyle and customs of foreigners have a certain influence on Harbin people's culture and eating customs. People in Harbin used to eat big cakes (tortillas) as their staple food. It turns out that local residents like to eat big prickly heat, small rice and stew; Shandong people like to eat pasta and fish; People in Hebei like to eat rice and drink sorghum rice porridge. Influenced by the dietary customs of ethnic minorities, Harbin people like to eat sticky cakes and sticky bean bags, "Leba" (a kind of big bread), red sausage and so on. And I like to drink Su Tangbo (Russian red soup).
Harbin is located in the northeast of China Northeast Plain, the south of Heilongjiang Province and the center of Northeast Asia. It is an important hub of the first Eurasian continental bridge and air corridor, located between east longitude125 42' ~13010' and north latitude 44 04' ~ 46 40', between Harbin East and Mudanjiang City. The total area of Harbin is 53 1 1,000 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 1 0/0/0, 98 square kilometers.
Harbin City, Shuangcheng District and Hulan District are flat and low-lying, and the eastern counties (cities) are mountainous and hilly. It is adjacent to Zhangguangcailing Mountain in the southeast, Xiaoxing 'anling Mountain in the north and Songhua River in the middle. The mountains are not high, the rivers are vertical and horizontal, and the plains are vast. Harbin urban area is mainly distributed on the three terraces formed by Songhua River: the first terrace is between132 ~140m above sea level, mainly including Daoli District and Daowai District, and the ground is flat; The elevation of the second terrace is145 ~175m, which gradually transits from the first terrace, and the boundary is not obvious, mainly including parts of nangang district and Xiangfang District. With large area, long-term water erosion, slight fluctuation, deep soil layer and fertile soil, it is an important agricultural area in Harbin. The elevation of the third terrace is180 ~ 200m, which is mainly distributed in the barren hills, zuizi and the south of Heping District, and then gradually transits to the rest of Zhangguangcailing to the southeast, which is a hilly area.
Harbin is a big city with high latitude and low temperature in China. Four distinct seasons, long and cold winters and short and cool summers. The temperature changes rapidly in spring and autumn, which is a short transitional season.
Harbin's climate belongs to mid-temperate continental monsoon climate, with long winter and short summer. The average annual precipitation is 569. 1mm, mainly from June to September, and summer accounts for 60% of the annual precipitation. The concentrated snowfall period is 1 1 month every year to the next year 1 month. The four seasons are distinct, and the average temperature in winter is about-19 degrees. The average temperature in summer and July is about 23 degrees.
April-June is spring, which is prone to spring drought and strong winds. The temperature rises rapidly and changeable, and it can reach about 10℃ once heated or cooled. The temperature changes sharply from month to month, generally around 8 ~ 10℃. July-August is summer, and the climate is warm, humid and rainy. The average temperature in July is 19-23℃, and the highest temperature is 38℃. The average precipitation accounts for 60%-70% of the whole year, and the monthly temperature difference is very small, which is the highest in all seasons. September -65438+ 10 is autumn, the rainfall is obviously reduced, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The average temperature in September 10℃ has reached 0℃ in the north and 2-4℃ in the south. 1 1- March of the following year is winter, which is long, cold and dry, and sometimes there are snowstorms. The monthly average temperature of 65438+ 10 is-15℃-30℃, and the lowest temperature is-37.7℃ (1985 65438+1October 26th).
Harbin is the railway hub in Northeast China, and Harbin Railway Bureau is one of the fifteen railway bureaus in China, starting from Gulian in the north, Lanling in the south, Suifenhe in the east, Manzhouli in the west, Russia in the outside and Shenyang Railway Bureau in the inside. Thirty-six trunk lines run through the whole territory of Heilongjiang Province and parts of Inner Mongolia, forming an important channel for the Eurasian Continental Bridge. On March 18, 2005, according to the unified deployment of the Ministry of Railways, the Railway Bureau (group company) cancelled five railway sub-bureaus in Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi and Hailar, and implemented the management system of directly managing stations and sections. By the end of 20 14, the operating mileage of the railway was 6,854 kilometers, and the line length was12,565,438+.
Harbin, located in the middle reaches of Songhua River, is the command and transportation center of water transport in Heilongjiang Province. Harbin Port is open to Russia, and there is Sino-Russian water transport trade. 1990, invested120,000 yuan to build Harbin Shipping Station, the largest inland waterway in Northeast China, and introduced and manufactured hydrofoils with an average speed of 65 kilometers per hour, which were put into operation in Songhua River. 1992, the river-sea combined transport was opened, and the fleet sailed from Songhua River to Japan via the lower reaches of Heilongjiang for the first time, which opened a new era of rushing out of the inland river and heading for the ocean. The route covers Songhua River, Heilongjiang, Wusuli River and Nenjiang River, and is connected with some ports in the Russian Far East. After ships pass through waterways and river-sea combined transport lines, they can go directly to Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Southeast Asia. Because the water level of Songhua River has been declining year after year, it has seriously affected the shipping of Songhua River. In 2005, 3.09 million tons of various goods were transported by water.
To understand the historical evolution of Songhua River and Harbin (Dongfujia District, Xifujia District, Xinyang District, Majia District, Gu Xiang District, Songpu District, Wanggang District, Chaoyang District, Tian Heng District and Binjiang District), please read the article "Where is My Hometown". Thank you for reading.
Let the world change, green mountains and green waters remain unchanged, watch the changes, and never forget Wan Li's hometown!
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