[local name]? Carassius auratus seed, Carassius auratus, Carassius auratus muscle extension, Korean fish, saury, Carassius auratus shell.

[Morphological characteristics]? General body length 15 ~ 20cm. Body side is flat and high, body is thick, and abdomen is round. The head is short and the kiss is dull. No need. The gill harrow is long and the gill filament is slender. The hypopharyngeal teeth are in a row and are flat. Large scale. The lateral line is slightly curved. The dorsal fin is long and the outer edge is flat. The dorsal fin and the gluteal fin have strong third spines and serrated trailing edges. The end of pectoral fin can reach the beginning of ventral fin. The caudal fin is deeply forked. Generally, the back of the body is grayish black, the ventral surface is silvery gray, and the fins are grayish white. Due to the different growing waters, the body color is also different.

[origin, season]? It is produced all over the country all year round, and the crucian carp in February-April and August-65438+February is the most fertile.

[Economic value]? It is one of the important edible fish in China. Meat is tender and sweet, with high nutritional value. Every100g of meat contains protein13g, fat 1 1 g, and contains a lot of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Crucian carp has extremely high medicinal value, and its nature is sweet and warm. Entering the stomach and kidney has the effects of harmonizing the middle energizer, tonifying deficiency, eliminating dampness, promoting diuresis, tonifying deficiency, warming the stomach, nourishing the middle energizer and benefiting qi. In particular, live crucian carp retting soup has an unparalleled effect on lactation. Boiled crucian carp with melon and radish is not only delicious, but also can cure diseases and prolong life. A small crucian carp can be made into crispy fish.

Crucian carp is an export variety, and its English name is crucian carp. Export areas: Hong Kong and Macau. Export ports: Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Jiangxi.

Medicine believes that crucian carp is sweet and warm. It has diuretic, repercussive, invigorating qi, invigorating spleen, detoxicating and promoting lactation. Suitable for people with spleen and stomach weakness, anorexia, vomiting or diarrhea; Spleen edema, dysuria; Qi and blood are weak, and milk is blocked; Bloody stool, hemorrhoid bleeding, edema, ulcer, etc.

"Compendium of Materia Medica" contains: "Boil the red bean juice to reduce swelling: apply oil to the pudendal sores of housewives to kill insects and relieve pain; Galla Chinensis is brewed to treat blood; Brew tea, simmer clothes to quench thirst; Saihu and garlic simmer and drink to cure qi. " Fish carp

In the winter when the cold wind is rustling and the air conditioning attacks people, the meat and seeds of crucian carp are rich and delicious, so there is a folk saying that "there are crucian carp in winter and catfish in summer". China's ancient medical book "Materia Medica Classic" also has a high evaluation of crucian carp: "This is the only fish that can be eaten often."

Crucian carp is rich in nutrition, and eating it often is good for both health and people. It contains protein, fat, sugar, inorganic salts, vitamin A, vitamin B, nicotinic acid and so on. According to the determination, every100g of black crucian carp contains as much as 20g of protein, which is second only to prawns. It contains 7 grams of fat.

According to experts, before cooking crucian carp, people often forget to scrape scales and dig gills, but rarely remove throat teeth (teeth located behind gills). The crucian carp made in this way, especially when braised in brown sauce, tastes very bad, and some of them are very muddy. Therefore, it is best for crucian carp to remove throat teeth before cooking. Method of cold food for crucian carp

Nutritional value of crucian carp

Nutritional analysis

1. The protein contained in crucian carp is of high quality, complete and easy to digest and absorb. It is a good source of protein for patients with liver and kidney diseases and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Regular consumption can enhance disease resistance, and patients with hepatitis, nephritis, hypertension, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and other diseases can often eat it;

2. Carassius auratus has the effects of invigorating spleen, promoting diuresis, harmonizing middle energizer, stimulating appetite, promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals, warming middle energizer and lowering qi, and has a good nourishing and dietetic effect on weakness of spleen and stomach, edema, ulcer, tracheitis, asthma and diabetes; Postpartum women stew crucian carp soup, which can replenish deficiency and promote lactation;

3. Carassius auratus meat is tender and delicious, and can be used as porridge, soup, stir-fry and snacks. Especially suitable for soup, crucian carp soup is not only delicious, but also has a strong nourishing effect, which is very suitable for middle-aged and elderly people and the weak after illness, especially pregnant women.

Related population

The general population can eat it.

1. Suitable for people with chronic nephritis edema, ascites due to cirrhosis and malnutrition edema; Suitable for pregnant women with postpartum milk deficiency; Suitable for people with weak spleen and stomach and unhappy diet; Suitable for children in the early stage of measles, or those who have not passed measles quickly; Suitable for patients with hemorrhoid bleeding and chronic dysentery;

2. It is not advisable to eat more during a cold and fever.

Grams of food stage

Crucian carp should not be eaten with garlic, sugar, mustard, Adenophora adenophora, honey, pork liver, chicken, pheasant, venison, and Chinese medicine Ophiopogon japonicus and Magnolia officinalis. Avoid drinking tea before and after eating fish.

Urinary system of crucian carp

The urinary organ of Carassius auratus is the kidney, which is long 1 purplish red strip and located at the back of abdominal cavity, belonging to the mesonephros. In excreting waste, the main function of mesonephros is to form urine. Metabolites, water and nutrients dissolved in the blood are filtered by the glomeruli in the kidney, and most of the water and nutrients (such as glucose, amino acids and sodium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine plasma) return to the blood. The remaining filtrate and excess harmful substances form urine and are excreted through the ureter.

carp

[local name]? Carp kidnapper, carp seed, kernel fish, cinnabar carp, tide fish, hairy fish, flower fish.

[Morphological characteristics]? It is very long, with a slightly flat side and a slightly raised back in front of the dorsal fin. Under the mouth or under the mouth, it is horseshoe-shaped. There are a pair of kisses, which are shorter; A pair of whiskers, twice as long as the nose and mouth. Gill rake is short. Three rows of hypopharyngeal teeth. The abdomen is round. Scales are big and round. The lateral line is obvious and slightly curved, with 36 scales. The dorsal fin is long and the starting point is closer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin. The anal fin is short. The third spines of dorsal fin and gluteal fin are thick and hard spines with serrations. The caudal fin is deeply forked. Boiled carp is very wide. Red carp red.

[origin, season]? With strong adaptability, it can live in various waters and is a widely distributed fish. It is the main object of breeding, and it is produced all year round, with high output in spring and autumn.

[Economic value]? It is one of the main freshwater economic fishes in China, and it is also the one with the highest total output among freshwater fishes. It has beautiful appearance and rich nutrition. Every100g of meat contains protein17.3g, fat 5. 1 g, and contains various vitamins. The whole and diced meat are well cooked, and the pickling and air drying also have a special flavor. Carp also has high medicinal value. Its taste is dry and flat, and it has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, strengthening stomach and relieving cough, diuresis and detumescence, and preventing miscarriage and ventilation. Generally, it is used as a light soup, or it is drunk with some Chinese medicines.

Carp is an export variety, English name is Common carp, which is exported to Hong Kong and Macao. Export ports: Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hebei and Henan.

[habit]? Carp is a benthic omnivorous fish that eats both meat and vegetables. The bait spectrum is wide, the snout bone is developed, and it often feeds on mud. Carp is also a low-temperature animal, and its body temperature changes with the change of water temperature, so it does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of bait intake is not large. At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, belongs to a kind of fish without stomach, with short intestine and fast metabolism, so its feeding habit is to eat less and eat more. The digestive function of carp is closely related to the water temperature, and its feeding is seasonal. Winter (especially under the ice) is basically in a semi-dormant state, and body fat is exhausted in winter. Spring is coming, and it is eager to eat high-protein food to supplement it. As late autumn and winter approach, in order to hoard fat, there will also be a peak period of "grasping food", and it is also based on high-protein bait. So early spring. Fishing carp in late autumn should be mainly based on animal bait such as earthworm and river shrimp. After the spring, with the increase of temperature, the fish's food intake increased, and the quality of bait was not important, and the number rose to the first place. So in late spring, all summer and early autumn, carp are mainly vegetarian. At this time, you should use surface bait and bad food when fishing.

Although carp is a benthic fish, it does not mean that its active area remains unchanged. Seasonal changes, water temperature changes. Changes in wind direction, air pressure, horizon, water quality, water flow, water level fluctuation, dissolved oxygen in water, prey environment, etc. , will change the activity area of fish at any time, so that they are often active to a large extent. If they are in a large area of water, this is called' migration'. Compared with other freshwater fish, carp has the same habits and special habits. These habits are mainly determined by the needs of reproduction, feeding and aerobic survival.

Herb-loving habits All kinds of water plants and aquatic plants thrive in lush waters, and it is also a place where all kinds of plankton and benthos thrive, where fish can eat rich food. Lush aquatic plants are also excellent spawning places for fish. Every spring in the breeding season, these places are places where fish gather.

Top flow habit A pond is often full of streams or canals, which not only brings a lot of fresh bait to the fish in the pond, but also has a high degree of dissolved oxygen at the import and export, making it an ideal place for fish to feed and absorb oxygen. The so-called "flag moves with the wind, fish follow the water" is the truth.

Follow-the-wave habit In a pond with a large water area, when encountering a windy day, the water surface will often set off a big wave, pushing the food such as plankton on the water surface to accumulate in the downwind, and these baits are driven into the water by the waves, so this area has become a natural feeding ground for fish. Where the waves are rough, the dissolved oxygen in the water will definitely be high (this is the same as the aerator in a high-density fish pond). Based on the above two points, fish have developed the habit of drifting with the flow.

Warming habits When the natural water temperature is low, it is obvious that all kinds of fish like to move to the sunny waters for food, rarely move to the shady slopes and shady waters, and will not stay still for a long time in the deep water with low water temperature. In early spring and late autumn, the shallow water on the leeward side is in the daytime.

The sunshine is warmer, so fish like to swim here for food. However, the temperature difference between morning and evening is large, and the water temperature in shallow water area drops rapidly and greatly, so fish usually retreat to the deep water area where the water body is relatively warm. As the water temperature rises and falls day and night, fish will float during the day and sink at night. On the contrary, in hot summer, the shallow waters are cool and pleasant in the morning and evening, and fish like to flock to them. During the day, with the increase of air temperature and water temperature, fish gradually move to the deep water area. At noon in midsummer, when the sun is shining and the heat is unbearable, the fish generally retreat to the deepest part of the pond. If you follow the above rules to "find fish", you can basically find its trace.

Social habits Except catfish and snakehead, most fish like to live in groups. Idioms such as "fish crossing the river" and "crucian carp crossing the river" illustrate this habit. So is carp. On the one hand, it is determined by the same eating habits and living habits. In addition, the movement of fish in groups is also a kind of nature and instinct to avoid enemy harm.

The oxygen content of natural water with aerobic and static habits is generally 8- 12 mg per liter. When it falls below 1 mg, most fish will stop eating, "float their heads" and even die. Crucian carp, catfish, etc. It has strong hypoxia tolerance, but carp can't. Generally, dissolved oxygen is required to be above 5 mg per liter. One of the oxygen in water comes from photosynthesis of aquatic plants and the other comes from surface air. Dissolved oxygen is slow in windless weather and good in big waves. Where there is no oxygen, fish will move sensitively to water with high oxygen content. This is the main reason why fish like grass, streams, waves and beaches. Before the thunderstorm, the air pressure was low, the weather was stuffy and the fish didn't take the bait; As soon as the rain cleared up, the fish snapped; Fish don't like to bite people in the dead water area against the wind, and the waves are rough with the wind, so fish are very active; If there is a population injected with fresh water from outside the fat pond, it is the golden fishing belt. ...... All these phenomena explain the same truth: fish flock to places with high dissolved oxygen. In addition, quietness is also one of the obvious characteristics of fish, and carp is no exception. Fish have developed hearing and are extremely sensitive to sounds, especially some sudden and strange high-intensity sounds. After hearing the sound, they will quickly move away from the sound source. Of course, fish avoiding sound is just a general situation. They are not afraid of some natural sounds, such as waterfalls, wind and waves, running water, rice washing and insects falling into the water, but they like it very much. If it is a high-density intensive pond, the sound of throwing granular feed will even make the fish get together.

[copy]

1. Selection and feeding of parent carp

1, selection criteria: good body shape, strong activity and no damage, and the ratio of body length to height is 3: 1, which has typical variety characteristics. The female fish is at least 2 years old and weighs 1.5kg, while the male fish is better than 1kg. Carps in the first sexual maturity and aging period are not suitable for parent fish because of their poor egg production and egg quality.

2. Gender identity

Non-breeding season: the female fish has a wide body, a high back, a small head, a large and soft abdomen, a small and round pectoral fin and ventral fin, a flat or slightly prominent cloaca with radial folds; The male fish has a long and narrow body, a big head, a small and hard abdomen, a large and sharp pectoral fin, a slightly concave anus and no parallel wrinkles.

Breeding season: the abdomen of female fish is soft and round, and the anus and reproductive pores are large and slightly red; The abdomen of male fish is small, gill cover, chest and ventral fin have obvious accessory characteristics of "idolization", anus and genital hole are sunken, not red and swollen, and milky semen flows out when the abdomen is lightly pressed.

3. Feeding management

(1) Feeding: parent fish breeding pond 1-2 mu, with water depth of about 1.2 m, sheltered from the wind and sun, convenient for water injection and drainage, and per mu 150-200kg. In artificial reproduction, males and females should be separated to prevent them from mating and laying eggs by themselves. Disinfect with quicklime or bleaching powder before placing.

(2) Management: Strengthen parent fish cultivation and feed high-protein feed such as bean cake, silkworm chrysalis and fish meal. In recent years, some manufacturers have developed parent fish feed, which is rich in vitamins such as ve, which can promote development and improve anti-stress ability with good results. At the same time, attention should be paid to regulating water quality, supplementing fresh water frequently, keeping running water and stimulating gonad development during feeding.

Second, spawning and hatching

1. Timing of labor induction: When the water temperature rises and stabilizes above 16℃, labor can be induced. Usually, during the Qingming period to Grain Rain, after the cold wave, when the temperature rises steadily, induced labor can be induced.

2. Mode of induced labor

(1) Natural spawning is a very common way because of its small investment and scale.

Oviposition pond: a pond with an area of 0.5- 1 mu and a water depth of 1.2 m, which is convenient for water injection and drainage. Fish can be released in a week after being disinfected with quicklime.

Artificial fish nest: used to attach fish eggs. Choose soft, tough, non-toxic and non-perishable materials, such as pine branches, brown sheets, polyethylene sheets (woven bags) and poplars. , and wash, tie and disinfect (0.3‰ formaldehyde or malachite green) before use. Straw is not suitable for fish nests because it is perishable.

C Incubation pond: it can also be used as a fry breeding pond, with a small area (1-2 mu) and little silt. There is a disinfection pond with a water depth of 1 m ... The entrance and exit should be filtered with dense mesh to prevent impurities from entering the pond and fry from escaping.

D, polyculture and spawning: polyculture 35-30 groups of mature parent fish according to the male-female ratio of1:1.5, and slowly add fresh water. At the same time, pull 1-8 iron wire on the water surface, and hang artificial fish nests on the iron wire (or break bamboo in half and put it in the middle). Usually, each parent fish group should have 4-6 fish nests.

E management: Generally, eggs are laid from 22: 00 to 9: 00 on 2-3 days, so every afternoon, check and clean the fish nest, move the fish nest with eggs into the incubator, and replenish new fish nests. If it is not easy to lay eggs after polyculture, the water level can be lowered to let the sun shine, and ve or micro-flow water can be added to the feed for stimulation. In order to ensure the uniformity of fry, the eggs of the day should be hatched together, which can also prevent the number of blind eggs from increasing due to the adhesion of fish eggs.

(2) Artificial induced labor: more common in fish farms.

Oxytocin injection: 600- 1000 IU of artificial chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or 30-50 micrograms of luteinizing hormone analogue (LRH-A) is used per kilogram of female fish, or the dosage of male fish is reduced by half. Generally, it is injected into the chest of pectoral fin root at 6 pm on sunny days, and then moved into spawning pond, and fresh water is added for half an hour. After the water temperature 18℃6- 15 hours, you can estrus and lay eggs (the higher the water temperature, the shorter the action time, and vice versa).

B spawning and fertilization: after spawning, the parent fish can spawn in the pond by themselves, and the method is the same as (1). If the eggs are collected artificially, they can be picked up before the fish's estrus climax, wiped off the water from the fish with a towel, squeezed into a dry porcelain basin, and quickly squeezed into the semen, stirred with feathers to make it fully fertilized, and then the fertilized eggs are evenly spread on the fish nest and hatched in an incubator. Or debonding with talcum powder solution and hatching with running water. When the water temperature is 16-22℃, seedlings can emerge in 3-5 days.

3 management:

(1) Natural incubation: 300,000-500,000 fertilized eggs should be put into each mu of pond, and the eggs of the same day should be put together to ensure that the fry specifications are neat. Special attention should be paid to prevent water from becoming moldy. Fish nests with eggs can be soaked in 0.3‰ formaldehyde or malachite green in advance. (2) Debonding incubation: The key is to adjust the water flow speed, so that the fish eggs are suspended in the water without sinking. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the sand window from blocking. When the fry hatch, the flow rate is slightly reduced to prevent the fry from physical consumption caused by excessive water flow.

Improving the hatching rate is the key to artificial propagation. The main reasons that affect the hatching rate are sudden change of weather, poor water quality, low dissolved oxygen, fish eggs being parasitized by mold, etc., which should be prevented as far as possible.

function

Introduction to the efficacy of carp scales;

Carp scales (dietetic herbs)

It comes from the scales of carp, an animal of CYPRINIDAE, and its animal shape is detailed in carp strips.

Chemical composition Fish scales are bones generated by dermal layer of skin, and their matrix is changed from collagen. Collagen is a kind of hard protein in chemistry, named ichthyoid hard protein, but its properties are not completely clear.

Indications-Carp scales have the effect of promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding.

Treat hematemesis, epistaxis, metrorrhagia, leukorrhagia, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, and hemorrhoid and leakage.

(1) Herbal Medicine for Dietotherapy: Burn, quit smoking, grind, drink, and break the stagnation of maternal blood.

② Outline: Burning ashes to treat hematemesis, collapse, leakage, leukorrhagia, hemorrhoids and fistula.

3 "Medical Mirror": Burn ashes to cure postpartum bloody disorder.

Secret recipe 1: cure hemorrhoids and leakage: green scales are two or three grades, wrapped in thin cocoons like jujube columns.

("Scholars") 2 Treatment of fish bones: 36 pieces of carp spiny scales, baked and ground, washed with cold water.

("health miscellaneous") 3 treatment of epistaxis: fry carp scales into ash, grind them into powder, and adjust one or two dollars in cold water.

(Puji Fang)

Famous experts discussed "Outline": Carp was burned with skin and scales in ancient times, which was used for metrorrhagia, hemorrhoids and leakage, and its ears were covered with blood stasis.

Introduction of carp brain function;

Carp brain (notes on materia medica)

Originated from the brain of Cyprinidae carp, the animal shape is detailed in carp strips.

The main chemical components are water, protein, lipids, etc. In addition, every 100g fresh brain tissue contains 8.30mg vitamin C.

Sexual taste "Don't record": Wen.

Functional indications-the function of carp brain ① "Tang Herbal Medicine": treating epilepsy.

2 "Rihuazi Materia Medica": Treating sudden deafness and cooking porridge.

③ Outline: Cyprinus carpio brain and gallbladder should be divided into equal parts, and green blindness should be treated with frequency points.

The first scheme is to treat deafness: the carp brain is put into a bamboo tube, steamed at the cooking place, melted and injected into the ear.

("Qian Jin Fang") 2 Treating deafness with pus, no phlegm, and insects: smashing cinnamon and carp brain (wrapped in cotton) in the ear, but only three or four degrees.

(Qian Jinfang)

Introduction to the efficacy of carp blood;

Carp blood (Tang herbal medicine)

The source is the blood of carp of CYPRINIDAE, and the animal shape is detailed in carp strips.

Chemical composition The composition of carp blood changes with the seasons and nutritional conditions.

The hemoglobin of young carp is lower in winter than in spring.

Coagulation activity is not as good as that of mammals, and thrombin conversion is often incomplete.

In winter, when people are hungry, the serum protein decreases, and if they are hungry for a long time, it can be reduced to 1.98 ~ 2.0%.

Serum protein contains albumin and α-,β-,γ-globulin, and its electrophoretic properties are similar to those of rabbits. In electrophoresis, α -globulin has four characteristics, β -globulin has two characteristics and γ -globulin has one characteristic.

At sexual maturity in March, the contents of sodium and chlorine in blood were higher in males than in females, while the contents of potassium, calcium and total protein in females were higher than in males.

Function indication-the efficacy of carp blood "Tang Herbal Medicine": (Tu) children's swelling and pain.

Choose a prescription to treat mouth-eye deviation: carp blood and sugar are equally divided, mixed evenly and then coated, left and right, left and right? Tuzuo

(Jilin Chinese herbal medicine)

Introduction to the use and efficacy of carp;

Cypriniformes (Notes on Materia Medica)

Another name is carp eye (therapeutic medicine).

It comes from the eyes of Cyprinidae carp. The shapes of animals are described in detail on carp sticks.

The chemical composition of carp eyes contains vitamin C0.44 mg%, which is generally higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.

Carp is a freshwater fish, and there is almost only vitamin A2 on the omentum (marine fish only have A 1 no A2).

Function Indications-Purpose and Efficacy of Carp "Herbal Medicine for Dietotherapy": Stabbing in the meat, patients with swelling and pain due to geomantic omen, burning carp's eyes to ashes, healing sores and producing juice.

Introduction to the efficacy of carp skin;

Carp skin (Tang herbal medicine)

The source is the skin of carp, an animal of CYPRINIDAE. The animal model is detailed in carp strips.

The main chemical components are protein, fat, etc.

In addition, it also contains lutein and a red pigment similar to a mole cricket; Lutein esters, α-and β-phloretin esters and shrimp lutein were isolated from red carp.

Function indication-carp skin efficacy "Tang Herbal Medicine": the main cause of addiction rash.

Choose a folk prescription to cure fish, and it won't come out for six or seven days: carp scales and skin are burned into thin slices and served with water.

If you don't take more, take it out as a degree.

("Health Care Essentials")

[value]

[Nutritional value]

1. The protein of carp is not only high in content, but also good in quality. The digestibility of carp can reach 96%, which can supplement essential amino acids, minerals, vitamin A and vitamin D.

2. The fat of carp is mostly unsaturated fatty acid, which can lower cholesterol and prevent arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Therefore, eating more fish can lead to a long and healthy life.

[ornamental value]? Watch koi fish being farmed all over the world. Japan is the most advanced, mating with beautiful carp. Although the colors are different, they all belong to the same category.