First, the ancient residents of the motherland
1700,000 years ago, there was a "Yuanmou Man" in Yunnan. He can make tools and use fire, so he is called an ape.
(2) Zhoukoudian Beijingers, the division of labor between hands and feet has been obvious, and group labor and life, stone tools have emerged.
Preserving kindling has a wide range of uses, which is obvious in primitive society.
(3) As soon as Neanderthals were discovered, it was 18000 years ago, and the new technology of polishing drilling was unprecedented.
Blood relationship has become a clan, and there is no distinction between rich and poor.
Second, the primitive farming life
(A) The "Hemudu" in the Yangtze River valley has made progress in grinding stone tools, rice has been planted in Reddy's cultivated land, and hedgerow houses have begun to be inhabited.
Digging wells and raising livestock to make pottery, simple jade and musical instruments.
(2) There is a "Banpo" in the Yellow River Basin, where caves and houses live together. Millet is the earliest plant, and non-staple vegetables, fish and meat are the first.
Early figures have been formed, and they can rotate and weave.
Third, the ancestors of China.
The "ancestor of mankind" is the Yellow Emperor, and the abdication system is Yao Shunyu. The first Xia Dynasty was established and the slave society began.
Fourth, the rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
(1) Yu Xia was the founder of the Xia Dynasty. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the throne was passed on to his son, and his abdication was hereditary.
After 470 years in Xia Dynasty, the tyrant Xia Jie was captured by businessmen.
(2) Shang Tang destroyed Xia Jian Shang Dynasty, and Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin Shang Dynasty. The famous tyrant was Zhou Wang, and King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty.
A famous tyrant was Zhou Wang, and King Wu reduced the number of businessmen.
(3) The King of Wu destroyed the merchants, and Hao Jing was the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The enfeoffment system made national policies, and the emperor's rule was strengthened.
The tyrant Li Wang died in the first week of 77 1 year.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) brilliant bronze civilization
(1) At the end of primitive society, there were bronzes in China, and the types of bronzes in Xia Dynasty gradually increased, and bronzes in Shang Dynasty were brilliant.
"Simu Wuding" has a huge shape and exquisite craftsmanship.
The world-famous "Sanxingdui" and "bronze standing man" have new ideas.
(2) How miserable the life of slaves is, how bitter the inhuman treatment is, how fettered the production is, and how warm the freedom is.
Life is not as good as cattle and horses, and people sacrifice themselves to be slaughtered.
Disputes over intransitive verbs during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
(1) Qi Huangong, the king of Qi, appointed Guan Zhong as the prime minister, taking "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries" as the slogan of the first overlord to show his arrogance.
Jin Wengong, the second overlord, was called a hero in the battle of Chengpu. He lured the Chu army and was defeated in Chengpu.
(2) Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei and Qin fought many wars in the Warring States Period. The name of the military scientist was Sun Bin, who besieged Wei to save Zhao and beat Guiling.
260 years ago, war broke out again. The battle between Qin and Zhao lasted for a long time, and Zhao Kuo was an armchair strategist, running out of food and grass in 46 days.
Zhao defeated Qin, and the six countries were neck and neck.
Seven, the era of great change
(1) Iron farm tools appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, spread all over the land during the Warring States Period, and Niu Geng was used at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which was a great revolution in agricultural history.
(2) Li Bing built Dujiangyan, flooded and irrigated farmland, and made contributions to water control, benefiting the people for thousands of years.
(3) filial piety is the most powerful way to govern the country. Shang Yang recognized private land, rewarded farming and fighting, and did not levy corvee.
Abolish aristocratic power, establish a county system for governance, vigorously develop the economy, and give the army combat effectiveness.
In the late Warring States period, Qin was the strongest, and Shang Yang's political reform was remarkable.
Eight, nine, the rise of China culture
(1) The characters can be found in Shang Dynasty. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the earliest bronze wares were engraved with bronze inscriptions, and the seal of big seal was formed in the late Zhou Dynasty.
(2) The ancients paid great attention to observing the sky, which was recorded in Eclipse.
The calendar of Xia Dynasty is called "Li Xia", and there are 24 solar terms in Warring States.
(3) The earliest famous doctor was Bian Que, who used acupuncture, decoction and massage to diagnose diseases. It's really good for Chinese medicine to continue.
(4) Qu Yuan, a poet of Chu State, is a world celebrity. He wrote a very long lyric poem "Li Sao", and his thoughts and art have been circulated for thousands of years.
(5) Confucius said that he was a saint and his ideological education was shrewd.
Advocate "love" to observe people's feelings and "rule the country by virtue" to fight torture.
The school enrolls 3000 students, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, inspiring students to think more, and advocating learning new things by reviewing old ones.
Words and deeds are recorded in The Analects of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism.
(6) Laozi, the founder of Taoism, recorded his theory in the Tao Te Ching, arguing that the opposite side of things should be clear about both sides.
(7) A hundred schools of thought contend for a good form, and the "Mohist Taoist soldiers" are here.
"Love the world" and "non-attack" do not advocate Mencius' ruling the country with "benevolent government".
The representative of Taoism is Zhuangzi, who advocates "governing by doing nothing".
Han Feizi, a representative of Legalism, opposed empty talk and advocated "rule of law".
The originator of a strategist is Sun Wu, and The Art of War by Sun Tzu discusses military affairs.
X. "The King of Qin Sweeps Liuhe"
(1) Before 230-22 1 (year), the Qin Dynasty destroyed the unification of the six countries, and the first emperor Xianyang ascended the throne, which was the supreme power set.
(2) The Prime Minister, Qiu He, the local county system, the national unified measurement, as well as the currency and writing, all have gains and losses to control their thoughts.
(3) Resisting the Xiongnu to build the Great Wall, developing the Lingqu in southern Xinjiang and expanding its territory, it is a world power.
Xi. "Can't Punish Qin"
(1) Qin people were furious, and the garrison Ozawa gained the upper hand, and Chen and Wu were defeated, followed by Liu Ji.
(2) Xiang Yu led the troops to create miracles, the stag defeated the main force of Qin, Liu Bang led the troops to force Xianyang, and the short-lived Qin Dynasty perished.
The battle between Chu and Han lasted for another four years, and Liu Bang established political power in Chang 'an.
XII. Unification. Han Dynasty
(1) Liu Bang appointed "the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty in 202 (the year before) to learn the lessons of Qin's death and reduce the burden on the people.
"The rule of culture and scenery" seeks development, greatly changes the social outlook, wins people's hearts with frivolous generosity, and rewards agriculture, mulberry and heavy production.
Take the lead in doing things frugally, "teaching the people with morality" makes the people feel at ease, Wendi and Jingdi govern the country, and the state treasury is full of money and food.
Focusing on long-term stability, the unification of Emperor Wudi is even more extraordinary.
(2) Great talents, roughly equivalent to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, made good use of talents to centralize power, deposed hundreds of schools, respected Confucianism alone, and concentrated on ceded land.
Holding the heyday of imperial academy's unification with the Five Classics.
Thirteen. Economic development in Han dynasty
(1) Liang Wudi has a wonderful plan to harness rivers. The civil and military officials carried firewood and went to the construction site to see the harness. For more than 80 years, there have been no disasters or floods.
(2) Emperor Hanming of the East built the Yellow River and built more than 0/000 dikes/kloc, turning the flooded land into fertile land, and there was no flood for more than 800 years.
(3) In the Western Han Dynasty, a plow was installed on the plow wall, new tools were sown on the plow, silk jacquard was used, and Du's drainage was hydraulic.
(4) Liang Wudi has rich experience in centralization, unified casting of five coins, centralized management of salt and iron, and urban prosperity has emerged.
Fourteen The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty
Mao Dun unified Mongolia and was forced to kiss in the early Han Dynasty. Wei and Huo led the troops to break the Xiongnu, and Zhao Jun went to the fortress to spread his reputation.
15. Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road
(1) Tracing back to the history of the Han Dynasty, Yumen, Gansu, Yangguanxi, now people call it the Western Regions, when small countries were bullied by Hungary.
Emperor Wu ruled by calculation, recruited envoys to the western regions, and attempted to contact Dayue. * * * to attack Hungary.
(2) Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions are of great historical significance in overcoming difficulties, establishing historical achievements and promoting exchanges between the East and the West.
(3) After Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, the Silk Road reached Europe, the sea-land trade developed greatly, and the eastern and western cultures infiltrated each other.
After the western countries joined the Han dynasty, the social outlook changed greatly, and amulets were set up to take charge of western affairs.
(4) Cast iron gouging, woven lacquerware, gold tools,
Bring back grapes, pomegranates, walnuts and alfalfa, as well as songs and dances and musical instruments.
(5) The Maritime Silk Road is also good, starting from the coast of Guangdong and going south from the Indo-China Peninsula and Malacca in the Malay Peninsula.
Continue to Bangladesh, the southern tip of the island and Sri Lanka.
Sixteen, seventeen, the prosperity of Qin and Han culture
(1) In Cai Lun's "Cai Hou Paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng invented the seismograph.
"Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is remarkable, and it has created miracles on earth.
(2) Hua Tuo is a famous surgeon, and Mafeisan is a good medicine.
There is a pioneering work in world medicine, and gymnastics "Five Birds Play" has also been compiled.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
With noble medical ethics and fine medical skills, future generations are honored as "medical saints".
(4) Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", describing the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu, compiling biographical style, and concise writing is an example.
(5) The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty have remarkable sculpture level, magnificent artistic groups and exquisite and vivid shapes.
Eighteen, three kingdoms.
(1) In the 200-year war with Guandu, the strength of Cao and Yuan was very different, and Cao Cao used the plan to unify the north.
(2) The old horse has a thousand miles of ambition, and the war broke out again in 2008. Cao Cao went south to Chibi, and Sun Liu joined forces to fight.
Kong Ming and Zhou Yu skillfully used tricks to set the overall situation by burning Chibi.
(3) Battle of Red Cliffs set the overall situation, and the three pillars of Wu, Cao Pi made Luoyang its capital in 220.
The following year, Liu Bei also proclaimed himself emperor, made Chengdu his capital and made Hanye his successor. In 222, Sun was king, Jianye was the capital, and Wu lived as the capital.
(4) The economies of the three countries have developed greatly, each showing its magic power to grasp production, Wei attaches importance to water conservancy, and Shu brocade and silk rank first.
The State of Wu seized the coastal shipbuilding and contacted the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.
Nineteen. Development of Jiangnan area
(1) In the Battle of Feishui in 383, Fu Jian led 800,000 troops in an attempt to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop. He was ambitious and ambitious.
I didn't know that I had lost the morale of the army and the soldiers didn't want to work hard. Never forget the past, the teacher of the future, and the return of the people's hearts is fundamental.
(2) Tracing back to the history of the Three Kingdoms, the south of the Yangtze River is backward, the land is vast and sparsely populated, the land is fertile and uncultivated, and there is plenty of rain and heat.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Northern War broke out, and people of all ethnic groups moved to Jiangnan, bringing labor and technology, and Jiangnan's economy developed.
Reclaim a large area of wasteland, build water conservancy projects, use rice and wheat green manure, and promote manure and Niu Geng.
Twenty, the great integration of northern nationalities
In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a Emperor Xiaowen who moved the capital to Luoyang with a great plan to learn Chinese in Hanfu and change his surname to learn from Han Li.
Encourage the marriage between humble and Chinese people and adopt the laws and regulations of Chinese studies.
Governing the country with filial piety, respecting Confucius and the elderly, and promoting national integration and unity.
Twenty-one, twenty-two, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties culture
(1) The Southern Dynasties loved scientific research, made contributions to mathematics and astronomy, and accurately calculated pi, leading the world for nearly a thousand years.
There are some merits in writing seal script, and the calculated year is similar.
Build a "thousand-mile ship" to travel a hundred miles, and the surface of the water hammer is polished and polished.
(2) In the Northern Dynasties, there was a Jia Sixie who wrote Qi Yao Min Shu, five industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, so as not to miss the farming season and catch up with the season.
Improved techniques and methods have achieved fruitful results in the history of agronomy.
(3) The Notes on Shui Jing written by Li Daoyuan is a monograph on geography, focusing on rivers and waterways, topography, products and customs.
Mountains, rivers, towns and historic sites are picturesque.
(d) Writing lines in the Eastern Jin and Xi Dynasties, collecting calligraphy art,
Preface to Lanting, the masterpiece, ranks first in the "running script" world.
Later generations spoke highly of Wang, honoring him as a "book saint"
(5) The characters painted by Kai, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, are lifelike.
His representative works include The History of Women and Ode to Luoshen.
(6) Yungang and Longmen were the most prominent in the Northern Dynasties.
Inherit the style of Qin and Han dynasties and absorb Buddhist art.